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51°41′S 59°10′W / 51.683°S 59.167°W / -51.683; -59.167

Falkland Islands
British Overseas Territory
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Desire the Right"
Anthem: "God Save the Queen"
Unofficial anthem: "Song of the Falklands"
Location of the Falkland Islands
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
First settlement	1764
British rule reasserted	3 January 1833
Falklands War	2 April to 14 June 1982
Current constitution	1 January 2009
Capitaland largest settlement	Stanley 51°42′S 57°51′W / 51.700°S 57.850°W / -51.700; -57.850
Official languages	English
Demonym(s)	Falkland Islander, Falklander
Government	Devolved parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy
• Monarch	Elizabeth II
• Governor	Nigel Phillips
• Chief Executive	Barry Rowland
Legislature	Legislative Assembly
Government of the United Kingdom
• Minister	Wendy Morton
Area
• Total	12,200 km (4,700 sq mi)
• Water (%)	0
Highest elevation	2,313 ft (705 m)
Population
• 2016 census	3,398 (not ranked)
• Density	0.28/km (0.7/sq mi) (not ranked)
GDP (PPP)	2013 estimate
• Total	$228.5 million
• Per capita	$96,962 (4th)
Gini (2015)	36.0 medium
HDI (2010)	0.874 very high · 20th
Currency	Falkland Islands pound (£) (FKP)
Time zone	UTC-03:00 (FKST)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	Left
Calling code	+500
UK postcode	FIQQ 1ZZ
ISO 3166 code	FK
Internet TLD	.fk

The Falkland Islands (/ˈfɔːlklənd/; Template:Lang-es, pronounced [ˈislas malˈβinas]) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 miles (483 kilometres) east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752 miles (1,210 kilometres) from the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 square miles (12,000 square kilometres), comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, and the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland.

Controversy exists over the Falklands' discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times, the islands have had French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain reasserted its rule in 1833, but Argentina maintains its claim to the islands. In April 1982, Argentine military forces invaded the islands. British administration was restored two months later at the end of the Falklands War. Almost all Falklanders favour the archipelago remaining a UK overseas territory. Its sovereignty status is part of an ongoing dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom.

The population (3,398 inhabitants in 2016) consists primarily of native-born Falkland Islanders, the majority of British descent. Other ethnicities include French, Gibraltarian, and Scandinavian. Immigration from the United Kingdom, the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena, and Chile has reversed a population decline. The predominant (and official) language is English. Under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983, Falkland Islanders are British citizens.

The islands lie on the boundary of the subantarctic oceanic and tundra climate zones, and both major islands have mountain ranges reaching 2,300 feet (700 m). They are home to large bird populations, although many no longer breed on the main islands due to predation by introduced species. Major economic activities include fishing, tourism and sheep farming, with an emphasis on high-quality wool exports. Oil exploration, licensed by the Falkland Islands Government, remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina.

Etymology

The name "Falkland Islands" comes from Falkland Sound, the strait that separates the two main islands. The name "Falkland" was applied to the channel by John Strong, captain of an English expedition that landed on the islands in 1690. Strong named the strait in honour of Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland, the Treasurer of the Navy who sponsored his journey. The Viscount's title originates from the town of Falkland, Scotland—the town's name likely comes from a Gaelic term referring to an "enclosure" (lann), but it could less plausibly be from the Anglo-Saxon term "folkland" (land held by folk-right). The name "Falklands" was not applied to the islands until 1765, when British captain John Byron of the Royal Navy claimed them for King George III as "Falkland's Islands". The term "Falklands" is a standard abbreviation used to refer to the islands.

The Spanish name for the archipelago, Islas Malvinas, derives from the French Îles Malouines—the name given to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville in 1764. Bougainville, who founded the islands' first settlement, named the area after the port of Saint-Malo (the point of departure for his ships and colonists). The port, located in the Brittany region of western France, was named after St. Malo (or Maclou), the Christian evangelist who founded the city.

At the twentieth session of the United Nations General Assembly, the Fourth Committee determined that, in all languages other than Spanish, all UN documentation would designate the territory as Falkland Islands (Malvinas). In Spanish, the territory was designated as Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands). The nomenclature used by the United Nations for statistical processing purposes is Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

History

Although Fuegians from Patagonia may have visited the Falkland Islands in prehistoric times, the islands were uninhabited when Europeans first discovered them. Claims of discovery date back to the 16th century, but no consensus exists on whether early explorers discovered the Falklands or other islands in the South Atlantic. The first undisputed landing on the islands is attributed to English captain John Strong, who, en route to Peru and Chile's littoral in 1690, discovered the Falkland Sound and noted the islands' water and game.

The Falklands remained uninhabited until the 1764 establishment of Port Louis on East Falkland by French captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville and the 1766 foundation of Port Egmont on Saunders Island by British captain John MacBride. Whether or not the settlements were aware of each other's existence is debated by historians. In 1766, France surrendered its claim on the Falklands to Spain, which renamed the French colony Puerto Soledad the following year. Problems began when Spain discovered and captured Port Egmont in 1770. War was narrowly avoided by its restitution to Britain in 1771.

Both the British and Spanish settlements coexisted in the archipelago until 1774, when Britain's new economic and strategic considerations led it to voluntarily withdraw from the islands, leaving a plaque claiming the Falklands for King George III. Spain's Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata became the only governmental presence in the territory. West Falkland was left abandoned, and Puerto Soledad became mostly a prison camp. Amid the British invasions of the Río de la Plata during the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the islands' governor evacuated the archipelago in 1806; Spain's remaining colonial garrison followed suit in 1811, except for gauchos and fishermen who remained voluntarily.

Thereafter, the archipelago was visited only by fishing ships; its political status was undisputed until 1820, when Colonel David Jewett, an American privateer working for the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, informed anchored ships about Buenos Aires' 1816 claim to Spain's territories in the South Atlantic. Since the islands had no permanent inhabitants, in 1823 Buenos Aires granted German-born merchant Luis Vernet permission to conduct fishing activities and exploit feral cattle in the archipelago. Vernet settled at the ruins of Puerto Soledad in 1826, and accumulated resources on the islands until the venture was secure enough to bring settlers and form a permanent colony. Buenos Aires named Vernet military and civil commander of the islands in 1829, and he attempted to regulate sealing to stop the activities of foreign whalers and sealers. Vernet's venture lasted until a dispute over fishing and hunting rights led to a raid by the American warship USS Lexington in 1831, when United States Navy commander Silas Duncan declared the dissolution of the island's government.

Buenos Aires attempted to retain influence over the settlement by installing a garrison, but a mutiny in 1832 was followed the next year by the arrival of British forces who reasserted Britain's rule. The Argentine Confederation (headed by Buenos Aires Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas) protested against Britain's actions, and Argentine governments have continued since then to register official protests against Britain. The British troops departed after completing their mission, leaving the area without formal government. Vernet's deputy, the Scotsman Matthew Brisbane, returned to the islands that year to restore the business, but his efforts ended after, amid unrest at Port Louis, gaucho Antonio Rivero led a group of dissatisfied individuals to murder Brisbane and the settlement's senior leaders; survivors hid in a cave on a nearby island until the British returned and restored order. In 1840, the Falklands became a Crown colony and Scottish settlers subsequently established an official pastoral community. Four years later, nearly everyone relocated to Port Jackson, considered a better location for government, and merchant Samuel Lafone began a venture to encourage British colonisation.

Stanley, as Port Jackson was soon renamed, officially became the seat of government in 1845. Early in its history, Stanley had a negative reputation due to cargo-shipping losses; only in emergencies would ships rounding Cape Horn stop at the port. Nevertheless, the Falklands' geographic location proved ideal for ship repairs and the "Wrecking Trade", the business of selling and buying shipwrecks and their cargoes. Aside from this trade, commercial interest in the archipelago was minimal due to the low-value hides of the feral cattle roaming the pastures. Economic growth began only after the Falkland Islands Company, which bought out Lafone's failing enterprise in 1851, successfully introduced Cheviot sheep for wool farming, spurring other farms to follow suit. The high cost of importing materials, combined with the shortage of labour and consequent high wages, meant the ship repair trade became uncompetitive. After 1870, it declined as the replacement of sail ships by steamships was accelerated by the low cost of coal in South America; by 1914, with the opening of the Panama Canal, the trade effectively ended. In 1881, the Falkland Islands became financially independent of Britain. For more than a century, the Falkland Islands Company dominated the trade and employment of the archipelago; in addition, it owned most housing in Stanley, which greatly benefited from the wool trade with the UK.

In the first half of the 20th century, the Falklands served an important role in Britain's territorial claims to subantarctic islands and a section of Antarctica. The Falklands governed these territories as the Falkland Islands Dependencies starting in 1908, and retained them until their dissolution in 1985. The Falklands also played a minor role in the two world wars as a military base aiding control of the South Atlantic. In the First World War Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, a Royal Navy fleet defeated an Imperial German squadron. In the Second World War, following the December 1939 Battle of the River Plate, the battle-damaged HMS Exeter steamed to the Falklands for repairs. In 1942, a battalion en route to India was redeployed to the Falklands as a garrison amid fears of a Japanese seizure of the archipelago. After the war ended, the Falklands economy was affected by declining wool prices and the political uncertainty resulting from the revived sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina.

Simmering tensions between the UK and Argentina increased during the second half of the century, when Argentine President Juan Perón asserted sovereignty over the archipelago. The sovereignty dispute intensified during the 1960s, shortly after the United Nations passed a resolution on decolonisation which Argentina interpreted as favourable to its position. In 1965, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 2065, calling for both states to conduct bilateral negotiations to reach a peaceful settlement of the dispute. From 1966 until 1968, the UK confidentially discussed with Argentina the transfer of the Falklands, assuming its judgement would be accepted by the islanders. An agreement on trade ties between the archipelago and the mainland was reached in 1971 and, consequently, Argentina built a temporary airfield at Stanley in 1972. Nonetheless, Falklander dissent, as expressed by their strong lobby in the UK Parliament, and tensions between the UK and Argentina effectively limited sovereignty negotiations until 1977.

Concerned at the expense of maintaining the Falkland Islands in an era of budget cuts, the UK again considered transferring sovereignty to Argentina in the early Thatcher government. Substantive sovereignty talks again ended by 1981, and the dispute escalated with passing time. In April 1982, the Falklands War began when Argentine military forces invaded the Falklands and other British territories in the South Atlantic, briefly occupying them until a UK expeditionary force retook the territories in June. After the war, the United Kingdom expanded its military presence, building RAF Mount Pleasant and increasing the size of its garrison. The war also left some 117 minefields containing nearly 20,000 mines of various types, including anti-vehicle and anti-personnel mines. Due to the large number of deminer casualties, initial attempts to clear the mines ceased in 1983. Demining operations recommenced in 2009 and were completed in October 2020.

Based on Lord Shackleton's recommendations, the Falklands diversified from a sheep-based monoculture into an economy of tourism and, with the establishment of the Falklands Exclusive Economic Zone, fisheries. The road network was also made more extensive, and the construction of RAF Mount Pleasant allowed access to long haul flights. Oil exploration also began in the 2010s, with indications of possible commercially exploitable deposits in the Falklands basin. Landmine clearance work restarted in 2009, in accordance with the UK's obligations under the Ottawa Treaty, and Sapper Hill Corral was cleared of mines in 2012, allowing access to an important historical landmark for the first time in 30 years. Argentina and the UK re-established diplomatic relations in 1990, but neither has agreed on the terms of future sovereignty discussions. Disputes between the governments have led "some analysts predict a growing conflict of interest between Argentina and Great Britain ... because of the recent expansion of the fishing industry in the waters surrounding the Falklands".

Government

The Falkland Islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory. Under the 2009 Constitution, the islands have full internal self-government; the UK is responsible for foreign affairs, retaining the power "to protect UK interests and to ensure the overall good governance of the territory". The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the head of state, and executive authority is exercised on the monarch's behalf by the governor, who appoints the islands' chief executive on the advice of members of the Legislative Assembly. Both the governor and the chief executive serve as the head of government.

Governor Nigel Phillips was appointed in September 2017 and Chief Executive Barry Rowland was appointed in October 2016. The UK minister responsible for the Falkland Islands since 2019, Christopher Pincher, administers British foreign policy regarding the islands.

The governor acts on the advice of the islands' Executive Council, composed of the chief executive, the Director of Finance and three elected members of the Legislative Assembly (with the governor as chairman). The Legislative Assembly, a unicameral legislature, consists of the chief executive, the director of finance and eight members (five from Stanley and three from Camp) elected to four-year terms by universal suffrage. All politicians in the Falkland Islands are independent; no political parties exist on the islands. Since the 2013 general election, members of the Legislative Assembly have received a salary and are expected to work full-time and give up all previously held jobs or business interests.

As a territory of the United Kingdom, the Falklands were part of the overseas countries and territories of the European Union until 2020. The islands' judicial system, overseen by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, is largely based on English law, and the constitution binds the territory to the principles of the European Convention on Human Rights. Residents have the right of appeal to the European Court of Human Rights and the Privy Council. Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Royal Falkland Islands Police (RFIP), and military defence of the islands is provided by the United Kingdom. A British military garrison is stationed on the islands, and the Falkland Islands government funds an additional company-sized light infantry Falkland Islands Defence Force. The Falklands claim an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its coastal baselines, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; this zone overlaps with the EEZ of Argentina.

Sovereignty dispute

The United Kingdom and Argentina both assert sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. The UK bases its position on its continuous administration of the islands since 1833 and the islanders' "right to self-determination as set out in the UN Charter". Argentina claims that, when it achieved independence in 1816, it acquired the Falklands from Spain. The incident of 1833 is particularly contentious; Argentina considers it proof of "Britain's usurpation" whereas the UK discounts it as a mere reassertion of its claim.

In 2009, the British prime minister, Gordon Brown, had a meeting with the Argentine president, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, and said that there would be no further talks over the sovereignty of the Falklands. In March 2013, the Falkland Islands held a referendum on its political status: 99.8% of votes cast favoured remaining a British overseas territory. Argentina does not recognise the Falkland Islanders as a partner in negotiations.

Geography

The Falkland Islands have a land area of 4,700 square miles (12,000 km) and a coastline estimated at 800 miles (1,300 km). The archipelago consists of two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. The islands are predominantly mountainous and hilly, with the major exception being the depressed plains of Lafonia (a peninsula forming the southern part of East Falkland). The Falklands consists of continental crust fragments resulting from the break-up of Gondwana and the opening of the South Atlantic that began 130 million years ago. The islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean, on the Patagonian Shelf, about 300 miles (480 km) east of Patagonia in southern Argentina.

The Falklands' approximate location is latitude 51°40′ – 53°00′ S and longitude 57°40′ – 62°00′ W. The archipelago's two main islands are separated by the Falkland Sound, and its deep coastal indentations form natural harbours. East Falkland houses Stanley (the capital and largest settlement), the UK military base at RAF Mount Pleasant, and the archipelago's highest point: Mount Usborne, at 2,313 feet (705 m). Outside of these significant settlements is the area colloquially known as "Camp", which is derived from the Spanish term for countryside (Campo).

The climate of the islands is cold, windy and humid maritime. Variability of daily weather is typical throughout the archipelago. Rainfall is common over half of the year, averaging 610 millimetres (24 in) in Stanley, and sporadic light snowfall occurs nearly all year. The temperature has historically stayed between 21.1 and −11.1 °C (70.0 and 12.0 °F) in Stanley, with mean monthly temperatures varying from 9 °C (48 °F) early in the year to −1 °C (30 °F) in July. Strong westerly winds and cloudy skies are common. Although numerous storms are recorded each month, conditions are normally calm.

Biodiversity

The Falkland Islands are biogeographically part of the Antarctic zone, with strong connections to the flora and fauna of Patagonia in mainland South America. Land birds make up most of the Falklands' avifauna; 63 species breed on the islands, including 16 endemic species. There is also abundant arthropod diversity on the islands. The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native vascular species. The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the warrah, was hunted to extinction by European settlers.

The islands are frequented by marine mammals, such as the southern elephant seal and the South American fur seal, and various types of cetaceans; offshore islands house the rare striated caracara. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest albatross colonies on the planet. Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus Galaxias. The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of dwarf shrubs.

Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. Introduced species include reindeer, hares, rabbits, Patagonian foxes, brown rats and cats. Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. The extent of human impact on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change.

Economy

The economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the 222nd largest out of 229 in the world by GDP (PPP), but ranks 5th worldwide by GDP (PPP) per capita. The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and inflation was calculated at 1.4% in 2014. Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high Human Development Index of 0.874 and a moderate Gini coefficient for income inequality of 34.17. The local currency is the Falkland Islands pound, which is pegged to the British pound sterling.

Economic development was advanced by ship resupplying and sheep farming for high-quality wool. The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are Polwarth and Corriedale. During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of synthetic fibres damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an exclusive economic zone and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone". Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity has increasingly focused on oil field exploration and tourism.

The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp. Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from overfishing, illegal fishing and fish market price fluctuations have increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue; exploration efforts have yet to find "exploitable reserves". Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom.

The primary sector of the economy accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population. A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer. Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in Antarctic exploration and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America. Tourists, mostly cruise ship passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and wreck diving; the majority find accommodation in Stanley. The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, building materials and clothing.

Demographics

The Falkland Islands population is homogeneous, mostly descended from Scottish and Welsh immigrants who settled in the territory after 1833. The Falkland-born population are also descended from English and French people, Gibraltarians, Scandinavians and South Americans. The 2016 census indicated that 43% of residents were born on the archipelago, with foreign-born residents assimilated into local culture. The legal term for the right of residence is "belonging to the islands". In 1983, full British citizenship was given to Falkland Islanders under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act.

A significant population decline affected the archipelago in the twentieth century, with many young islanders moving overseas in search of education, a modern lifestyle, and better job opportunities, particularly to the British city of Southampton, which came to be known in the islands as "Stanley North". In recent years, the islands' population decline has reduced, thanks to immigrants from the United Kingdom, Saint Helena, and Chile. In the 2012 census, a majority of residents listed their nationality as Falkland Islander (59 percent), followed by British (29 percent), Saint Helenian (9.8 percent), and Chilean (5.4 percent). A small number of Argentines also live on the islands.

The Falkland Islands have a low population density. According to the 2012 census, the average daily population of the Falklands was 2,932, excluding military personnel serving in the archipelago and their dependents. A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 British Ministry of Defence civil servants present in the Falklands. Stanley (with 2,121 residents) is the most-populous location on the archipelago, followed by Mount Pleasant (369 residents, primarily air-base contractors) and Camp (351 residents). The islands' age distribution is skewed towards working age (20–60). Males outnumber females (53 to 47 percent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the 20–60 age group.

In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as Christian (66 percent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 percent). The remaining 2 percent identified as adherents of other religions, including the Baháʼí Faith, Buddhism, and Islam. The main Christian denominations are Anglicanism and other Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism.

Education in the Falkland Islands, which follows England's system, is free and compulsory for residents aged between 5 and 16 years. Primary education is available at Stanley, RAF Mount Pleasant (for children of service personnel) and a number of rural settlements. Secondary education is only available in Stanley, which offers boarding facilities and 12 subjects to General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) level. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their GCE Advanced Level or vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend institutions of higher education, usually in the United Kingdom.

Culture

Falklands culture is based on the cultural traditions of its British settlers but has also been influenced by Hispanic South America. Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants. The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being British English; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish. According to naturalist Will Wagstaff, "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life".

The islands have two weekly newspapers: Teaberry Express and The Penguin News, and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom. Wagstaff describes local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the homegrown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "home made cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee". Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life".

See also

• Index of Falkland Islands-related articles
• List of islands of the Falkland Islands
• Outline of the Falkland Islands

Notes

1. According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (falach), "wash" (failc), or "heavy rain" (falc).
2. Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian John Dunmore concludes that " number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal – although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."
3. In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of Louis XV of France. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of George III of Great Britain.
4. According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognized either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".
5. Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828. The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, HMG would take his settlement under their protection".
6. The log of the "Lexington" only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.
7. As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip ... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of Baring Brothers". In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the Arana–Southern Treaty, which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.
8. Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.
9. There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the United Kingdom, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.
10. The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices. Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.
11. In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; however, his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty. Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.
12. Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands. The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives. International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".
13. At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.

References

1. ^ "2016 Census Report". Policy and Economic Development Unit, Falkland Islands Government. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2018.
2. "State of the Falkland Islands Economy" (PDF). March 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
3. "Gini Index coefficient". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
4. ^ Avakov 2013, p. 47.
5. Jones 2009, p. 73.
6. See:
   • Dotan 2010, p. 165,
   • Room 2006, p. 129.
7. Taylor & Márkus 2005, p. 158.
8. Room 2006, p. 129.
9. See:
   • Paine 2000, p. 45,
   • Room 2006, p. 129.
10. Hince 2001, p. 121.
11. See:
    • Hince 2001, p. 121,
    • Room 2006, p. 129.
12. Balmaceda 2011, Chapter 36.
13. Foreign Office 1961, p. 80.
14. "Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications". United Nations Statistics Division. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
15. G. Hattersley-Smith (June 1983). "Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands". Polar Record. 21 (135). Cambridge University Press: 605–06. doi:10.1017/S003224740002204X.
16. ^ Carafano 2005, p. 367.
17. White, Michael (2 February 2012). "Who first owned the Falkland Islands?". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
18. Goebel 1971, pp. xiv–xv.
19. Dunmore 2005, p. 93.
20. See:
    • Gustafson 1988, p. 5,
    • Headland 1989, p. 66,
    • Heawood 2011, p. 182.
21. Gustafson 1988, pp. 9–10.
22. Dunmore 2005, pp. 139–40.
23. See:
    • Goebel 1971, pp. 226, 232, 269,
    • Gustafson 1988, pp. 9–10.
24. Segal 1991, p. 240.
25. Gibran 1998, p. 26.
26. Gibran 1998, pp. 26–27.
27. ^ Gibran 1998, p. 27.
28. See:
    • Gibran 1998, p. 27,
    • Marley 2008, p. 714.
29. Laver 2001, p. 73.
30. Cawkell 2001, pp. 48–50.
31. Cawkell 2001, p. 50.
32. See:
    • Gibran 1998, pp. 27–28,
    • Sicker 2002, p. 32.
33. Pascoe & Pepper 2008, pp. 540–46.
34. ^ Pascoe & Pepper 2008, pp. 541–44.
35. Peterson 1964, p. 106.
36. Graham-Yooll 2002, p. 50.
37. Reginald & Elliot 1983, pp. 25–26.
38. Laver 2001, pp. 122–23.
39. Hertslet 1851, p. 105.
40. Gustafson 1988, pp. 34–35.
41. Gustafson 1988, p. 34.
42. ^ Graham-Yooll 2002, pp. 51–52.
43. Aldrich & Connell 1998, p. 201.
44. See:
    • Bernhardson 2011, Stanley and Vicinity: History,
    • Reginald & Elliot 1983, pp. 9, 27.
45. ^ Reginald & Elliot 1983, p. 9.
46. ^ Bernhardson 2011, Stanley and Vicinity: History.
47. Strange 1987, pp. 72–74.
48. Strange 1987, p. 84.
49. ^ See:
    • Bernhardson 2011, Stanley and Vicinity: History,
    • Reginald & Elliot 1983, p. 9.
50. Strange 1987, pp. 72–73.
51. Day 2013, p. 129–30.
52. Haddelsey & Carroll 2014, Prologue.
53. Zepeda 2005, p. 102.
54. ^ Laver 2001, p. 125.
55. Thomas 1991, p. 24.
56. Thomas 1991, pp. 24–27.
57. Norton-Taylor, Richard; Evans, Rob (28 June 2005). "UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
58. Thomas 1991, pp. 28–31.
59. See:
    • Reginald & Elliot 1983, pp. 5, 10–12, 67,
    • Zepeda 2005, pp. 102–03.
60. Gibran 1998, pp. 130–35.
61. ^ "The Long Road to Clearing Falklands Landmines". BBC News. 14 March 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
62. Ruan, Juan Carlos; Macheme, Jill E. (August 2001). "Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands". The Journal of ERW and Mine Action. 5 (2). James Madison University. ISSN 1533-6905. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
63. "Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News". Penguin News. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
64. ^ Cawkell 2001, p. 147.
65. Fletcher, Nick (23 November 2012). "Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
66. "The Falkland Islands, 30 Years After the War with Argentina". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
67. Grant Munro (8 December 2011). "Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012". MercoPress. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
68. See:
    • Lansford 2012, p. 1528,
    • Zepeda 2005, pp. 102–03.
69. Zepeda 2005, p. 103.
70. Cahill 2010, "Falkland Islands".
71. ^ "New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands". MercoPress. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
72. ^ "The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008" (PDF). The Queen in Council. 5 November 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
73. Buckman 2012, p. 394.
74. "Falklands' Swearing in Ceremony for Governor Phillips on 12 September". MercoPress. 2 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
75. "Falklands' new Chief Executive has 30 years experience in England's public sector". MercoPress. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
76. "Minister of State at the Foreign & Commonwealth Office". United Kingdom Government. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
77. Central Intelligence Agency 2011, "Falkland Islands (Malvinas) – Government".
78. "Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"". MercoPress. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
79. EuropeAid (4 June 2014). "EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories". European Commission. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
80. ^ Sainato 2010, pp. 157–158.
81. "A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories" (PDF). London: Ministry of Justice. 2012. p. 4. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
82. "The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2006/3205
83. Central Intelligence Agency 2011, "Falkland Islands (Malvinas) – Transportation".
84. Martin Fletcher (6 March 2010). "Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer". The Times. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
85. International Boundaries Research Unit. "Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans". Durham University. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
86. Lansford 2012, p. 1528.
87. Watt, Nicholas (27 March 2009). "Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
88. "Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination". Policy. United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
89. ^ Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. "La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina). Retrieved 10 October 2013.
90. ^ Michael Reisman (January 1983). "The Struggle for The Falklands". Yale Law Journal. 93 (287). Faculty Scholarship Series: 306. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
91. ^ "Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question". Press Release. United Nations. 18 June 2004. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
92. Gustafson 1988, pp. 26–27.
93. "Relationship with Argentina". Self-Governance. Falkland Island Government. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
94. Gustafson 1988, p. 26.
95. "No talks on Falklands, says Brown". BBC News. 28 March 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
96. "Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status". BBC News. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
97. Brindicci, Marcos; Bustamante, Juan (12 March 2013). "Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule". Reuters. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
98. "Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague". MercoPress. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
99. Laura Smith-Spark (11 March 2013). "Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status". CNN. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
100. See:
     • Guo 2007, p. 112,
     • Sainato 2010, p. 157.
101. Sainato 2010, p. 157.
102. ^ Central Intelligence Agency 2011, "Falkland Islands (Malvinas) – Geography".
103. Trewby 2002, p. 79.
104. ^ Klügel 2009, p. 66.
105. ^ Guo 2007, p. 112.
106. ^ Hemmerle 2005, p. 318.
107. See:
     • Blouet & Blouet 2009, p. 100,
     • Central Intelligence Agency 2011, "Falkland Islands (Malvinas) – Geography"
108. Hince 2001, "Camp".
109. ^ Gibran 1998, p. 16.
110. Jónsdóttir 2007, pp. 84–86.
111. ^ Helen Otley; Grant Munro; Andrea Clausen; Becky Ingham (May 2008). "Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008" (PDF). Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
112. Clark & Dingwall 1985, p. 131.
113. ^ Clark & Dingwall 1985, p. 132.
114. Clark & Dingwall 1985, p. 129.
115. Hince 2001, p. 370.
116. Chura, Lindsay R. (30 June 2015). "Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands". Science and Diplomacy. The ocean's fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world's largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.
117. Jónsdóttir 2007, p. 85.
118. ^ "Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
119. Bell 2007, p. 544.
120. Bell 2007, pp. 542–545.
121. ^ Royle 2001, p. 171.
122. The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 20 September 2017.
123. Avakov 2013, p. 54.
124. "Regions and territories: Falkland Islands". BBC News. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
125. See:
     • Calvert 2004, p. 134,
     • Royle 2001, p. 170.
126. "Agriculture". Falkland Islands Government. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
127. ^ Royle 2001, p. 170.
128. Hemmerle 2005, p. 319.
129. Royle 2001, pp. 170–171.
130. "The Economy". Falkland Islands Government. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
131. ^ "The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts". The Guardian. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
132. See:
     • Bertram, Muir & Stonehouse 2007, p. 144,
     • Prideaux 2008, p. 171.
133. See:
     • Prideaux 2008, p. 171,
     • Royle 2006, p. 183.
134. ^ Laver 2001, p. 9.
135. ^ "Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006" (PDF). Falkland Islands Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
136. Falkland Islands Government. "Falkland Islands Census 2016" (PDF). Falkland Islands Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
137. See:
     • Gibran 1998, p. 18,
     • Laver 2001, p. 173.
138. Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears, The Guardian, Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012
139. ^ Minahan 2013, p. 139.
140. ^ "Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results" (PDF). Falkland Islands Government. 10 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
141. "Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes". MercoPress. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
142. Royle 2006, p. 181.
143. "The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000)". Adherents.com. September 2001. Archived from the original on 20 October 2001. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
144. "Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2010.
145. "The world in muslim populations, every country listed". The Guardian. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
146. Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.
147. ^ "Education". Falkland Islands Government. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
148. ^ Wagstaff 2001, p. 21.
149. Wagstaff 2001, p. 66.
150. Wagstaff 2001, pp. 63–64.
151. Wagstaff 2001, p. 65.

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Further reading

• Caviedes, César (1994). "Conflict Over The Falkland Islands: A Never-Ending Story?". Latin American Research Review. 29 (2): 172–187. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
• Darwin, Charles (1846). "On the Geology of the Falkland Islands" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 2 (1–2): 267–274. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1846.002.01-02.46. S2CID 129936121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
• Escudé, Carlos; Cisneros, Andrés, eds. (2000). Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: GEL/Nuevohacer. ISBN 978-950-694-546-6. Work developed and published under the auspices of the Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI).
• Freedman, Lawrence (2005). The Official History of the Falklands Campaign. Oxon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5207-8.
• Michael Frenchman (28 November 1980). "Britain puts forward four options on Falklands (Nick Ridley visit & leaseback)". The Times. p. 7. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
• Greig, D. W. (1983). "Sovereignty and the Falkland Islands Crisis" (PDF). Australian Year Book of International Law. 8: 20–70. doi:10.1163/26660229-008-01-900000006. ISSN 0084-7658.
• Ivanov, L. L.; et al. (2003). The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People . Sofia, Bulgaria: Manfred Wörner Foundation. ISBN 978-954-91503-1-5. Printed in Bulgaria by Double T Publishers.

External links

• Wikimedia Atlas of Falkland Islands
• Falkland Islands Government (official site)
• Falkland Islands Development Corporation (official site)
• Falkland Islands News Network (official site)
• Falkland Islands Profile (BBC)
• "Falkland Islands" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911.

v t e Places adjacent to Falkland Islands
Argentina Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean  Chile Strait of Magellan Falkland Islands Atlantic Ocean South Georgia Tierra del Fuego Drake Passage Drake Passage South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Southern Ocean South Orkney Islands

Articles relating to the Falkland Islands

Geographic locale Lat. and Long. 51°42′S 57°51′W / 51.700°S 57.850°W / -51.700; -57.850 (Stanley) v t e Falkland Islands Capital: Port Stanley History 1770 Falklands crisis 1833 British Reassertion Hope Place Port Egmont Puerto Soledad 1982 invasion Falklands War Geography Islands Arch Bald Barclay Barren Beaver Beauchene Bird Bleaker Bobs Broken Burdwood Bank Carcass Dunbar Dyke East Falkland Lafonia East Eddystone Rock Elephant Cays Eddystone Rock Fox George Golding Great Hog Hummock Jason Keppel Kidney Lively Long New Passage Pebble Penn Quaker Rabbit Ruggles Sandy Bay Saunders Sea Dog Sea Lion Speedwell Split Staats Swan Tea Tyssen Weddell West Falkland West Point Locations Ajax Bay Bay of Harbours Bertha's Beach Bluff Cove Brenton Loch Bull Point Byron Heights Camp Cape Bougainville Cape Pembroke Chartres Chatham Circum Peak Darwin Douglas Dunnose Head Eagle Passage Falkland Sound Fitzroy Fox Bay French Goose Green Grantham Sound Green Patch Gull Hill Cove Hope Harbour Hornby Mountains Horse Hoste Inlet Johnson's Harbour Lafonia Loop Mount Adam Mount Alice Mount Maria Mount Usborne Mount Weddell New Haven New Year Cove North Arm Orqueta Pebble Island Settlement Pillar Pleasant Peak Port Albemarle Port Howard Port Louis Port Patterson Port San Carlos Port Stephens Quaker Harbour Race Rincon Grande Roy Cove Salvador San Carlos Seal Bay Smylie Channel Stanley Stanley Harbour Swan Teal Inlet Volunteer Point Walker Creek Weddell Point Weddell Settlement Politics Chief Executive Constitution Falkland Islands pound (currency) Government House Governor list Legislative Assembly Representative Office, London Sovereignty dispute Military Falkland Islands Defence Force Mare Harbour RAF Mount Pleasant 1312 Flight 1435 Flight RRH Mount Kent RRH Byron Heights RRH Mount Alice Economy Falkland Islands Company Falkland Islands Development Corporation Falkland Islands General Employees Union Falkland Landholdings Corporation Falklands Oil and Gas Society Education Falkland Islands Community School Falkland Islanders Origins Falklands Conservation Human rights LGBT Languages Falkland Islands English Law Enforcement Telecommunications Internet domain Transport Falkland Islands Government Air Service Mount Pleasant Airport Port Stanley Airport Culture Coat of arms Flag Motto Religion Anglican parish Christ Church Cathedral Roman Catholicism Scouting and Guiding Sport Commonwealth Games Cricket team Football team Rifle Association Rugby union (*) Sixth-formers attend Peter Symonds College in England, and national diploma / NVQ students attend Chichester College in England v t e Countries, territories and dependencies of the British Crown Countries of the United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Crown Dependencies Bailiwick of Guernsey Alderney Guernsey Sark Bailiwick of Jersey Isle of Man Overseas territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha Gough Island South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Former colonies List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas. Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the Antarctic Treaty. v t e Former British Empire and Current British Overseas Territories Legend Former territory Current territory *Current Commonwealth realm Current member of the Commonwealth of Nations Europe Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part of Cyprus) Corsica 1794–1796 Cyprus 1878–1960 Gibraltar since 1713 Heligoland 1807–1890 Ionian Islands 1809–1864 Ireland 1542–1800 (integrated into the UK) Free State 1921–1931 Malta Protectorate 1800–1813 Colony 1813–1964 Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 Africa Ascension Island since 1815 Basutoland (Lesotho) 1868–1966 Bechuanaland (Botswana) 1884–1966 Cameroons 1919–1961 Cape Colony 1795–1803 Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910 Central Africa 1891–1907 East Africa 1895–1920 Egypt 1882–1922 The Gambia 1816–1965 Gold Coast (Ghana) 1874–1957 Kenya 1920–1963 Lagos 1862–1906 Madeira 1807–1808 Mauritius 1810–1968 Natal 1856–1910 Niger Coast 1884–1900 Nigeria 1914–1960 Northern Nigeria 1900–1914 Northern Rhodesia 1924–1964 Nyasaland 1891–1964 Orange River 1900–1910 Saint Helena since 1658 Seychelles 1903–1976 Sierra Leone 1792–1961 Somaliland 1884–1960 South Africa 1910–1931 South-West Africa 1915–1931 Southern Rhodesia 1923–1965 and 1979–1980 Southern Nigeria 1900–1914 Swaziland 1893–1968 Sudan 1899–1956 Tanganyika 1922–1961 Transvaal 1900–1910 Tristan da Cunha since 1816 Uganda 1890–1962 Zanzibar 1890–1963 Zululand 1887–1897 Now Namibia League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of Cameroon, while Tanganyika is part of Tanzania. Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. Now Zambia Asia Aden Colony 1839–1967 Afghanistan 1839–1842 Protectorate 1879–1919 Bencoolen 1685–1824 Banka and Billiton 1812–1824 Bengal 1757–1947 Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949 Borneo 1874–1963 British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part of Mauritius and Seychelles) Burma 1824–1948 Brunei 1888–1984 Ceylon 1795–1948 Cyprus 1878–1960 Hong Kong 1841–1997 India 1858–1947 Java 1811–1816 Kuwait 1918–1961 Labuan 1848–1946 Malaya 1819–1826 Federated States 1895–1946 Unfederated States 1885–1946 Union 1946–1948 Federation 1948–1957 Maldives 1796–1965 Manila and Cavite 1762–1764 Mesopotamia 1920–1932 Muscat and Oman 1891–1971 North Borneo 1882–1963 Crown Colony 1946–1963 Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819 Palestine 1923–1948 Penang 1786–1946 Pulo Condore 1702–1705 Sarawak 1841–1946 Crown Colony 1946–1963 Singapore 1946–1963 South Vietnam 1945–1946 Straits Settlements 1826–1946 Transjordan 1921–1946 Trucial States 1892–1971 Weihai 1898–1930 Now India, Pakistan and Bangladesh League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty Legitimacy of territorial establishment disputed North America Anguilla since 1650 *Antigua 1632–1860 *Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981 *Bahamas 1670–1973 Barbados 1624–1966 Bay Islands 1643–1860 *Belize 1871–1981 Bermuda since 1619 British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880 British Columbia 1858–1866 1866–1871 Cape Breton Island 1754–1820 Dominica 1763–1978 East Florida 1763–1783 *Grenada 1762–1974 *Canada Lower 1791–1841 Upper 1791–1841 Province 1841–1867 Dominion 1867–1931 Carolina 1663–1712 Cayman Islands since 1670 Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846 Connecticut 1636–1776 Delaware 1701–1776 East Jersey 1674–1702 Georgia 1733–1776 *Jamaica 1655–1962 Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960 MassachusettsBay 1629–1691 Province, 1691–1776 Maryland 1632–1776 Montserrat since 1632 Mosquito Coast 1655–1860 Nevis 1628–1983 New Albion 1579 New Brunswick 1784–1867 New England 1686–1689 New Hampshire 1680–1776 New Haven 1637–1662 New Jersey 1665–1674 and 1702–1776 New York 1664–1776 Newfoundland 1907–1949 Newfoundland and Labrador 1583–1907 North Carolina 1712–1776 North-Western Territory 1859–1870 Nova Scotia 1713–1867 Paulet affair 1843 Prince Edward Island 1763–1873 Pennsylvania 1681–1776 Plymouth 1620–1691 Quebec 1763–1791* Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863 Rhode Island 1636–1776 Rupert's Land 1670–1870 Saint Croix 1625–1650 Saint Kitts 1623–1983 *Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983 *Saint Lucia 1605–1979 *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979 Saybrook 1635–1644 South Carolina 1712–1776 Stickeen 1862–1863 Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962 Turks and Caicos Islands since 1799 Vancouver Island 1849–1866 Virgin Islands since 1666 Virginia 1607–1776 West Florida 1763–1783 West Indies Federation 1958–1962 Associated States 1967–1983 West Jersey 1674–1702 Windward Islands 1833–1960 v t e Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century New South Wales 1788–1901 Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901 Auckland Islands 1807–1863 New Hebrides 1824–1980 Queensland 1824–1901 Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901 South Australia 1836–1901 Pitcairn Islands since 1838 New Zealand 1841–1907 North Australia 1846–1847 Victoria 1851–1901 Fiji 1874–1970 Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976 Papua 1884–1902 Rarotonga/Cook Islands 1888–1901 Union Islands 1889–1948 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1892–1979 *Solomon Islands 1893–1978 Tonga 1900–1970 Niue 1900–1974 *Australia 1901–1942 *New Zealand 1907–1947 Samoa 1914–1962 Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968 Now part of the Realm of New Zealand Now Vanuatu Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu South America Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1670–1688 Guiana 1831–1966 Falkland Islands since 1833 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands since 1908 Now a department of Colombia Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982. Antarctica and the South Atlantic Saint Helena since 1658 Ascension Island since 1815 Tristan da Cunha since 1816 Falkland Islands since 1833 Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933 Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand) 1841–1947 British Antarctic Territory since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands since 1908 Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the Antarctic Treaty. Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 Historical flags of the British Empire Anglosphere culture Category Portal v t e Countries and dependencies of South America Sovereign states Entire Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela In part France French Guiana Dependencies Falkland Islands / South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands UK v t e Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories Argentina Australia Heard Island and McDonald Islands Macquarie Island Bouvet Island Chile Falkland Islands French Southern Territories Amsterdam Island Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul Island New Zealand NZ Subantarctic Islands South Africa Prince Edward Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands "Peri-Antarctic" (meaning "close to the Antarctic") does not include territorial claims in Antarctica itself. v t e Outlying territories of European countries Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information). Denmark Greenland Faroe Islands France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de Soberanía Alboran Island Alhucemas Islands Chafarinas Islands Velez Islands United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands v t e Spanish Empire Timeline–immersed Catholic Monarchs Conquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific Treaty of Tordesillas Italian Wars Habsburgs Golden Age War of the League of Cognac Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Ottoman–Habsburg wars French Wars of Religion Bruneian–Spanish conflict Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Piracy in the Caribbean Eighty Years' War Spanish–Moro conflict Thirty Years' War Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) Portuguese Restoration War War of the Spanish Succession Queen Anne's War Bourbons Bourbon Reforms War of Jenkins' Ear Treaty of Madrid (1750) Seven Years' War Nootka Convention Napoleonic invasion Third Treaty of San Ildefonso Independence of Spanish continental Americas Adams–Onís Treaty Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish–American War German–Spanish Treaty (1899) Spanish Civil War 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Oceania (Spanish East Indies) Captaincy General of the Philippines (Philippines, Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Micronesia, Palau) Northern Taiwan Tidore Africa Equatorial Guinea Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby) Antarctica Terra Australis Administration Organization Ayuntamiento Cabildo Council of the Indies Germania Santa Hermandad Law Exequatur Laws of the Indies Papal bull Royal Decree of Graces School of Salamanca Trial of residence Titles and positions Alcalde Corregidor Municipal president Regidor Syndic Vecino Administrative subdivisions Viceroyalties Columbian New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Provincias Internas Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba La Florida La Luisiana New Andalusia (1501–1513) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Spain New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Terra Australis Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo Economy Currencies Dollar (Peso) Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Doubloon Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Spanish Road Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Consulate of the Sea Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires Military Armies Tercio Army of Flanders Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Indian auxiliaries Spanish Armada Ships of the line Royalists Legión Army of Africa Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Blas de Lezo Bernardo de Gálvez Mariners Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Luis Fajardo Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor García López de Cárdenas Notable battles Old World Won Comuneros Bicocca Rome (1527) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Vienna (1529) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands (1558) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Manila Bay Trafalgar Somosierra Annual Mactan New World Won Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Penco Mataquito Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan (1595) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros (Paraguay) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan (1797) Lost La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Curalaba Comuneros (New Granada) Trinidad (1797) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Asomante Spanish conquests Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca Philippines Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican Codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Tapada limeña Academia Antártica Colonial universities in Hispanic America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Mustang Castas Criollos in the colonial society Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire Asiento Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others) Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 Territorial disputes v t e Territorial disputes involving the United Kingdom Gibraltar Falkland Islands Rockall South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory v t e Territorial disputes involving Argentina Latent disputes Argentine Antarctica Falkland Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Southern Patagonian Ice Field Extended continental shelf in the Southern Zone Sea Disputes settled in the 20th century Beagle conflict (1984) Puna de Atacama (1904) Patagonia west of the continental divide (1902) Encuentro River-Alto Palena (1966) Laguna del Desierto (1994) Martín García Island (1973) Incidents Beagle channel maps (1898–1984) Corbeta Uruguay base (1976–1982) Falklands War (1982) Hope Bay incident (1952) Laguna del Desierto incident (1965) Sinking of Chian-der 3 (1986) Snipe incident (1958) Soberanía (1978) v t e English-speaking world Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language   Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands   Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics.

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