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	===Third Constitution (''de facto'' 1938–1940, ''de jure'' 1938–1992)===		===Third Constitution (''de facto'' 1938–1940, ''de jure'' 1938–1992)===
	The third Constitution, ~~enacted~~ on 1 January 1938, created a ] National Assembly, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the National Council. The National Council, which was to review and ratify legislation from the Chamber of Deputies, consisted of representatives from local government, professional and vocational bodies, and high officials, while the Chamber of Deputies was directly elected by the people. Another change compared to the Constitution of 1934 was that the President was no longer directly elected by the people, but instead was chosen by an ] consisting of both chambers of the National Assembly and additional representatives of local government. The President was vested with fairly broad powers, but was somewhat less powerful than the State Elder of the 1934 constitution.		The third Constitution, which came into force on 1 January 1938, created a ] National Assembly, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the National Council. The National Council, which was to review and ratify legislation from the Chamber of Deputies, consisted of representatives from local government, professional and vocational bodies, and high officials, while the Chamber of Deputies was directly elected by the people. Another change compared to the Constitution of 1934 was that the President was no longer directly elected by the people, but instead was chosen by an ] consisting of both chambers of the National Assembly and additional representatives of local government. The President was vested with fairly broad powers, but was somewhat less powerful than the State Elder of the 1934 constitution.

	A Soviet-style "constitution" was introduced illegally, not having been subjected to referendum as required by the third Constitution, by a Soviet-backed puppet government on 25 August 1940. It was based on the 1936 Soviet constitution. The Soviet Estonian 1940 constitution was replaced by another constitution in 1978, based on the 1977 Soviet constitution.		A Soviet-style "constitution" was introduced illegally, not having been subjected to referendum as required by the third Constitution, by a Soviet-backed puppet government on 25 August 1940. It was based on the 1936 Soviet constitution. The Soviet Estonian 1940 constitution was replaced by another constitution in 1978, based on the 1977 Soviet constitution.

Revision as of 12:35, 17 January 2020

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The Constitution of Estonia is the fundamental law of the Republic of Estonia and establishes the state order as that of a democratic republic where the supreme power is vested in its citizens. The first Constitution was adopted by the freely elected Estonian Constituent Assembly on 15 June 1920 and came into force on 21 December 1920. The second Constitution was adopted on 24 January 1934, following a referendum in 1933, and was in force until the third Constitution was enacted on 1 January 1938. It remained in force, de facto, until 16 June 1940, when the Soviet Union occupied Estonia and, de jure, until 28 June 1992, when the fourth and current Constitution of the Republic of Estonia was adopted by referendum.

History

First Constitution (1920–1933)

The first Constitution was a reflection of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea of national sovereignty. Power was split between the judiciary, the executive and the legislature according to the principles of Montesquieu. The Constitution provided for a high degree of public initiative and for referendums. Despite the Constitution being modelled upon Montesquieu's ideas, there was an imbalance, since the single-chamber Riigikogu exercised extensive power over the executive and the judiciary, leading to instability and frequent changes of government. The head of state and the head of government were combined in the post of State Elder.

Second Constitution (1934–1938)

Due to chronic government instability (18 governments headed by 10 State Elders), attempts were made to redraft the Constitution. In a referendum held in 1932, voters rejected two proposed drafts of a new Constitution, but a third draft, proposed by the populist Estonian War of Independence Veterans' League or Vaps Movement was adopted in a referendum in 1933 and came into force on 24 January 1934. This second Constitution vested broad powers in the head of state--still called the State Elder--while reducing the size and power of the Riigikogu. The State Elder had the power to issue decrees with the force of law. In order to prevent the Vaps Movement coming to power under this new Constitution, Konstantin Päts, who was serving as "Prime Minister in Duties of the State Elder" pending elections, seized power in a bloodless coup d’etat on 12 March 1934. He then suspended the Constitution and initiated the preparation of a third Constitution.

Third Constitution (de facto 1938–1940, de jure 1938–1992)

The third Constitution, which came into force on 1 January 1938, created a bicameral National Assembly, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the National Council. The National Council, which was to review and ratify legislation from the Chamber of Deputies, consisted of representatives from local government, professional and vocational bodies, and high officials, while the Chamber of Deputies was directly elected by the people. Another change compared to the Constitution of 1934 was that the President was no longer directly elected by the people, but instead was chosen by an electoral college consisting of both chambers of the National Assembly and additional representatives of local government. The President was vested with fairly broad powers, but was somewhat less powerful than the State Elder of the 1934 constitution.

A Soviet-style "constitution" was introduced illegally, not having been subjected to referendum as required by the third Constitution, by a Soviet-backed puppet government on 25 August 1940. It was based on the 1936 Soviet constitution. The Soviet Estonian 1940 constitution was replaced by another constitution in 1978, based on the 1977 Soviet constitution.

Fourth Constitution (1992–present)

The present Constitution was enacted after a referendum on 28 June 1992. It incorporates elements of the Constitutions of 1920 and 1938. While retaining the presidency created in 1938, it restores the unicameral legislature established in 1920. It explicitly asserts its continuity with the Estonian state as it existed between 1920 and 1940, and thus provides a restitutive basis for Estonia’s independence. Like the 1920 Constitution, the head of state--titled as President after some debate about restoring the old title of State Elder--is a largely ceremonial post. However, unlike the 1920 Constitution, the government is headed by a separate Prime Minister.

Composition

The current Constitution contains a preamble and several chapters. The Preamble reads:

"With unwavering faith and a steadfast will to strengthen and develop the state,

which is established on the inextinguishable right of the people of Estonia to national self-determination and which was proclaimed on 24 February 1918,

which is founded on liberty, justice and law,

which shall protect internal and external peace, and is a pledge to present and future generations for their social progress and welfare,

which shall guarantee the preservation of the Estonian nation, language and culture through the ages,

the people of Estonia, on the basis of § 1 of the Constitution which entered into force in 1938, and by a referendum held on 28 June 1992, adopted the following Constitution."

Chapters

The current Constitution contains fifteen chapters.

The first chapter makes general provision for the nature of the state. It contains seven articles.
The second chapter sets out the people's rights, liberties and duties.
Chapter 3 defines the people and citizenship of Estonia.
Chapter 4 deals with the Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu).
Chapter 5 pertains to the President of Estonia, and his or her duties, responsibilities and rights.
Chapter 7 addresses the process of legislation.
Chapter 8 addresses financial issues and the budget.
Chapter 9 addresses international relations and treaties.
Chapter 10 addresses military affairs.
Chapter 11 pertains to the function and the role of National Audit Office, and the Auditor General.
Chapter 12 pertains to the rights, functions and appointment of the Chancellor of Justice.
Chapter 13 pertains to the structure and operation of the judicial system and the courts.
Chapter 14 pertains to the jurisdictional, administrative and budgetary aspects of local government in Estonia.
Chapter 15 pertains to mechanisms and procedures related to amending the Constitution.

Fifteenth anniversary of the fourth Constitution

References

Mart Nutt (09.10.2009). "The First Constitution of the Republic of Estonia (1920–1933)". Estonica. Estonian Institute. Retrieved 31 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Mart Nutt (09.10.2009). "The Second Constitution of the Republic of Estonia (1934 -1937) and the Coup d'Etat of 1934". Estonica. Estonian Institute. Retrieved 31 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Mart Nutt (27 May 2010). "The Third Constitution of the Republic of Estonia (De Facto 1938–1940, De Jure 1938–1992)". Estonica. Estonian Institute. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
Mart Nutt (09.10.2009). "Restoration of Independence and the Fourth Constitution (1992 -… )". Estonica. Estonian Institute. Retrieved 31 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Tulemused – Tekstid
Postimees 9 August 2007: Lang: õlu paneb rahva põhiseadusest huvituma Archived 23 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine

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v t e Restoration of the independence of the Baltic states
Armed struggle
Groups and events	Guerrilla war in the Baltic states (1944–56) Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters Operation Priboi (1949) Operation Jungle (1949–55)
Freedom fighters	August Sabbe Jānis Pīnups Pranas Končius Juozas Lukša Adolfas Ramanauskas
Soviet dissident era
Groups and events	Lithuanian Helsinki Group (1977–81) Lithuanian Liberty League (1978–95) Baltic Appeal (1979) Letter of 40 Intellectuals (1980) Phosphorite War (1987) MRP-AEG (1987–88)
Dissidents	Gunārs Astra Romas Kalanta Jüri Kukk Tiit Madisson Mart Niklus Lagle Parek Enn Tarto Tomas Venclova
Political activism era
Movements	ERSP Popular Front of Estonia Popular Front of Latvia Sąjūdis Estonian Citizens' Committee Congress of Estonia
Activists	Tunne Kelam Vytautas Landsbergis Lennart Meri
Singing Revolution	Hirvepark meeting (1987) Night Song Festivals (1988) Baltic Way (1989) Alo Mattiisen "The Baltics Are Waking Up"
Key decisions	Sovereignty Declaration of the Estonian SSR (1988) Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania (1990) On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia (1990)
Final confrontations	Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia
Post-independence crises	Pullapää crisis (1993) Coup of the Volunteers (1993)

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