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Demographics of Russia
Population pyramid of Russia as of 31 December 2021
Population	145,478,097 (2022 estimate)
Growth rate	-7.2 (December 1st, 2021)
Birth rate	9.8 births/1,000 population (2021)
Death rate	16.7 deaths/1,000 population (2021)
Life expectancy	73.34 years (2019)
• male	67.75 years (2018)
• female	77.82 years (2018)
Fertility rate	1.52 (2021)
Infant mortality rate	4.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2019)
Net migration rate	1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)
Age structure
Under 18 years	~23.21%
18–44 years	~34.73%
45–64 years	26.55%
65 and over	15.6%
Sex ratio
Total	0.86 male(s)/female (2009)
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818)
15–64 years	0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967)
65 and over	0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896)
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian
Major ethnic	Russians
Language
Spoken	Russian, others

Russia, the largest country in the world by area, had a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census, which rose to 145.5 million as of 1 January 2022. It is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world; with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Russia at birth is 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females).

From the 1990s to 2001, Russia's death rate had exceeded its birth rate, which has been called a demographic crisis by analysts. Subsequently, the nation has one of the world's oldest populations, with a median age of 40.3 years. In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and during the mid 2010s, Russia had seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. However, since 2020, due to excess deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history. In 2020, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.5 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is among the world's lowest.

Russia is a multinational state, home to over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2010 Census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, and the remaining 19% of the population were ethnic minorities, and over four-fifths of Russia's population was of European descent, of which the vast majority were East Slavs, with a substantial minority of Finnic and Germanic peoples. According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third-largest, numbering over 11.6 million; most of whom are from other post-Soviet states.

History

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Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Total fertility rate, 1840–1926

The total fertility rate is the number of children born to each woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.

In many of the following years, Russia had the highest total fertility rate in the world. These elevated fertility rates did not lead to population growth due to the casualties of the Russian Revolution, the two world wars and political killings.

Historical crude birth rates

After WWII

Note: Russian data includes Crimea starting in 2014.

Current vital statistics

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January–March 2021	336,961	583,761	-246,800
January–March 2022	320,376	584,652	-264,276
Difference	-16,585 (−4.9%)	891 (+0.2%)	-17,476
Source:

Demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the latest Rosstat vital statistics and the World Population Review in 2019.

• One birth every 22 seconds
• One death every 13 seconds
• Net loss of one person every 30 seconds
• One net migrant every 4 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the US based CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population

142,122,776 (July 2018 est.)

142,257,519 (July 2017 est.)

Age structure

0–14 years: 17.21% (male 12,566,314 /female 11,896,416)

15–24 years: 9.41% (male 6,840,759 /female 6,530,991)

25–54 years: 44.21% (male 30,868,831 /female 31,960,407)

55–64 years: 14.51% (male 8,907,031 /female 11,709,921)

65 years and over: 14.66% (male 6,565,308 /female 14,276,798) (2018 est.)

0–14 years: 17.12% (male 12,509,563/female 11,843,254)

15–24 years: 9.46% (male 6,881,880/female 6,572,191)

25–54 years: 44.71% (male 31,220,990/female 32,375,489)

55–64 years: 14.44% (male 8,849,707/female 11,693,131)

65 years and over: 14.28% (male 6,352,557/female 13,958,757) (2017 est.)

Median age

total: 39.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 52nd

male: 36.9 years

female: 42.7 years (2018 est.)

total: 39.6 years

male: 36.6 years

female: 42.5 years (2017 est.)

total: 39.6 years

male: 36.7 years

female: 41.6 years (2009)

Birth rate

10.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 184th

11 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Death rate

13.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th

Total fertility rate

1.61 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 179th

Net migration rate

1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 52nd

Population growth rate

–0.11% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 205th

–0.08% (2017 est.)

+0.19% (2014 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

24.6 years (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 71.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 155th

male: 65.6 years

female: 77.3 years (2018 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 7.6 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 163rd

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 99.7%

male: 99.7%

female: 99.6% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years

male: 15 years

female: 16 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 16%. Country comparison to the world: 83rd

male: 15.3%

female: 16.9% (2015 est.)

Ethnic groups

Russian 80.9%, Tatar 3.9%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census (2010 est.)

Religions

Russian Orthodox 15–20%, Muslim 10–15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.) Note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as traditional religions.

Languages

Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%. Note: data represent native language spoken (2010 est.)

Population distribution

Population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

Urbanization

urban population: 74.4% of total population (2018)

rate of urbanization: 0.18% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

74% urban, 26% rural (2010 Russian Census)

Population density

8.4 people per square kilometer (2010 Russian Census)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2009)

Immigration

In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program "for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics". In August 2012, as the country saw its first demographic growth since the 1990s, President Putin declared that Russia's population could reach 146 million by 2025, mainly as a result of immigration. New citizenship rules introduced in April 2014 allowing eligible citizens from former Soviet republics to obtain Russian citizenship, have gained strong interest among Russian-speaking residents of those countries (i.e. Russians, Germans, Belarusians and Ukrainians).

There are an estimated four million undocumented immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia. In 2012, the Russian Federal Security Service's Border Service stated there had been an increase in undocumented migration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia (Note that these were Temporary Contract Migrants) Under legal changes made in 2012, undocumented immigrants who are caught will be banned from reentering the country for 10 years.

Since the collapse of the USSR, most immigrants have come from Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Belarus, and China.

Worker migration

Temporary migrant workers in Russia consists of about 7 million people, most of the temporary workers come from Central Asia, the Balkans and East Asia. Most of them work in the construction, cleaning and in the household industries. They primarily live in cities such as Moscow, Sochi and Blagoveshchensk. The mayor of Moscow said that Moscow cannot do without worker migrants. New laws are in place that require worker migrants to be fluent in Russian, know Russian history and laws. The Russian Opposition and most of the Russian population opposes worker migration. The hate of worker migration has become so severe it has caused a rise in Russian nationalism, and spawned groups like Movement Against Illegal Immigration.

Health

Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program. The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia.

Russia spent 5.32% of its GDP on healthcare in 2018. Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations. Russia has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female, due to its high male mortality rate. In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females), and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births).

The principal cause of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia; 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese in 2016. However, Russia's historically high alcohol consumption rate is the biggest health issue in the country, as it remains one of the world's highest, despite a stark decrease in the last decade. Smoking is another health issue in the country. The country's high suicide rate, although on the decline, remains a significant social issue.

Ethnic groups

Russia is a multinational and multiethnic state, with more than 193 ethnic groups within its borders. It had a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 Russian Census, of which around 111 million were ethnic Russians, who constituted 80.9% of the total population, while rest of the 19% of the population were minorities. The sizable numbers of Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvash and Chechens in the country made up around 8.4% of the total population. The rest of the 10.6% of the population were diverse Indo-European, Turkic and Finnic peoples.

Some four-fifths of the Russian population was of European descent according to the 2010 census, counting Slavs and with a substantial minority of Finnic peoples and Germans. The 2010 census recorded roughly 81% of the population as ethnic Russians, and rest of the 19% of the population as other minorities belonging to over 190 ethnic groups across the country. According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million; most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians.

There are 22 republics in Russia, who have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 13 of them, ethnic Russians constitute a minority:

Languages

Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language. Russian is the second-most used language on the Internet after English, and is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station, as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.

Russia is a multilingual nation; approximately 100–150 minority languages are spoken across the country. According to the Russian Census of 2002, 142.6 million across the country spoke Russian, 5.3 million spoke Tatar, and 1.8 million spoke Ukrainian. The constitution gives the country's individual republics the right to establish their own state languages in addition to Russian, as well as guarantee its citizens the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development. However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining.

Religion

Religion in Russia (2012)

Russia is a secular state by constitution, and its largest religion is Christianity. It has the world's largest Orthodox population. As of a different sociological surveys on religious adherence; between 41% to over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church. Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include Roman Catholicism (approx. 1%), Baptists, Pentecostals, Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and Old Believers. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and other pagan beliefs are also present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.

In 2017, a survey made by the Pew Research Center showed that 73% of Russians declared themselves as Christians—out of which 71% were Orthodox, 1% were Catholic, and 2% were Other Christians, while 15% were unaffiliated, 10% were Muslims, and 1% followed other religions. According to various reports, the proportion of Atheists in Russia is between 16% and 48% of the population.

Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and it is the traditional religion amongst the bulk of the peoples of the North Caucasus, and amongst some Turkic peoples scattered along the Volga-Ural region. Buddhists are home to a sizeable population in the three Siberian republics: Buryatia, Tuva, Zabaykalsky Krai, and in Kalmykia; the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the most practised religion.

Education

Russia has an adult literacy rate of 99.7%. It grants free education to its citizens by constitution. The Ministry of Education of Russia is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is responsible for science and higher education. Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the third-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62%. It spent roughly 4.7% of its GDP on education in 2018.

Russia's pre-school education system is highly developed and optional, some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level. Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive: first-degree courses usually take five years. The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University. There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand.

Urbanized areas

• Moscow, the capital and largest city of Russia
• Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital and the second-largest city
• Yekaterinburg, the fourth-largest city in the country.

Russia is one of the world's most urbanized countries, with roughly 75% of its total population living in urban areas. Moscow, the capital and largest city, has a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits, while over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 20 million residents in the metropolitan area. Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the most populous city entirely within Europe, the most populous urban area in Europe, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, and also the largest city by land area on the European continent. Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital, is the second-largest city, with a population of roughly 5.4 million inhabitants. Other major urban areas are Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and Chelyabinsk.

v t e Largest cities or towns in Russia 2024 estimate
	Rank	Name	Federal subject	Pop.	Rank	Name	Federal subject	Pop.
Moscow Saint Petersburg	1	Moscow	Moscow	13,149,803	11	Rostov-on-Don	Rostov Oblast	1,140,487	Novosibirsk Yekaterinburg
	2	Saint Petersburg	Saint Petersburg	5,597,763	12	Krasnodar	Krasnodar Krai	1,138,654
	3	Novosibirsk	Novosibirsk Oblast	1,633,851	13	Omsk	Omsk Oblast	1,104,485
	4	Yekaterinburg	Sverdlovsk Oblast	1,536,183	14	Voronezh	Voronezh Oblast	1,046,425
	5	Kazan	Tatarstan	1,318,604	15	Perm	Perm Krai	1,026,908
	6	Krasnoyarsk	Krasnoyarsk Krai	1,205,473	16	Volgograd	Volgograd Oblast	1,018,898
	7	Nizhny Novgorod	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	1,204,985	17	Saratov	Saratov Oblast	887,365
	8	Chelyabinsk	Chelyabinsk Oblast	1,177,058	18	Tyumen	Tyumen Oblast	861,098
	9	Ufa	Bashkortostan	1,163,304	19	Tolyatti	Samara Oblast	667,956
	10	Samara	Samara Oblast	1,158,952	20	Makhachkala	Dagestan	622,091

See also

• Demographic history of Russia
• Demographics of Siberia
• Demographic crisis of Russia
• List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
• List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy
• Genetic studies on Russians
• Health in Russia
• Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
• Russian cross
• Russian nationality law

Census information:

• Soviet Census
• Russian Empire Census (1897)
• Russian Census (2002)
• Russian Census (2010)
• Russian Census (2020)
• List of cities and towns in Russia by population

Notes

1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

1. Including Old Believers (0.2%), Protestantism (0.2%), and Catholicism (0.1%).
2. The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two Muslim-majority federal subjects of Russia, namely Chechnya and Ingushetia, which together had a population of nearly 2 million, thus the proportion of Muslims may be slightly underestimated.
3. The category included Rodnovers accounting for 44%, Hinduists accounting for 0.1%, and other Pagan religions and Siberian Tengrists and shamans accounting for the rest.
4. Including Judaism (0.1%) and other unspecified religions.

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Further reading

• Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Aging Populations: Russia/Eastern Europe. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. 113–131.
• Gavrilova N.S., Semyonova V.G., Dubrovina E., Evdokushkina G.N., Ivanova A.E., Gavrilov L.A. Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics. Population Research and Policy Review, 2008, 27: 551–574.
• Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina, G.N., Ivanova, A.E. 2005. Patterns of violent crime in Russia. In: Pridemore, W.A. (ed.). Ruling Russia: Law, Crime, and Justice in a Changing Society. Boulder, Colorado: Rowman & Littlefield Publ., Inc, 117–145
• Gavrilova, N.S., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina G.N., Gavrilov, L.A. The response of violent mortality to economic crisis in Russia. Population Research and Policy Review, 2000, 19: 397–419.

External links

• Igor Beloborodov, Demographic situation in Russia in 1992–2010 (report at the Moscow Demographic Summit — June 2011)
• Nicholas Eberstadt, Russia's Peacetime Demographic Crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications (National Bureau of Asian Research Project Report, May 2010)
• Edited by Julie DaVanzo, Gwen Farnsworth Russia's Demographic "Crisis" 1996 RAND ISBN 0-8330-2446-9
• Jessica Griffith The Regional Consequences of Russia's Demographic Crisis University of Leicester
• Results of population policy and current demographic situation (2008)
• Interactive statistics for all countries, site of United States Census Bureau.
• 2009 World Population Data Sheet Archived 8 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine by the Population Reference Bureau
• Population density and distribution maps (text is in Russian; the topmost map shows population density based on 1996 data)
• Ethnic groups of Russia
• Problems with mortality data in Russia
• V. Borisov "Demographic situation in Russia and the role of mortality in reproduction of population", 2005 (in English)
• Choice between mass migration and birth rate increase as possible solutions of depopulation problem in Russia (in Russian)

• Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022
• Demographics of Russia
• Russian population groups