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Revision as of 11:12, 14 January 2011 view sourceNight w (talk | contribs)Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers14,225 edits minor cite fmts + correction to notes; rmvd f/v tags: implication is obvious← Previous edit Revision as of 12:13, 14 January 2011 view source Alinor (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Pending changes reviewers10,385 edits add link to Taylor source, etc.Next edit →
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{{Refimprove|date=May 2007}} {{Refimprove|date=May 2007}}
{{Format footnotes|date=January 2011}} {{Format footnotes|date=January 2011}}
The ] (PNA) was established in 1994 by the ] (PLO) as a result of the ] and the ]. The ]i government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self-government to the PNA, which are ] of the ], and used to be effective in the ] before ] by ]. In 1988 the PLO ] the ], being quite widely recognised by states,<ref>Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (2nd, illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press, p. 722: "Within two weeks of the PNC meeting, at least fifty-five nations, including states as diverse as the Soviet Union, China, India, Greece, Yugoslavia, Sri Lanka, Malta, and Zambia, had recognized the Palestinian state."</ref> although often in equivocal terms.<ref name="crawford">Crawford, James (1999). "Israel (1948-1949) and Paletine (1998-1999): Two Studies in the Creation of States", in Goodwin-Gil G.S. and S. Talmon, , Oxford University Press Inc., New York, pp. 110-115</ref> In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative publicly acknowledged recognition from 94 states.<ref name="undpsca">{{Cite book|author = United Nations Security Council|coauthors = United Nations Department of Political and Security Council Affairs|title = Repertoire of the practice of the Security Council|publisher = United Nations Publications|year = 2008|page = 759|url = http://books.google.com.my/books?id=C0FR2aSR1SoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="reuti">{{cite web|author = Reut Institute|title = Act of Recognition of Statehood|work = Structure of the Political Process|date = 14 August 2004|url = http://www.reut-institute.org/en/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=373|accessdate = 2010-11-16}}</ref> Since then, ] have publicly extended recognition, and the PLO and PNA now maintain an extensive network of diplomatic relations. The ] (PNA) was established in 1994 by the ] (PLO) as a result of the ] and the ]. The ]i government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self-government to the PNA, which are ] of the ], and used to be effective in the ] before ] by ]. In 1988 the PLO ] the ], being quite widely recognised by states,<ref>Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (2nd, illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press, p. 722: "Within two weeks of the PNC meeting, at least fifty-five nations, including states as diverse as the Soviet Union, China, India, Greece, Yugoslavia, Sri Lanka, Malta, and Zambia, had recognized the Palestinian state."</ref> although often in equivocal terms.<ref name="crawford">Crawford, James (1999). "Israel (1948-1949) and Paletine (1998-1999): Two Studies in the Creation of States", in Goodwin-Gil G.S. and S. Talmon, , Oxford University Press Inc., New York, pp. 110-115</ref> In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative publicly acknowledged recognition from 94 states.<ref name="undpsca">{{Cite book|author = United Nations Security Council|coauthors = United Nations Department of Political and Security Council Affairs|title = Repertoire of the practice of the Security Council|publisher = United Nations Publications|year = 2008|page = 759|url = http://books.google.com.my/books?id=C0FR2aSR1SoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="reuti">{{cite web|author = Reut Institute|title = Act of Recognition of Statehood|work = Structure of the Political Process|date = 14 August 2004|url = http://www.reut-institute.org/en/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=373|accessdate = 2010-11-16}}</ref> Since then, ] have publicly extended recognition, and the PLO and PNA now maintain an extensive network of diplomatic relations.<ref name="Euro2005">{{Cite book|author = Taylor & Francis Group|title = |publisher = Europa Publications|year = 2004|page = 3325|isbn = 9781857432558}}</ref>


In 1974, ] recognised the right of the ] to ], national independence, and ] in ]. It also recognised the Palestine Liberation Organization as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations. States maintain official relations with it and the Palestinian National Authority established through the ] of 1994. Some, but not all, of these recognise the State of Palestine, which was proclaimed by the PLO on 15 November 1988. In 1974, ] recognised the right of the ] to ], national independence, and ] in ]. It also recognised the Palestine Liberation Organization as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations. States maintain official relations with it and the Palestinian National Authority established through the ] of 1994. Some, but not all, of these recognise the State of Palestine, which was proclaimed by the PLO on 15 November 1988.
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|112 ||{{flag|Syria}} <!-- Syria official website doesn't list SoP embassy, but an unspecified type of PLO mission. -->{{dubious|OIC members|date=November 2010}} || 1989 or before{{When|date=November 2010}}<ref name="doebbler">{{Cite web|author=Doebbler, Curtis|authorlink=Curtis Doebbler|title=Palestine's Right to Statehood and What it Means|url=http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=21140&CategoryId=5|publisher=Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy (MIFTAH)|date=2 December 2009|accessdate=2010-11-18}}: "The 21 other states of the Arab League, for example, already recognise Palestine as a state. So too do the 56 other member states of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC)."</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=January 2011}}<!-- Statement that all OIC members had recognised the State of Palestine may be doubted: Guyana recognised in 2011, years later. --> || 2006 or before{{When|date=November 2010}} || Mission (])<ref>{{Cite web|author=Government of Syria|title=Syrian Embassies|url=http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects&func=listpages&subid=228&newlang=eng|publisher=Ministry of Tourism|accessdate=2010-11-20}}</ref><ref name="webgaza">{{Cite web|author=WebGaza.net|title=Embassies, Missions, General and Special Delegations of Palestine Abroad|url=http://www.webgaza.net/resources/Embassies_of_Palestine.htm|publisher=WebGaza.net|accessdate=2010-11-20}}</ref> || Embassy, non-resident (]){{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} || AL, OIC |112 ||{{flag|Syria}} <!-- Syria official website doesn't list SoP embassy, but an unspecified type of PLO mission. -->{{dubious|OIC members|date=November 2010}} || 1989 or before{{When|date=November 2010}}<ref name="doebbler">{{Cite web|author=Doebbler, Curtis|authorlink=Curtis Doebbler|title=Palestine's Right to Statehood and What it Means|url=http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=21140&CategoryId=5|publisher=Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy (MIFTAH)|date=2 December 2009|accessdate=2010-11-18}}: "The 21 other states of the Arab League, for example, already recognise Palestine as a state. So too do the 56 other member states of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC)."</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=January 2011}}<!-- Statement that all OIC members had recognised the State of Palestine may be doubted: Guyana recognised in 2011, years later. --> || 2006 or before{{When|date=November 2010}} || Mission (])<ref>{{Cite web|author=Government of Syria|title=Syrian Embassies|url=http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects&func=listpages&subid=228&newlang=eng|publisher=Ministry of Tourism|accessdate=2010-11-20}}</ref><ref name="webgaza">{{Cite web|author=WebGaza.net|title=Embassies, Missions, General and Special Delegations of Palestine Abroad|url=http://www.webgaza.net/resources/Embassies_of_Palestine.htm|publisher=WebGaza.net|accessdate=2010-11-20}}</ref> || Embassy, non-resident (]){{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} || AL, OIC
|- |-
|113 ||{{flag|Swaziland}} <!-- Cameroon, Swaziland and Vanuatu are included in a list of SoP recognizers, but that list includes information which conflicts with MFA pages of Austria and the Vatican City (, ). Also it is in self-contradiction as it claims to list 94 states, but actually includes only 93. -->{{dubious|Swaziland, Cameroon, Vanuatu|date=November 2010}} || 2001 or before{{When|date=November 2010}}<ref name="Euro2005">{{Cite book|author = Taylor & Francis Group|title = Europa World Year Book|publisher = Europa Publications|year = 2004|page = 3325|isbn = 9781857432558}}</ref><ref name="medea"/>{{Verify credibility|date=November 2010}} || || || || |113 ||{{flag|Swaziland}} <!-- Cameroon, Swaziland and Vanuatu are included in a list of SoP recognizers, but that list includes information which conflicts with MFA pages of Austria and the Vatican City (, ). Also it is in self-contradiction as it claims to list 94 states, but actually includes only 93. -->{{dubious|Swaziland, Cameroon, Vanuatu|date=November 2010}} || 2001 or before{{When|date=November 2010}}<ref name="Euro2005"/><ref name="medea"/>{{Verify credibility|date=November 2010}} || || || ||
|- |-
|114 ||{{flag|Vanuatu}} <!-- Cameroon, Swaziland and Vanuatu are included in a list of SoP recognizers, but that list includes information which conflicts with MFA pages of Austria and the Vatican City (, ). Also it is in self-contradiction as it claims to list 94 states, but actually includes only 93. -->{{dubious|Swaziland, Cameroon, Vanuatu|date=November 2010}} || 2001 or before{{When|date=November 2010}}<ref name="Euro2005"/><ref name="medea"/>{{Verify credibility|date=November 2010}} || 2010 or before<ref name="pacdel">{{Cite web|author=General Delegation of Palestine to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific|title=Profiles|url=http://www.palestine-australia.com/content.php/category/id/15/title/profiles|publisher=Palestinian National Authority|accessdate=2010-11-20}}: "The Head of the General Delegation of Palestine to Australia and New Zealand and Ambassador to East Timor, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu."</ref> || Embassy, non-resident (])<ref name="pacdel"/> || || |114 ||{{flag|Vanuatu}} <!-- Cameroon, Swaziland and Vanuatu are included in a list of SoP recognizers, but that list includes information which conflicts with MFA pages of Austria and the Vatican City (, ). Also it is in self-contradiction as it claims to list 94 states, but actually includes only 93. -->{{dubious|Swaziland, Cameroon, Vanuatu|date=November 2010}} || 2001 or before{{When|date=November 2010}}<ref name="Euro2005"/><ref name="medea"/>{{Verify credibility|date=November 2010}} || 2010 or before<ref name="pacdel">{{Cite web|author=General Delegation of Palestine to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific|title=Profiles|url=http://www.palestine-australia.com/content.php/category/id/15/title/profiles|publisher=Palestinian National Authority|accessdate=2010-11-20}}: "The Head of the General Delegation of Palestine to Australia and New Zealand and Ambassador to East Timor, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu."</ref> || Embassy, non-resident (])<ref name="pacdel"/> || ||

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LeadersMap shows birthplaces or family origins Foreign relations of the State of Palestine is located in Mandatory PalestineYassin b.1936 Haniyeh's parents Yassin b.1936
Haniyeh's parents Rantisi b.1947 Rantisi b.1947 MashalMashalSinwarSinwarHabash b.1926 Habash b.1926 Abbas b.1935 Abbas b.1935 HawatmehHawatmehNakhalahNakhalah
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The Palestinian National Authority (PNA) was established in 1994 by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as a result of the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement. The Israeli government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self-government to the PNA, which are in effect in parts of the West Bank, and used to be effective in the Gaza Strip before its takeover by Hamas. In 1988 the PLO declared the State of Palestine, being quite widely recognised by states, although often in equivocal terms. In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative publicly acknowledged recognition from 94 states. Since then, other states have publicly extended recognition, and the PLO and PNA now maintain an extensive network of diplomatic relations.

In 1974, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence, and sovereignty in Palestine. It also recognised the Palestine Liberation Organization as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations. States maintain official relations with it and the Palestinian National Authority established through the Oslo Accords of 1994. Some, but not all, of these recognise the State of Palestine, which was proclaimed by the PLO on 15 November 1988.

Both the PNA and the PLO (representing itself, the PNA, or the State of Palestine) participate in multiple international organisations with status of member state, observer, associate, or affiliate.

In 1988 the UN adopted the designation "Palestine" for the PLO. Currently this reference is used for the PLO, PNA, and the State of Palestine by states and international organisations, in many cases regardless of the level of recognition and relations they have with any of these entities. The level of recognition of the State of Palestine within the international community is difficult to measure, given the often equivocal nature of statements made by foreign governments.

Bilateral relations

Further information: List of diplomatic missions of Palestine and List of diplomatic missions to Palestine

Representation of the Palestinian National Authority abroad is performed by the Palestine Liberation Organization. In states that recognise the State of Palestine, it maintains embassies. A number of other states have granted some form of diplomatic status to a PLO delegation, falling short of full diplomatic recognition. These delegations and missions are also sometimes referred to as "embassies" and their heads as "ambassadors".

Representations of foreign countries to the Palestinian National Authority are performed by missions or offices in Ramallah and Gaza. States that recognise the State of Palestine also accredit to the PLO (acting as its government-in-exile) non-resident ambassadors residing in third countries.

Background

Map showing nations which have recognised or have special diplomatic arrangements with the State of Palestine, or the Palestine Liberation Organization.

Francis Boyle, legal advisor to the PLO, assisted the organisation in drafting the 1988 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Palestine. At that time, the United States was using its Foreign Assistance Act and other measures to discourage other countries and international organisations from extending recognition.

Shortly after its 1988 declaration, the State of Palestine was recognised by many other developing states in Africa and Asia, by most former communist states, and by most members of the Arab League (AL) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). Both of these organisations later published statements of recognition of, support for, and solidarity with Palestine, which was accepted as a member state in both forums.

At the end of 1989, the New York Times reported that 89 United Nations member states had recognised the newly proclaimed state. According to one author, however, by 1988, more than 100 countries had recognised the State of Palestine. In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative acknowledged that 94 states had recognised the new Palestinian state. Since then, a number of other states have publicly extended recognition. Boyle reported in 1990 that the number was over 114 states. In 2005, Anat Kurz reported that 117 United Nations member states had formally recognised Palestine as a sovereign state. In February 2009, Foreign Minister Riyad al-Maliki was able to submit to the ICC written statements from 67 of these countries. He was also able to show the existence of bilateral agreements with states in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe.

In September 2010, Boyle reported that about 130 countries had recognised the State of Palestine. By the end of December, following successive statements of recognition from Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia and Ecuador, a number of news services reported the number as over 130. In the same month, however, after the statements of recognition from Brazil and Argentina, John Quigley reported the number as 105, and with the subsequent declaration by Bolivia, lawyer John V. Whitbeck claimed it to be 106 states.

As of 7 January 2011, Chile is the most recent nation to formally recognise the State of Palestine.

Chronological table of recognition and relations

At least 157 states, in addition to the European Union, currently have some form of diplomatic relations with the PLO and PNA, or recognise the State of Palestine:

  • 110 to 118 states recognise the State of Palestine;
    • of these, 95 to 100 have established diplomatic relations with the PLO;
  • 48 to 39 states, as well as the European Union, which don't recognise the State of Palestine, conduct official relations with the PLO and the PNA.
# Name State of Palestine
recognition since		 PLO/PNA relations since Mission of PLO or
State of Palestine		 Mission to PNA or
State of Palestine		 Notes
Recognising the State of Palestine declared in 1988:
1  Algeria 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Algiers) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo) AL, OIC
2  Bahrain 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Manama) AL, OIC
3  Indonesia 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Jakarta) Embassy, non-resident (Amman) OIC
4  Iraq 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Baghdad) Embassy, non-resident (Damascus) AL, OIC
5  Kuwait 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Kuwait) AL, OIC
6  Libya 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Tripoli) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo) AL, OIC
7  Malaysia 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Kuala Lumpur) OIC
8  Mauritania 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Nouakchott) AL, OIC
9  Morocco 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Rabat) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Gaza)		 AL, OIC
10  Somalia 1988-11-15 yes Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti) AL, OIC
11  Tunisia 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Tunis) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Gaza)		 AL, OIC
11  Turkey 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Ankara) Consulate-General (Jerusalem) OIC; Palestine–Turkey relations
12  Yemen 1988-11-15 yes Embassy (Sana'a) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo) AL, OIC
13  Afghanistan 1988-11-16 yes Embassy, non-resident (Damascus) OIC
14  Bangladesh 1988-11-16 yes Embassy (Dhaka) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo) OIC
15  Cuba 1988-11-16 yes Embassy (Havanna) Embassy, non-resident (Tunis)
16  Jordan 1988-11-16 yes Embassy (Amman) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah, Gaza)		 AL, OIC
17  Madagascar 1988-11-16
19  Malta 1988-11-16 yes Embassy (Valletta) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)		 EU
20  Nicaragua 1988-11-16 yes Embassy (Managua) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
21  Pakistan 1988-11-16 yes Embassy (Islamabad) Embassy, non-resident (Damascus) OIC; Pakistan–Palestine relations
22  Qatar 1988-11-16 yes Embassy (Doha) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Gaza)		 AL, OIC
23  Saudi Arabia 1988-11-16 yes Embassy (Riyadh) AL, OIC
24  United Arab Emirates 1988-11-16 yes Embassy (Abu Dhabi) AL, OIC; Palestine – United Arab Emirates relations
25  Serbia 1988-11-16 1989 Embassy (Belgrade) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
26  Zambia 1988-11-16 yes Embassy (Lusaka)
27  Albania 1988-11-17 yes Embassy (Tirana) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo) OIC
28  Brunei 1988-11-17 yes Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur) OIC
29  Djibouti 1988-11-17 yes Embassy (Djibouti) AL, OIC
30  Mauritius 1988-11-17 yes Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)
31  Sudan 1988-11-17 yes Embassy (Khartoum) AL, OIC
32  Cyprus 1988-11-18 yes Embassy (Nicosia) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)		 EU
33  Czech Republic 1988-11-18 yes Embassy (Prague) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)		 EU
34  Slovakia 1988-11-18 yes Embassy (Bratislava) Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)
Office, non-resident (Tel Aviv)		 EU
35  Egypt 1988-11-18 yes Embassy (Cairo) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah, Gaza)		 AL, OIC
36  India 1988-11-18 1974 Embassy (New Delhi) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)		 AL observer; India–Palestine relations
37  Nigeria 1988-11-18 yes Embassy (Abuja) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo) OIC
38  Seychelles 1988-11-18 yes Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)
39  Sri Lanka 1988-11-18 yes Embassy (Colombo) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)
40  Belarus 1988-11-19 yes Embassy (Minsk) Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)
41  Guinea 1988-11-19 yes Embassy, non-resident (Dakar) OIC
42  Namibia 1988-11-19 yes Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria)
43  Ukraine 1988-11-19 yes Embassy (Kiev)
44  Russia 1988-11-19 yes Embassy (Moscow) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)		 OIC observer; Palestine–Russia relations
45  Vietnam 1988-11-19 1968 Embassy (Hanoi) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
46  China, People's Republic of 1988-11-20 yes Embassy (Beijing) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)		 Palestine – People's Republic of China relations
47  Burkina Faso 1988-11-21 yes Embassy, non-resident (Bamako) OIC
48  Comoros 1988-11-21 yes Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti) AL, OIC
49  Guinea-Bissau 1988-11-21 yes Embassy, non-resident (Dakar) OIC
50  Mali 1988-11-21 yes Embassy (Bamako) OIC
51  Cambodia 1988-11-21 yes Embassy, non-resident (Hanoi)
52  Mongolia 1988-11-22 1979-04-25 Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
53  Senegal 1988-11-22 yes Embassy (Dakar) OIC
54  Hungary 1988-11-23 yes Embassy (Budapest) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)		 EU
55  Cape Verde 1988-11-24
56  Korea, North 1988-11-24 yes Embassy (Pyongyang) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo) North Korea-Palestine relations
57  Niger 1988-11-24 yes Embassy, non-resident (Bamako) OIC
58  Romania 1988-11-24 yes Embassy (Bucharest) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)		 EU; Romania–Palestine relations
59  Tanzania 1988-11-24 yes Embassy (Dar es Salaam) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
60  Bulgaria 1988-11-25 yes Embassy (Sofia) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)		 EU
61  Maldives 1988-11-28 yes Embassy, non-resident (Colombo) OIC
62  Ghana 1988-11-29 yes Embassy (Accra) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
63  Togo 1988-11-29 OIC
64  Zimbabwe 1988-11-29 yes Embassy (Harare) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
65  Chad 1988-12-01 yes Embassy, non-resident (Bamako) OIC
66  Laos 1988-12-02 1989-05-15 Embassy, non-resident (Hanoi)
67  Sierra Leone 1988-12-03 OIC
68  Uganda 1988-12-03 yes Embassy, non-resident (Harare) OIC
69  Congo, Republic of the 1988-12-05 yes Embassy (Brazaville)
70  Angola 1988-12-06 yes Embassy (Luanda)
71  Mozambique 1988-12-08 yes Embassy (Maputo) OIC
72  São Tomé and Príncipe 1988-12-10
73  Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1988-12-10
74  Gabon 1988-12-12 yes Embassy (Libreville) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo) OIC
75  Oman 1988-12-13 yes Embassy (Muscat) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Gaza)		 AL, OIC
76  Poland 1988-12-14 yes Embassy (Warsaw) Office (Ramallah) EU
77  Botswana 1988-12-19
78    Nepal 1988-12-19
79  Burundi 1988-12-22
80  Central African Republic 1988-12-23 OIC observer
81  Bhutan 1988-12-25
82  Rwanda 1989-01-02
83  Ethiopia 1989-02-04 yes Embassy (Addis Ababa)
84  Iran 1989-02-04 yes Embassy (Tehran) Embassy, non-resident (Damascus) OIC; Iran–Palestine relations
85  Benin 1989 or before yes Embassy, non-resident (Jeddah) OIC
86  Equatorial Guinea 1989 or before
87  Gambia 1989 or before yes Embassy, non-resident (Dakar) OIC
88  Kenya 1989 or before yes Embassy, non-resident (Harare)
89  Lebanon 1989 or before yes Representation (Beirut) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo) AL, OIC
90  Philippines 1989 1989-09 Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur) Embassy, non-resident (Amman)
91  Kazakhstan 1992 or before 1992-04-06 Embassy (Astana) Embassy, non-resident (Tel Aviv) OIC
92  Azerbaijan 1992 or before 1992-04-15 Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent) OIC
93  Georgia 1992 or before 1992-04-25
94  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-05-27 1992-10-30 Embassy (Sarajevo) Embassy, non-resident (Cairo) OIC observer
95  Uzbekistan 1994 or before 1994-09-25 Embassy (Tashkent) OIC
96  South Africa 1995 or before 1995-02-15 Embassy (Pretoria) Office (Ramallah, Gaza)
97  Paraguay 2005 or before 2005-03-25 Embassy, non-resident (Brasília)
98  Montenegro 2006-07-24 2006-08-01 Embassy, non-resident (Belgrade)
99  Costa Rica 2008-02-05 2008-02-05 Embassy, non-resident (New York)
100  Côte d'Ivoire 2008 or before yes Embassy (Abidjan) OIC
101  Tajikistan 2009 or before yes Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent) OIC
102  Venezuela 2009-04-27 yes Mission (Caracas) Embassy, non-resident
Office (Ramallah)		 AL observer; Venezuela–Palestine relations
103  Dominican Republic 2009-07-14 2009-07-15 Embassy, non-resident (New York)
104  Kyrgyzstan 2010 or before yes Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent) OIC
105  Brazil 2010-12-01 yes Special delegation (Brasília) Office (Ramallah) AL observer; Brazil–Palestine relations
106  Argentina 2010-12-04 yes General delegation (Buenos Aires)
107  Bolivia 2010-12-22
108  Ecuador 2010-12-24 2008 or before Delegation, non-resident (Lima) —
109  Chile 2011-01-07 1990-03 Embassy (Santiago) Representative office (Ramallah)
110  Guyana 2011-01-13 yes Embassy, non-resident (Havana) OIC
Conflicting or inconclusive sources regarding the recognition of the State of Palestine declared in 1988:
111  Cameroon 1989 or before yes OIC
112  Syria 1989 or before 2006 or before Mission (Damascus) Embassy, non-resident (Amman) AL, OIC
113  Swaziland 2001 or before
114  Vanuatu 2001 or before 2010 or before Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)
115  Suriname 2003 or before OIC
116  Turkmenistan 2003 or before OIC
117  Lesotho 2010 or before
118  Uruguay 2010-11-13 2010-04-20 — —
Not recognising the State of Palestine declared in 1988, but conducting official relations with the PLO and PNA:
119  Finland — 1982 General delegation (Helsinki) Office (Ramallah) EU
120  Colombia — 1988-10-03 Special mission (Bogota) Delegation, non-resident (Cairo)
121  Israel — 1993-08-20 Department, non-resident (Gaza)
122  Moldova — 1994-06-07
123  Holy See — 1994-10-25 General delegation (Rome) Apostolic delegation (Jerusalem) Holy See–Palestine relations
—  European Union — 1994 or before General delegation (Brussels) Office (Ramallah) EU
124  Estonia — 2004 or before General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki) — EU
125  Peru — 2008 or before Special delegation (Lima) —
126  Eritrea 2010 or before yes Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti) AL observer
127  Australia — yes General delegation (Canberra) Office (Ramallah)
128  Austria — yes Representation (Vienna) Office (Ramallah) EU
129  Belgium — yes General delegation (Brussels) Consulate-General (Jerusalem) EU
130  Belize — yes Special delegation, non-resident (Mexico City) —
131  Canada — yes General delegation (Ottawa) Office (Ramallah)
132  Croatia — yes — —
133  Denmark — yes General delegation (Copenhagen) Office (Ramallah) EU; Denmark–Palestine relations
134  France — yes Mission (Paris) Consulate-General (Jerusalem) EU
135  Germany — yes General delegation (Berlin) Office (Ramallah) EU
136  Greece — yes Representation (Athens) Consulate-General (Jerusalem) EU
137  Iceland — yes General delegation, non-resident (Oslo)
138  Ireland — yes General delegation (Dublin) Office (Ramallah) EU
139  Italy — yes General delegation (Rome) Consulate-General (Jerusalem) EU
140  Japan — yes General delegation (Tokyo) Office (Ramallah)
141  Latvia — yes General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki) — EU
142  Lithuania — yes General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki) — EU
143  Luxembourg — yes General delegation, non-resident (Brussels) — EU
144  Mexico — yes Special delegation (Mexico City) Office (Ramallah)
145  Netherlands — yes General delegation (The Hague) Office (Ramallah) EU
146  New Zealand — yes General delegation, non-resident (Canberra) —
147  Norway — yes General delegation (Oslo) Office (Ramallah)
148  Papua New Guinea — yes Embassy, non-resident (Canberra) —
149  Portugal — yes General delegation (Lisbon) Office (Ramallah) EU
150  Slovenia — yes General delegation, non-resident (Rome) Office (Ramallah) EU
151  Korea, South — yes — Office (Ramallah)
152  Spain — yes General delegation (Madrid) Consulate-General (Jerusalem) EU
153  Sweden — yes General delegation (Stockholm) Consulate-General (Jerusalem) EU
154   Switzerland — yes General delegation (Bern) Office (Ramallah)
155  East Timor — yes Embassy, non-resident (Canberra) —
156  United Kingdom — yes General delegation (London) Consulate-General (Jerusalem) EU; Palestine – United Kingdom relations
157  United States — yes General delegation (Washington, D.C.) Consulate-General (Jerusalem)
Foreign relation of Palestine:  Recognition of the State of Palestine and diplomatic relations with the PLO   Recognition of the State of Palestine
  Other official relations with the PNA and the PLO

There is no infomation available pertaining to the positions of:

Relations with international organisations

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer. Because of inconclusiveness in sources in some cases it is impossible to distinguish whether the participation is executed by the PNA, the PLO as representative of the State of Palestine or by the PLO as a non-state entity.

International Organisation status Representation Application date Admission date
Membership
Organisation of the Islamic Conference member State of Palestine 1969
Arab League member State of Palestine 1976
International Organization for Standardization member Palestine Standards Institution 2001 2004
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies member Palestine Red Crescent Society 2006
International Trade Union Confederation member Palestine General Federation of Trade Unions
Union for the Mediterranean member Palestinian National Authority 2008
Asian Parliamentary Assembly member Palestinian Legislative Council (PNA)
Inter-Parliamentary Union member Palestine
Non-Aligned Movement member Palestine
Group of 77 member Palestine
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia member Palestine
Non-member status
International Telecommunication Union observer Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UN)
United Nations non-state observer Palestine Liberation Organization 1974
UNESCO observer National Organizing Committee
Universal Postal Union special observer Palestinian National Authority 2008
World Health Organization observer Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UN) 1998
World Tourism Organization special observer Palestine 1999
World Intellectual Property Organization observer Palestine

Additionally the Palestinian National Authority participates in trade liberalization:

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority jointly are accepted as party to the following international agreements about transport in the Arab Mashreq: Road, Rail, Maritime.

Arab League

State of Palestine is currently a member of the Arab League. The Palestine Liberation Organization was represented there since 1964 and after the 1988 declaration of statehood, its status was upgraded to full membership under the name 'Palestine' with the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization serving as 'president of Palestine'.

Organisation of the Islamic Conference

State of Palestine is currently a member of the international Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and the Islamic Development Bank, an international financial institution set up for member states.

United Nations representation

Main article: Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations

The Palestine National Council (PNC) sent formal notification to the U.N. Secretary-General regarding the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in May 1964. The following year in October, some Arab states requested that a PLO delegation be allowed to attend meetings of the Special Political Committee, and it was decided that they could present a statement, without implying recognition. PLO participation in the discussions of the Committee took place under the agenda item of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1963 to 1973.

The Palestine Liberation Organization gained observer status at the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 through General Assembly Resolution 3237. In the UNGA's regional groupings, the PLO gained full membership in the Group of Asian states on 2 April 1986. Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine, the UN re-designated this observer to be referred to as "Palestine" in 1988 (General Assembly Resolution 43/177) and affirmed "the need to enable the Palestinian people to exercise their sovereignty over their territory occupied since 1967". In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted a new Resolution (52/250) conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues. By this resolution, "seating for Palestine shall be arranged immediately after non-member States and before the other observers." This Resolution was adopted by a vote of 124 in favour, 4 against (Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, United States) and 10 abstentions.

Applications

Geneva Conventions

In 1989, the Palestine Liberation Organization, on behalf of the State of Palestine, submitted a letter of accession to the Geneva Conventions. However, Switzerland, as the depositary state, determined that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community, it was therefore incapable of recognising Palestine as a "power" that could accede to the Conventions.

"Due to the incertainty within the international community as to the existence or the non-existence of a State of Palestine and as long as the issue has not been settled in an appropriate framework, the Swiss Government, in its capacity as depositary of the Geneva Conventions and their additional Protocols, is not in a position to decide whether this communication can be considered as an instrument of accession in the sense of the relevant provisions of the Conventions and their additional Protocols."

Nevertheless the Palestine Red Crescent Society is currently member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, which requires its participants to adhere to the Geneva Conventions.

World Health Organization (WHO)

The PLO currently holds observer status at the World Health Organization (WHO), but applied for full membership status for the State of Palestine in 1989. The United States, which provided one-quarter of the WHO's funding at the time, informed the WHO that its funding would be withheld if Palestine was admitted as a member state. Yasser Arafat described the U.S. statement as "blackmail". The PLO was asked to withdraw its application by the WHO director general. The WHO subsequently voted to postpone consideration of the application and no decision on the application has been made yet. John Quigley writes that Palestine's efforts to gain membership in several international organisations connected to the United Nations was frustrated by U.S. threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

In 1989 a "Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State" was submitted by Algeria, Indonesia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, and Yemen. Currently, Palestine participates at UNESCO through its National Organizing Committee.

Participation in international sports federations

International Organisation status Representation Application date Admission date
International Olympic Committee (and Olympic Council of Asia) member Palestine Olympic Committee 1986 1995
International Paralympic Committee member Palestinian Paralympic Committee
FIFA (International Federation of Association Football) member Palestinian Football Association 1998

Aftermath of Hamas' victory

After the victory of the Change and Reform list (led by Hamas) in the 2006 elections, many governments, including the United States, as well as the European Union, cut ties with the organs of the PLC, but not those connected to the PNA President, Mahmoud Abbas. The boycott led to the withholding of foreign aid, upon which much of the Palestinian economy is dependent, promised to the PNA. The European Union set up a mechanism to transfer some aid to PNA employees, many of whom had gone unpaid for months, that bypassed the government. After Abbas' sacking of Prime Minister Ismail Haniya as a response by Hamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, the boycott was lifted.

References

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  125. ^ Chickrie, Ray (14 January 2011). "Guyana recognises Palestinian state". Caribbean News Now!. Global News Corporation. Retrieved 2011-01-14.: "Suriname, another South American country and Caribbean Community (CARICOM) member, is expected to recognize Palestine within the coming days. Suriname is also a member of the OIC."
  126. The Associated Press (13 January 2011). "Guyana recognizes a Palestinian state". The Washington Post. WP Company LLC. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  127. Government of Guyana. "Non-Resident Ambassadors & High Commissioners to Guyana". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  128. ^ European Institute for Research on Mediterranean and Euro-Arab Cooperation (December 2001). "Palestine, recognition of the State of". MEDEA. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
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  130. ^ Palestinian National Authority Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  131. Government of Syria. "Syrian Embassies". Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
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  134. Government of the United States. "Lesotho". Department of State. Retrieved 2010-11-20. "Lesotho also recognizes Palestine as a state".
  135. United Nations; Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Lesotho to the United Nations. "Statement by ... Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Lesotho" (PDF). International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved 2010-11-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  136. Keinon, Herb (10 December 2010). "More S. American countries may recognize 'Palestine'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  137. ^ Malaysia News (15 November 2010). "Uruguay to begin bilateral relations with Palestinian state". Malaysia News. Montevideo. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  138. Lim, Sean (7 December 2010). "More Latin America Nations Recognize Independent Palestine State". Arirang. The Korea International Broadcasting Foundation. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  139. Template:Es icon Comité Central Israelita del Uruguay (15 November 2010). "Mujica piensa viajar a Palestina". Retrieved 2010-11-21.
  140. Template:Es icon Gama Cero (13 November 2010). "Uruguay reconoció al Estado de Palestina". Blogger.com. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
  141. Template:Es icon Government of Uruguay (20 April 2010). "Comunicado conjunto de Uruguay y el Gobierno de la Autoridad Nacional Palestina". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  142. MercoPress (18 September 2010). "Uruguay could recognize Palestine next year; confirms solid ties with Iran". MercoPress. Montevideo. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  143. China Daily (13 November 2010). "Uruguay announced the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Palestinian State". China Daily. Montevideo. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  144. ^ Palestine Liberation Organisation. "About Palestine General Delegation". Retrieved 2010-11-20. Palestine General Delegation in Helsinki responsible for Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.
  145. ^ Template:Es icon Government of Colombia. "Autoridad Nacional Palestina". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Retrieved 2010-12-13.: "Se establecieron relaciones diplomáticas el 3 de octubre de 1988. La Misión Especial de Palestina en Colombia fue establecida en 1996. La Embajada de Colombia en El Cairo es concurrente ante la Autoridad Palestina, y la Sección Consular de la Embajada en Tel Aviv atiende asuntos de carácter consular."
  146. Template:Es icon Government of Colombia. "Embajada de Palestina". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Retrieved 2010-12-13.: "Jefe de la Misión Especial de Palestina, Bogotá, D. C."
  147. Palestine Liberation Organisation. "About us". Negotiations Affairs Department. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  148. Template:Ro icon Government of Moldova. "Bilateral cooperation: Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  149. Holy See. "Bilateral relations of the Holy See". Secretariat of State. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  150. "1948: Established as Apostolic Delegation of Jerusalem and Palestine". Gcatholic.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  151. Supranational union; 8 of its 27 member states recognise the State of Palestine and the rest 19 members maintain official relations with the PLO and PNA.
  152. European Commission. "The Role of the Office of the European Union Representative". Office of the European Union Representative: West Bank and Gaza Strip, UNRWA. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  153. ^ Government of Estonia. "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20. "Estonia recognises the Palestine Liberation Authority [sic] as the representative of the Palestinian people on the international level."
  154. Template:Es icon Government of Peru (November 2010). "Lista del Cuerpo Diplomatico, Organismos Internacionales y Cuerpo Consular" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  155. Austria was listed as recognizing SoP since 14.12.2010, but Algeria, Indonesia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, and Yemen (application submitters) later requested that Austria be deleted from the UNESCO application annex II list.
  156. "BMAA" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  157. Government of Belize. "Non-Resident Embassies & Consulates: Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  158. Government of France. "Ambassades et consulats étrangers en France: Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  159. The German Democratic Republic recognised the State of Palestine on 18.11.1988, but it later unified with the Federal Republic of Germany and it doesn't recognise it currently.
  160. "German diplomatic list" (PDF) (in Template:De icon). Auswaertiges-amt.de. Retrieved 2010-12-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  161. Template:Fr icon Government of the Hellenic Republic (5 November 2010). "Préséance des Chefs de Mission Accredités en Gréce". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  162. Government of Iceland. "Diplomatic list" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Protocol. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  163. Palestinian National Authority. "General Delegation of Palestine in Ireland". Palestinian Monitoring Group. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  164. Government of Japan. "Other Representative Office: Palestinian Authority". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  165. Template:Es icon Government of Mexico. "Delegación Especial de Palestina". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  166. "Norway Calls for Palestinian State, Gives Diplomatic Mission Embassy Rank". Bloomberg. 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  167. Palestinian Delegation in Norway. "Welcome". Palestine Liberation Organization. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  168. Representative Office of Norway to the Palestinian Authority. "Representative Office". Government of Norway. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  169. ^ Government of Slovenia. "Representations abroad: Palestinian territories". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  170. Chungnam Park; Government of South Korea. "Greetings". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 2010-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  171. Palestinian National Authority. "General Delegation of Palestine in Switzerland". Palestinian Monitoring Group. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  172. Mozgovaya, Natasha (22 July 2010). "U.S. upgrades status of Palestinian mission in Washington". Haaretz. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  173. "US Consulate in Jerusalem". Jerusalem.usconsulate.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  174. Such as listing "Palestine" or Occupied Palestinian Territory without further explanation.
  175. ^ Initially representing only the Palestine Liberation Organization itself.
  176. Including its subordinated organizations of Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development and Arab Monetary Fund.
  177. "ISO members". Iso.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  178. representation for 'Occupied Palestinian Territory' equivalent to that of a state, assigned the code "ps", English country names and code elements
  179. "Palestine Standards Institution". Iso.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  180. "ITUC affiliates". Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  181. Asian Parliamentary Assembly. "Asian Parliamentary Assembly member parliaments". Secretariat, Asian Parliamentary Assembly. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  182. Inter-Parliamentary Union. "Members of the Union". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  183. Government of Egypt, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "Members, Observers and Guests". Non-Aligned Movement. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  184. "G77 members". G77.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  185. "ESCWA membership". Escwa.un.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  186. "Palestine ITU status". Itu.int. 2010-10-20. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  187. ^ For the purposes of United Nations Regional Groups arrangement the Palestine Liberation Organization participates in the Asia group since 2 April 1986; Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. "Status of Palestine at the United Nations". Retrieved 2010-12-09.; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. "Government structures". United Nations. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
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  189. "Palestine WHO status" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  190. "UNWTO observers". Unwto.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
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  192. Israel has free trade agreements with the EU, EFTA, Turkey and others.
  193. United Nations. "Historical Information". Office of Legal Affairs; United Nations Publications. Retrieved 2010-11-20. Palestine was admitted to membership in ESCWA pursuant to ECOSOC Resolution 2089 (LXIII) dated 22 July 1977. Full powers for the signature of the Agreements were issued by the leaders of the PLO and the PNA.
  194. Takkenberg, 1998, pp. 136–138.
  195. "OIC Member States". Permanent Mission of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference to the United Nations Offices in Geneva and Vienna. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
  196. Taylor & Francis group and Lucy Dean, 2003, p. 1328.
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  199. "General Assembly Resolution 43/177". Unispal.un.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
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  201. United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Resolution 250. A/RES/52/250 Retrieved 2010-09-21.
  202. Silverburg, Stanford R (2002). Palestine and international law: essays on politics and economics. McFarland. p. 292. ISBN 9780786411917.
  203. Note of Information, Government of Switzerland, Berne, 13 September 1989.
  204. The ICJ noted that Palestine gave a unilateral undertaking, by declaration of 7 June 1982, in the name of the 'State of Palestine' to apply the Fourth Geneva Convention – and that Switzerland, as depositary State, considered that unilateral undertaking valid. See paragraph 91 of the International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Source
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  206. Quigley, 1990, p. 231.
  207. The Palestinian Football Association is also member of Asian Football Confederation and Union of Arab Football Associations.
  208. Palestinian Football Association at FIFA
  209. See for example, Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109–446, 21 December 2006. Cornell University Law School. 120 Stat. 3318.
  210. Goldenberg, Suzanne (4 March 2008). "U.S. plotted to overthrow Hamas after election victory". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-11-21.

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