| Revision as of 21:25, 6 January 2023 editJCW-CleanerBot (talk | contribs)Bots130,070 editsm task, replaced: Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire → Relevé Épidémiologique HebdomadaireTag: AWB← Previous edit | Revision as of 19:21, 7 January 2023 edit undoInvadingInvader (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users14,226 edits Seriously cut down on the prose until the WPYEARS RFC concludes and we have sufficient talk page consensus on this article's individual talk page on what to make prose.Tag: Visual editNext edit → | ||
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| {{Year article header|2001}} | {{Year article header|2001}} | ||
| 2001 was dominated by ] against the United States by ], which ] and instigated the global ].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=2021-09-02 |title=Two Decades Later, the Enduring Legacy of 9/11 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/09/02/two-decades-later-the-enduring-legacy-of-9-11/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-20 |title=The United Nations pays tribute to the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks at the 9/11 Memorial in New York |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/events/un-pays-tribute-to-victims-911-terrorist-attacks |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism}}</ref> The United States led a ] in a four-month long ] after the ] government did not extradite Al-Qaeda leader ]. | |||
| Space milestones in 2001 were numerous, the most notable being the ] on an asteroid,<ref name=":10" /> American entrepreneur ] becoming the first ],<ref name=":12" /> and the first discovery of an atmosphere on an ].<ref name=":15" /> In addition, the year witnessed the first sequence of the ],<ref name=":16" /> the first self-contained ],<ref name=":17" /> and the first ] of a ].<ref name=":18" /> | |||
| Internal conflicts, political or otherwise, caused shifts in leadership in multiple countries, which included the ] in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,<ref name="BanksOverstreet2008" /> the ] in the Philippines,<ref name=":5" /> the ] by the crown prince in Nepal,<ref name="massacre" /> and ] in Argentina.<ref name=":21">{{Cite news |last=Krauss |first=Clifford |date=2001-12-21 |title=Argentine Leader, His Nation Frayed, Abruptly Resigns |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/world/argentine-leader-his-nation-frayed-abruptly-resigns.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Other notable political events were an ] in the ],<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2001-04-18 |title=Israel pulls out of Gaza |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/17/mideast.violence.06/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> the storming of the Indonesian parliament,<ref name=":6" /> the ] between China and the United States,<ref name=":7" /> an ],<ref name=":20" /> and a ] on the ] that began the ].<ref name=":8" /> | |||
| Notable deaths in 2001 included musicians ], ], and ]; politicians ], ], and ]; writers ] and ]; athletes ], ], and ]; and royal figures King ] and his son ], and queen consort ] of Iran.{{TOC limit|2}} | |||
| Major spaceflight and astronomical events in 2001 were numerous, such as the ] on an asteroid,<ref name=":10" /> the ] of the Russian station '']'',<ref name=":11" /> American entrepreneur ] becoming the first ],<ref name=":12" /> the discovery of ] in the ],<ref name=":13" /> a flyby of ] by the U.S. ] probe,<ref name=":14" /> and the first discovery of an atmosphere on an ].<ref name=":15" /> Other unique scientific achievements were the first sequence of the ],<ref name=":16" /> the first self-contained ],<ref name=":17" /> and the first ] of a ].<ref name=":18" /> | |||
| Notable deaths in 2001 included musicians ], ], and ]; politicians ], ], and ]; writers ] and ]; athletes ], ], and ]; and royal figures King ] and his son ], ], and ].{{TOC limit|2}} | |||
| == Health and society == | |||
| The ] on January 1, 2001, was estimated to be 6.190 billion people, and it increased to 6.272 billion people by January 1, 2002.<ref name=":212">{{Cite report |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |title=World Population Prospects 2022 |date=2022 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref> The average global ] was 66.8 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2000.<ref name=":212" /> The rate of ] was 7.58%, a decrease of 0.26% from 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roser |first1=Max |last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |last3=Dadonaite |first3=Bernadeta |title=Child and Infant Mortality |url=https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality |journal=Our World in Data|date=May 10, 2013 }}</ref> 28.25% of people were living in ], a decrease of 0.88% from 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hasell |first1=Joe |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Ortiz-Ospina |first3=Esteban |last4=Arrigada |first4=Pablo |title=Poverty |url=https://ourworldindata.org/poverty |journal=Our World in Data|date=October 17, 2022 }}</ref> | |||
| The number of global refugees in 2001 was approximately 12 million. 500,000 were settled over the course of the year, but the same number of people were displaced in other locations, causing the number of refugees to remain largely unchanged. The largest sources of refugees were from Afghanistan and Macedonia. The number of ]s decreased from 21.8 million to 19.8 million in 2001, with the most affected areas being Afghanistan, Colombia, and Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=del Mundo |first=Fernando |date=2002-06-18 |title=2001 global refugee statistics |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2002/6/3d0f6dcb5/2001-global-refugee-statistics.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| The ] (WHO) recognized ] as its health concern of focus in the 2001 ].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_Health_Report_2001/GQEdA-VFSIgC |title=The World Health Report 2001: Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope |date=2001 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> The WHO also began a five-year program to reduce ] following a warning of the problem's severity by the ] the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-24 |title=Ten Great Public Health Achievements --- Worldwide, 2001--2010 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6024a4.htm |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> The WHO's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health released a report in 2001 detailing how spending by developed nations could protect health in developing nations but that efforts to do so were impeded by the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2002-01-05 |title=The big events of 2001 |journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal |volume=324 |issue=7328 |pages=0 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1121931}}</ref> | |||
| 2001 was designated as International Year of Volunteers by the ].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=International Year of Volunteers 10th Anniversary |url=https://www.unv.org/our-campaigns/international-year-volunteers-10th-anniversary |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=UN Volunteers}}</ref> | |||
| === Health incidents === | |||
| An ] outbreak continued from 2000 in Uganda until the final case was diagnosed on January 16.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Okware |first1=S. I. |last2=Omaswa |first2=F. G. |last3=Zaramba |first3=S. |last4=Opio |first4=A. |last5=Lutwama |first5=J. J. |last6=Kamugisha |first6=J. |last7=Rwaguma |first7=E. B. |last8=Kagwa |first8=P. |last9=Lamunu |first9=M. |date=2002 |title=An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12460399/ |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health: TM & IH |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=1068–1075 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00944.x |issn=1360-2276 |pmid=12460399|s2cid=31488443 }}</ref> Another outbreak occurred in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in October, which would continue until July 2002.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-06-27 |title=Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July 2002 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15571171/ |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=78 |issue=26 |pages=223–228 |issn=0049-8114 |pmid=15571171}}</ref> An ] of ] occurred in the United Kingdom in 2001, beginning on February 19.<ref name=":55" /> It affected thousands of farm animals and prompted the killing of millions of animals to contain the outbreak.<ref name="Knight-Jones">{{cite journal |last1=Knight-Jones |first1=T. J. |last2=Rushton |first2=J |year=2013 |title=The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur? |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |volume=112 |issue=3–4 |pages=161–173 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013 |pmc=3989032 |pmid=23958457}}</ref> The largest ever recorded outbreak of ] occurred in July in ], Spain. 449 cases were confirmed, with more than 800 suspected ones.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=García-Fulgueiras |first1=Ana |last2=Navarro |first2=Carmen |last3=Fenoll |first3=Daniel |last4=García |first4=José |last5=González-Diego |first5=Paulino |last6=Jiménez-Buñuales |first6=Teresa |last7=Rodriguez |first7=Miguel |last8=Lopez |first8=Rosa |last9=Pacheco |first9=Francisco |last10=Ruiz |first10=Joaquín |last11=Segovia |first11=Manuel |last12=Baladrón |first12=Beatriz |last13=Pelaz |first13=Carmen |date=2003 |title=Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak in Murcia, Spain |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=915–921 |doi=10.3201/eid0908.030337 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=3020623 |pmid=12967487}}</ref> | |||
| The September 11 attacks caused widespread ] in the people of ] relating to ] by ]s and other harmful particles such as asbestos and metals. Approximately 400,000 people were exposed, and many would go on to suffer lifelong chronic illness as a result of exposure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Toxins and Health Impacts: Health Effects of 9/11 - WTC Health Program |url=https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/exhibition/toxins-and-health-impacts.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Centers for Disease Control |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| == Conflicts == | |||
| === Internal conflicts === | |||
| The ] began on January 22 when the ] (NLA) attacked a police station in ], about {{convert|15|km|0}} from the border with Kosovo, which escalated what had been smaller skirmishes along the border. The ] was the first major offensive of the insurgency, launched by the NLA on March 14.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Marusic |first=Sinisa Jakov |date=2021-01-22 |title=20 Years On, Armed Conflict's Legacy Endures in North Macedonia |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> ] would remain a major area of conflict for the duration of the insurgency.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2001 |title=Battle for Tetovo rages |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/09/macedonia.attack/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> Attempts to reach a ceasefire were ] in June.<ref name=":25" /> The ] was signed on August 13,<ref name=":26" /> and the ] of NATO peacekeeping forces to Macedonia was authorized on August 21.<ref name=":20" /> In Yugoslavia, the related ] by Albanian rebels escalated on February 5.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-02-06 |title=Serbia offers talks with rebels |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1156685.stm |access-date=2022-11-29}}</ref> The ], signed in May, mandated a ceasefire and resulted in the full demilitarization, demobilization, and disarmament of the ] (UÇPMB).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demilitarization Statement (Konculj Agreement) |url=https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1430 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.peaceagreements.org |publisher=University of Edinburgh}}</ref> | |||
| The ] continued with the ] of President ] on January 16.<ref name="BanksOverstreet2008" /> The ] moved toward peace talks in 2001, but talks were challenged by attacks on civilians by ],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cauvin |first=Henri E. |date=2001-08-14 |title=Train Hits Rebel Mine In Angola; Scores Die |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/14/world/train-hits-rebel-mine-in-angola-scores-die.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> including a train bombing on August 10 that killed 252 people.<ref name=":35" /> The ] following the ] continued in ], prompting Russia to respond with the ] on June 25.<ref name=":37" /> The ] continued into 2001 as a conflict between two commanders within the larger ], going on until a ceasefire was negotiated in August.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sudan_Oil_and_Human_Rights/3WQkACoP3FkC |title=Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights |last=Rone |first=Jemera |date=2003 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=77}}</ref> The ] was a deadly attack by the ] that took place as part of the ongoing ] in Sri Lanka.<ref name="Jane's Intelligence Review" /> The ] began disarmament in October following decades of paramilitary attacks during ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-10-23 |title=IRA begins disarming |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/10/23/ira.announce/index.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=CNN}}</ref> | |||
| Two failed coup attempts took place in 2001: a group of junior officers sought to overthrow President ] in Burundi while he was out of the country on April 18,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-18 |title=Burundi coup foiled, government says |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/04/18/burundi.unrest.02/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=CNN}}</ref> and ], a former president of the Central African Republic, led a military coup against his successor ] on May 28, causing several days of violence.<ref name=":63" /> | |||
| === International conflicts === | |||
| The ] marked increased conflict between Israel and Palestine in 2001 when terrorists affiliated with ] carried out several ] and other attacks on Israeli citizens.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2001 |title=Ten dead, 30 wounded as Palestinians open fire on bus |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/12/mideast.sharon/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> The Israeli government responded with temporary occupations,<ref name=":19" /> ]s,<ref name=":22" /> and its first use of airstrikes against Palestine since 1967.<ref name=":33" /> The Israeli and Palestinian governments agreed to a ceasefire on September 19.<ref name=":34" /> | |||
| ] occurred between Bangladesh and India in April.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |date=2001-04-26 |title=16 Indian Soldiers Are Victims in Bangladesh Border Skirmish |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/world/16-indian-soldiers-are-victims-in-bangladesh-border-skirmish.html |access-date=2022-12-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The ] began on December 13 after an ] on the ] by Pakistani militants.<ref name=":8" /> Enforcement of the ] led to air strikes against Iraq in February and August by the United States and the United Kingdom.<ref name=":36" /> | |||
| ==== September 11 attacks and War in Afghanistan ==== | |||
| {{Main|September 11 attacks|United States invasion of Afghanistan}} | |||
| The September 11 attacks were committed against the United States by Al-Qaeda when 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes and crashed two of them into the Twin Towers of the ], one into ], and one in a field in ], Pennsylvania. 2,977 people were killed, and the subsequent global war on terror made the attacks one of the events that defined 2001.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":1" /> The United States demanded that the ] extradite Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden and end ] in Afghanistan. When these demands were not met, the United States led a ] in the invasion of Afghanistan on October 7, entering into the ongoing ].<ref name=":3" /> | |||
| The first major offensive was won by American and ] forces during the ] on November 10.<ref name=":27" /> The Northern Alliance took control of the city of ] during an ] on November 12,<ref name=":28" /> and Al-Qaeda ] the Afghan capital ] to the Northern Alliance on November 13.<ref name=":29" /> The Taliban ] in ] on December 6.<ref name=":30" /> The United States and its allies ] the Al-Qaeda headquarters in ] in December, but Osama bin Laden escaped by the time the cave complex was captured by the forces on December 17.<ref name=":31" /> An interim government of Afghanistan led by Hamid Karzai was formed on December 22.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
| == Culture == | |||
| === Architecture and art === | |||
| {{Main|2001 in architecture|2001 in art}} | |||
| Museums that opened in 2001 include the ] in ],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greuner |first=Tabea |date=2019-11-12 |title=Discover how the Ghibli Museum was created at this new exhibition |url=https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/this-hayao-miyazaki-exhibition-explores-how-the-ghibli-museum-was-created-111219 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Time Out Tokyo |language=en-GB}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarce |first=Julio |date=2021-11-09 |title=New York's Neue Galerie Celebrates Its 20th Anniversary |url=https://untappedcities.com/2021/11/09/neue-galerie-20th-anniversary/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Untapped New York |language=en-US}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Museum Berlin |url=https://libeskind.com/work/jewish-museum-berlin/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Libeskind |language=en-US}}</ref> and the ] in ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fox |first=Margalit |date=2010-06-30 |title=Rudolf Leopold, Art Collector, Dies at 85 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/30/arts/30leopold.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The ] opened in ] in November 2001, constructed to host the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swed |first=Mark |date=2001-11-12 |title=A Tin Ear for Acoustics at New Kodak Theatre |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-12-ca-3191-story.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The ] reopened to the public on December 15 after 12 years of reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-12-15 |title=Less leaning tower of Pisa reopens |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/12/15/pisa.tower/ |archive-date=2022-12-03 |website=CNN}}</ref> | |||
| Several iconic works of ] were produced during the September 11 attacks, including '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almond |first=Kyle |date=2021-09-10 |title=The 9/11 photos we will never forget |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/09/us/9-11-photos-cnnphotos/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=CNN}}</ref> '']'' was one of many artworks damaged during the attacks. It was the only one to be recovered, and the sculpture continued to be displayed in its damaged form as a memorial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackemore |first=Erin |title=The World Trade Center's Only Surviving Art Heads Home |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/world-trade-centers-only-surviving-art-headed-back-home-180959910/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Notable paintings made in 2001 include '']'' by ] in Belgium, '']'' by ] in the United States, and '']'' by ] in China. | |||
| === Media === | |||
| {{Main|2001 in film|2001 in music|2001 in video games}} | |||
| The highest-grossing films in 2001 were ], '']'', and '']'' The highest-grossing non-English film was ]'s ] '']'', which was the 15th highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2001/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1 |access-date=March 7, 2020 |website=] |publisher=]}}</ref> The inaugural entries of the ''Harry Potter'' and ''Lord of the Rings'' film franchises prompted a shift in both the film and literary communities by propelling ] into mainstream culture, popularizing ], and reforming the ] to promote ]s and cater to ] communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grauso |first=Alisha |date=2020-08-05 |title=How The 'Harry Potter' And 'Lord Of The Rings' Movies Made Being A Bookworm Cool Again |url=https://atomtickets.com/movie-news/harry-potter-lord-of-the-rings-books-to-movies/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Atom Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Albury |first=Whitley |date=2021-12-22 |title=20 years ago, Harry Potter and LOTR changed culture |url=https://www.moviejawn.com/home/2021/12/21/hp-lotr-20th |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Moviejawn |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
| In music, 3.2 billion units were sold with a value of US$33.7 billion. ] and ] first rose to prominence in 2001, with approximately 600 titles available in these formats.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2001.pdf |title=The Recording Industry World Sales |date=2002 |access-date=2022-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219035001/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2001.pdf |archive-date=2006-12-19}}</ref> Portable music grew in popularity after ] released the ] media library on January 9<ref name=":52" /> and the first ] music player device on October 23.<ref name=":53" /> Worldwide, the best-selling albums were '']'' (2000) by ], '']'' (1999) by ], and ] (2001) by ].<ref name="ifpi"/> The best-selling non-English album was '']'' ({{translation|''Tuscan Skies''}}; 2001) by Italian ] ], which topped the charts in the Netherlands and Sweden<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Andrea+Bocelli&titel=Cieli+di+Toscana&cat=a |title=Cieli di Toscana chart performance |access-date=2022-12-03 |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023022138/http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Andrea+Bocelli&titel=Cieli+di+Toscana&cat=a |url-status=live|website=australian-charts.com}}</ref> and was the 23rd best-selling album globally.<ref name="ifpi">{{Cite web |title=2000-2005 Top 50 Albums |url=https://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323114337/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls |archive-date=2006-11-05 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
| Three major video game systems were released in 2001: the ] and the ] by ], and the ] by Microsoft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hu |first=Jim |title=Video game sales set record in 2001 |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/video-game-sales-set-record-in-2001/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> ], which had been a major competitor in the video game hardware market to this point, ended its involvement in the market after the failure of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Jonathan |date=2001-02-01 |title=Sega to end production of Dreamcast console |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/feb/01/4 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The year 2001 is remembered for its influence on the video game industry with the release of many games recognized as classics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=2021-09-30 |title=2001 Was The Best Year Ever For Video Games |url=https://www.thegamer.com/best-year-for-games-2001-halo-silent-hill-2-grand-theft-auto-3/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=TheGamer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fillari |first=Alessandro |date=2021-02-06 |title=Remembering 2001: The Biggest Games That Turn 20 This Year |url=https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/remembering-2001-the-biggest-games-that-turn-20-this-year/2900-3699/#14 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=GameSpot |language=en-US}}</ref> Many video games released in 2001 defined or redefined their respective genres, including ] game '']'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madsen |first=Hayes |title=21 years ago, Capcom changed action games forever |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/devil-may-cry-21st-anniversary |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Inverse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Figueiredo |first=Erick Duarte |date=2022-10-02 |title=Devil May Cry and Ninja Gaiden: The Two Extremes of the Hack-and-Slash Genre |url=https://www.superjumpmagazine.com/devil-may-cry-ninja-gaiden-the-two-extremes-of-the-hack-and-slash-genre/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Superjump |language=en}}</ref> ] game '']'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carnley |first=Zackery Van |date=2021-04-19 |title=How Halo Has Defined the Shooter Genre |url=https://gamerant.com/halo-influence-shooters-multiplayer-story-character/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Game Rant |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plant |first=Mike |title=In the loop: how Halo defined a new decade of first-person shooters |url=https://www.theregister.com/2012/11/06/feature_how_halo_became_the_foundation_for_a_decades_games/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Register |language=en}}</ref> and ] ] game '']'', which is regarded as an industry-defining work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=2021-10-27 |title=Grand Theft Auto 3 Changed Video Games Forever |url=https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-3-changed-games-forever/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=TheGamer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Jeremy |date=2021-10-22 |title=After 'Grand Theft Auto III,' Open-World Games Were Never (and Always) the Same |url=https://www.theringer.com/2021/10/22/22737333/grand-theft-auto-gta-rockstar-open-world-assassins-creed |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Ringer |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| ], an American ] and ] created by former ] employee Carter Bryant for ], debuted on May 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcilraith |first=Brianna |date=2022-03-25 |title=Iconic '90s and 2000s toys, gadgets and games becoming popular on Trade Me |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/128177236/iconic-90s-and-2000s-toys-gadgets-and-games-becoming-popular-on-trade-me |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| === Sports === | |||
| {{Main|2001 in sports}} | |||
| ] driver ], described as the greatest driver in the sport's history, died in a ] during the ] on February 18.<ref name=":46" /> The ] agreed to purchase its largest rival, ], on March 23.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-23 |title=WWF buys World Championship Wrestling |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/03/23/deals/wwf/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=CNN}}</ref> In April, golf player ] became the only player to achieve a "]" after winning the ], in which he consecutively won all four championship golf titles outside of a single calendar year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DiMeglio |first=Steve |date=2021-04-05 |title='Greatest golf ever played': Witnesses to Tiger Woods' streak of four major wins look back on an improbable run |url=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/04/05/tiger-woods-masters-2001-tiger-slam-major-championships/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Golfweek |language=en-US}}</ref> The world record for largest victory in an international football match was set by ] in a ] against ] on April 9. Australia set this record again with a ] against ] on April 11.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-12 |title=Samoans lose 31-0 - or was it 32-0? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/12/newsstory.sport3 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The unbalanced nature of these matches prompted changes to the ] qualification process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-09 |title=How a 31-0 'farce' changed Australia's FIFA World Cup fortunes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/how-a-31-0-farce-changed-australia-s-fifa-world-cup-fortunes/story-39iqd32nSWMt146Sdg7vRO.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The "]" boxing match ended in a major ] after ] defeated champion ] on April 22. Lewis would go on to win a rematch on November 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lancaster |first=Rob |date=2015-04-22 |title=Thunder in Africa: Recalling Hasim Rahman's Shock Win Over Lennox Lewis |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2438671-thunder-in-africa-recalling-hasim-rahmans-shock-win-over-lennox-lewis |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| == Disasters == | |||
| === Accidents === | |||
| Two major ]es took place at sporting events in 2001. 43 people were killed during the ] on April 11 in ], South Africa after ] was overcrowded,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-04-12 |title=Families mourn 43 killed in football stampede |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/12/football |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and 126 people were killed during the ] on May 9 in ], Ghana during an ongoing ].<ref name=":51">{{Cite web |last=Boateng |first=Kojo Akoto |date=2017-05-09 |title=May 9 victims remembered 16-yrs on; Herbert Mensah urges discipline |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/05/may-9-victims-remembered-16-yrs-on-herbert-mensah-urges-discipline/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Citi 97.3 FM |language=en-US}}</ref> Major structural failures in 2001 included the ] of the Hintze Ribeiro Bridge in Portugal on March 4, killing approximately 70 people,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-03-05 |title=Portugal bridge collapse 'kills 70' |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm |access-date=2022-12-03}}</ref> and the ] of a wedding hall on May 24 in ], Israel, killing 23 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-05-28 |title=Wedding survivors recall night of horror |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1356398.stm |access-date=2022-12-03}}</ref> 44 people were killed in ], the fifth-deadliest in post-war Japanese history,<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20030219a1.html|title=Police arrest six over deadly Kabukicho fire|publisher=The Japan Times Online|date=2003-02-19|access-date=2008-05-23}}</ref> on September 1 in ], Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-09-01 |title=Tokyo blast kills 44 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/09/01/japan.explosion/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=CNN}}</ref> 31 people were killed when a fertilizer factory ] on September 21 in ], France. The explosion was caused by a chemical spill amid unsafe storage practices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Toulouse remembers 31 killed in AZF factory explosion 20 years ago |url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/article/French-news/Toulouse-remembers-31-killed-in-AZF-factory-explosion-20-years-ago |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Connexion}}</ref> At least 291 people were killed in ], Peru on December 29 after a ] caused a ] in a shopping center.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gonzalez |first=David |date=2002-01-06 |title=Lima Street Vendors Caught Between Police and Poverty |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/06/world/lima-street-vendors-caught-between-police-and-poverty.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | |||
| The deadliest ] include a ] that killed at least 30 people in the Republic of the Congo on January 12,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-01-12 |title=30 Killed, Scores Hurt in Train Collision |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-12-mn-11524-story.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> a ] over a bridge that killed 59 people in ] on June 22,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2001-06-24 |title=59 Die in India as Rail Bridge Collapses |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/24/world/59-die-in-india-as-rail-bridge-collapses.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> a ] that killed 31 people in ] on September 2,<ref>{{Cite web |title=31 Killed in Indonesian Train Crash |url=https://apnews.com/article/3b8746efd22930885eba3cc7cd08b2ae |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> and a ] that killed 42 people at the ] in Indonesia on December 25.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kareem |first=Abdul |date=2016-12-24 |title=December 25, 2001: Train crash in Indonesia kills 42 |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/december-25-2001-train-crash-in-indonesia-kills-42-1.1950989 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> The deadliest ] include ] at ], Russia, which killed 145 people on July 4,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-05 |title=Russia in mourning after air crash - July 5, 2001 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/07/04/siberia.plane/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=CNN}}</ref> ] at ] in ], Italy, which killed 118 people on October 8,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willan |first=Philip |date=2001-10-09 |title=118 killed as jet crashes at Milan airport |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/09/philipwillan |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and ] in ], New York City, which killed 265 people on November 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Vault: Deadly Flight 587 crash stuns NYC 2 months after 9/11 |url=https://abc7ny.com/flight-587-vault-eyewitness-news-wabc-archives/11228966/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| === Natural disasters === | |||
| ]; About 585 of the deaths are caused by landslides in ] and ].]] | |||
| {{main|List of earthquakes in 2001|Tropical cyclones in 2001}} | |||
| There were four earthquakes in 2001 that caused significant casualties. El Salvador was struck by two of them: ] on January 13 and ] on February 13, which resulted in the deaths of at least 944 and 315 people respectively.<ref name="proteccioncivil">{{cite web|title = Consolidado Final de Afectaciones - Terremoto El Salvador 13 de Enero de 2001|language=es|url=http://proteccioncivil.gob.sv/zonadescargas/Terremoto%20Enero%20de%202001%20-%20Final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082509/http://www.proteccioncivil.gob.sv/zonadescargas/Terremoto%20Enero%20de%202001%20-%20Final.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> ] in ], India, on January 26 killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people, and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings.<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|title=Preliminary Earthquake Report |publisher=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program |url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ |access-date=21 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120094220/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ |archive-date=20 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen|first=Kavita|title=Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake |website=Academia |date=January 2001 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4617331}}</ref> ], then the strongest that had occurred globally since ], killed at least 77 people in Peru on June 23.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=July 3, 2001|title=Initial Report on 23 June 2001 Arequipa, Peru Earthquake|url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/peru_arequipa_initial_reconnaissance_part1.pdf|access-date=November 30, 2021|website=eeri.org}}</ref> ] struck China with an ] near ], close to the border between ] and ], on November 14, but it occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there were no casualties.<ref name="VanderWoerd_etal_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Woerd J. |last2=Meriaux, A.S. |last3=Klinger, Y. |last4=Ryerson, F.J. |last5=Gaudemer, Y. |last6=Tapponnier, P. |year=2002 |title=The 14 November 2001, Mw 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in northern Tibet (Qinghai Province, China) |url=http://eost.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/EOST/Jeromevdw/publications/vdWoerd_et_al._SRL2002.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Seismological Research Letters |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=125–135 |doi=10.1785/gssrl.73.2.125 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901174057/http://eost.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/EOST/Jeromevdw/publications/vdWoerd_et_al._SRL2002.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2020}}</ref> | |||
| The ] was slightly more active than normal, including 15 tropical storms and hurricanes. The deadliest storms were ] in June, ] in October, and ] in November. All three of these storms had their names ] by the ]. Tropical Storm Allison was the deadliest tropical storm to hit the United States without reaching hurricane strength.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=John L. Beven|author2=Stewart R. Stewart|volume=131|issue=7|author3=Miles B. Lawrence|author4=Lixion A. Avila|journal=Monthly Weather Review|author5=James L. Franklin|author6=Richard J. Pasch|date=July 1, 2003|pages=1454–1484|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/131/7/1520-0493_2003_131_1454_ashso_2.0.co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2|issn=1520-0493|bibcode = 2003MWRv..131.1454B |citeseerx=10.1.1.406.2342|s2cid=123028502 }}</ref> The ] was slightly larger than average, including 28 tropical storms, 20 typhoons, and 11 intense typhoons. The most powerful storms were ] in October and ] in December.<ref name="TSR2001Summ">{{cite web |last1=Rockett |first1=Paul |last2=Saunders |first2=Mark |last3=Roberts |first3=Frank |date=January 25, 2002 |title=Summary of 2001 NW Pacific Typhoon Season and Verification of Authors' Seasonal Forecasts |url=https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWP2001Verification.pdf |website=Tropical Storm Risk |publisher=University College London}}</ref> | |||
| == Economy == | |||
| {{further|Early 2000s recession}} | |||
| {{see also|2001 world oil market chronology|Economic effects of the September 11 attacks}} | |||
| A minor economic decline took place among many developed economies in 2001. The United States saw a recession from March to November after a correction of the ], an over-valued tech industry. Further economic disruption occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom |date=2020-04-09 |title=How many recessions you've actually lived through and what happened in every one |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/09/what-happened-in-every-us-recession-since-the-great-depression.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> European economies also saw stalled growth in 2001,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tran |first=Mark |date=2001-07-19 |title=Eurozone 'close to recession' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jul/19/9 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> with Germany entering a brief recession toward the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tran |first=Mark |date=2002-05-23 |title=Germany pulls out of recession with 0.2% growth |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2002/may/23/globalrecession2 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Argentina's years-long economic crisis reached its peak in December when a ] prompted the freezing of deposits, in turn causing widespread social unrest and the resignation of the President of Argentina.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/august/the-argentine-crisis-20012002-/ |title=The Argentine Crisis 2001/2002 |last=van de Wiel |first=Iris |date=2013-08-23 |publisher=Rabobank |access-date=2022-12-10}}</ref> Overall, 2001 marked a decline in ] by about 1.5%, which was a significant contrast from the 11% increase in 2000. This was the first negative growth in international trade since 1982. IT industries and the dot-com crash are attributed for the decline in trade.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2002_e/its2002_e.pdf |title=International trade statistics 2002 |date=2002 |publisher=World Trade Organization |isbn=92-870-1225-3 |issn=1020-4997 |access-date=2022-11-28}}</ref> | |||
| Greece became the 12th country to join the ] on January 1.<ref name=":58" /> America Online (]), a U.S. online service provider, was at the apex of its popularity and purchased the media conglomerate ]. The deal took effect on January 11, in the largest merger in history at that time.<ref name=":45">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-11 |title=AOL-Time Warner deal gets OK |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/01/11/deals/hold_aol/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=CNN}}</ref> AOL would rapidly shrink thereafter, partly due to the decline of ] and rise of ], and the deal would fall apart before the end of the decade, which would be regarded as one of the world's greatest business failures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lovelace |first=Berkeley |date=2018-06-13 |title=Steve Case to AT&T: Learn from my AOL-Time Warner failures |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/13/steve-case-to-att-learn-from-my-aol-time-warner-failures.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arango |first=Tim |date=2010-01-11 |title=How the AOL-Time Warner Merger Went So Wrong |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The ] took place in October 2001 when ] Corporation, an American energy company based in ], Texas, was found to be committing fraud, bringing about the criminal conviction of several executives and causing the company to undergo the largest bankruptcy at that point in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=How the Enron Scandal Changed American Business Forever |url=https://time.com/6125253/enron-scandal-changed-american-business-forever/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> The national airlines of Belgium and Switzerland (] and ], respectively) ended operations in 2001.<ref name=":43" /><ref name=":44" /> | |||
| == Politics == | |||
| {{Main|2001 in politics}}] recognized 63% of national governments as electoral democracies by the end of 2001, with the Gambia and Mauritania being recognized as democracies following peaceful transfers of power. Peru also saw a significant expansion of civil rights, emerging from the authoritarian rule of ]. Argentina, Liberia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zimbabwe underwent significant ] in 2001, with Liberia and Zimbabwe recognized as authoritarian governments by the end of the year. 64.65% of the world's population lived in countries that generally respected human rights, while 35.35% lived in countries that denied political rights and civil liberties.<ref name=":50">{{Cite report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Freedom_in_the_World_2001-2002_complete_book.pdf |title=Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 2001-2002 |last=Karatnycky |first=Adrian |date=2002}}</ref> | |||
| ] became the predominant global political concern amidst the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror. ] was identified as a major threat to democracy and human rights, both in the ] through the implementation of ] and in the rest of the world through terrorism.<ref name=":50" /> | |||
| === Domestic === | |||
| ] | |||
| The ] was the '']'' government of Afghanistan in 2001, but for several years it had operated as a ] while the Taliban-led ] held '']'' control over most of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibrahimi |first=S. Yaqub |date=2017-11-02 |title=The Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001): 'War-Making and State-Making' as an Insurgency Strategy |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2017.1374598 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=947–972 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2017.1374598 |s2cid=148986180 |issn=0959-2318}}</ref> Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the Taliban proceeded to destroy the ] starting on March 2, having declared that they are idols.<ref name=":54" /> The Islamic State of Afghanistan was restored to power following the invasion of Afghanistan with the appointment of president Hamid Karzai on December 22.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
| The ] took place in the Philippines in January. Protests amid a corruption scandal and the resulting ] of President ] caused the president to announce his resignation, and he was succeeded by Vice President ] on January 20.<ref name=":5" /> ] took place in ] in central ], China, on January 23. Five members of the ], a religious movement banned in mainland China, are alleged to have set themselves on fire, but details surrounding the incident are disputed by Falun Gong sources.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=24 January 2001 |title=Tiananmen tense after fiery protests |publisher=CNN |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |access-date=9 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222110517/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |archive-date=22 February 2007}}</ref> Thousands of protesters stormed the Indonesian parliament building on January 29.<ref name=":6" /> The ] escalated with ] on December 19, prompting President ] to resign two days later.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2001-12-20 |title=Argentina in state of siege after deadly riots |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/12/19/argentina.riots/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=CNN}}</ref> | |||
| Two former heads of government were arrested in 2001: President ] of Serbia (1997–2000) was arrested on April 2 for his role in the ],<ref name=":56" /> and President ] of Argentina (1989–1999) was arrested on June 7 for ].<ref name=":57" /> | |||
| Ghana underwent its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when ] was sworn in as ] on January 7.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Ghana2018.pdf |title=Ghana |date=2018 |publisher=Center for Systemic Peace |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> The Netherlands became the first modern country to legalize ] on April 1.<ref name=":47" /> The ] was ] on June 1 by Crown Prince ], who effectively became king upon his father's death. King Dipendra died days later and was succeeded by his uncle ].<ref name="massacre" /> The ] was ] on December 24, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Comoros2018.pdf |title=Comoros |date=2018 |publisher=Center for Systemic Peace |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> | |||
| === International === | |||
| {{further|Constitutive Act of the African Union}} | |||
| {{see also|China–United States relations|Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration}} | |||
| ], adopted at its 14th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in 2010]] | |||
| Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001: The ] was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues. It would take effect in 2002, replacing the ].<ref name=":48" /> The ] was announced on June 15 to facilitate political and economic cooperation between Asian countries.<ref name=":59" /> Three countries joined the ] (WTO) in 2001: Lithuania on May 31,<ref name=":49">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Lithuania marks 20th anniversary of its accession to the World Trade Organization |url=https://ca.urm.lt/default/en/news/lithuania-marks-20th-anniversary-of-its-accession-to-the-wold-trade-organization-1 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania}}</ref> Moldova on July 26,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=The Republic of Moldova marks 20 years since joining the World Trade Organization |url=https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-moldova-marks-20-years-joining-world-trade-organization |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova}}</ref> and China on December 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China and the WTO |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=World Trade Organization}}</ref> The WTO began the ] in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doha Development Agenda |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/eu-and-wto/doha-development-agenda_en |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=European Commission |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| The ] was signed on May 22 to limit the production of ]s.<ref name=":64" /> The ] began on August 31, in ], South Africa, under the auspices of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racism and Human Rights (World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance - 2001) |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equating ] with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-20 |title=Anti-Semitism at the UN |url=https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043740/https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498|website=] |language=en}}</ref> The ] agreement took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information and ] for European and Central Asian countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodenhoff |first=Vera |date=2002 |title=The Aarhus Convention and its Implications for the 'Institutions' of the European Community |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=343–357 |doi=10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |issn=0962-8797}}</ref> The ], the first international treaty to address ], was signed on November 23.<ref name=":62" /> | |||
| A ] occurred between China and the United States when military planes of the two countries collided on April 1.<ref name=":7" /> | |||
| == Science and technology == | |||
| {{Main|2001 in science|2001 in spaceflight}} | |||
| The ] released the first draft of its ] sequence on February 12.<ref name=":16" /> The first self-contained ] was implanted on July 2.<ref name=":17" /> Several accomplishments were made in the field of ] in 2001, including the clone of a ]<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2001-01-13 |title=Scientists Clone Endangered Gaur but It Dies |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/13/science/scientists-clone-endangered-gaur-but-it-dies.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the clone of a ],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-10-01 |title=Endangered sheep cloned |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1573309.stm |access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref> and the first clone of a human embryo.<ref name=":18" /> | |||
| ]: (L-R) ], ], and ]]] | |||
| There were only 57 successful orbital spaceflights in 2001, the fewest since 1963. Eight of these launches were crewed missions. Two failed spaceflights also took place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Flight 2001 - The Year in Review |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/reports/2001/index.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=NASA |language=en}}</ref> The '']'' made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12.<ref name=":10" /> The '']'' space station was ] and destroyed on March 23.<ref name=":11" /> The '']'' orbiter was launched on April 7 and arrived at Mars on October 24.<ref name=":40" /> American entrepreneur ] became the first ] on April 28 aboard the Russian ].<ref name=":12" /> ] was discovered on May 22.<ref name=":13" /> The ] probe was launched on August 8 to collect ] samples.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Genesis |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=NASA}}</ref> '']'' carried out a flyby of ] on September 22,<ref name=":41" /> and ] carried out a flyby of ] on October 15.<ref name=":14" /> An atmosphere was discovered on an ] for the first time on November 27.<ref name=":15" /> | |||
| Apple Inc. released the ] ] for ] computers on March 24.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chen |first=Brian X. |title=March 24, 2001: Apple Unleashes Mac OS X |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/macos-x-released/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> ] wireless technology first became available on October 1 when it was ] by Japanese telecommunications company ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Kieren |date=2001-10-01 |title=World's first 3G network live today |url=https://www.theregister.com/2001/10/01/worlds_first_3g_network_live/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Register |language=en}}</ref> Microsoft released the ] operating system to retail on October 25.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Releases Windows XP |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/october/25/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> The ], a self-balancing ] invented by ], was unveiled on December 3 after months of public speculation and media hype,<ref name="speculation">{{cite episode |url=http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |title=January 26, 2000 |series=] |date=26 July 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125349/http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> on the ] morning program '']''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/12/1203segway-unveiled |title=Wired.com retrospective |access-date=2009-04-12 | first=Dylan |last=Tweney}}</ref> | |||
| ==Events== | ==Events== | ||
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| * ] – Greece becomes the 12th country to join the ].<ref name=":58">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-01-01 |title=Greece joins euro |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jan/01/emu.theeuro |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> | * ] – Greece becomes the 12th country to join the ].<ref name=":58">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-01-01 |title=Greece joins euro |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jan/01/emu.theeuro |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – ] launches ], a software program that acts as a ], media library, and the client app for the ].<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Apple Introduces iTunes — World's Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apple-Introduces-iTunes-Worlds-Best-and-Easiest-To-Use-Jukebox-Software/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref> | * ] – ] launches ], a software program that acts as a ], media library, and the client app for the ].<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Apple Introduces iTunes — World's Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apple-Introduces-iTunes-Worlds-Best-and-Easiest-To-Use-Jukebox-Software/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – The merger of ] and ], the largest business merger in history at that time, takes effect.<ref name=":45" /> | * ] – The merger of ] and ], the largest business merger in history at that time, takes effect.<ref name=":45">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-11 |title=AOL-Time Warner deal gets OK |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/01/11/deals/hold_aol/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=CNN}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – A ] hits El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and causing massive landslides, which leaves thousands of those affected homeless.<ref name=proteccioncivil/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=El Salvador - Earthquakes Final Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year (FY) 2001 - El Salvador |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/el-salvador/el-salvador-earthquakes-final-fact-sheet-fiscal-year-fy-2001 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |language=en}}</ref> | * ] – A ] hits El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and causing massive landslides, which leaves thousands of those affected homeless.<ref name="proteccioncivil">{{cite web |title=Consolidado Final de Afectaciones - Terremoto El Salvador 13 de Enero de 2001 |url=http://proteccioncivil.gob.sv/zonadescargas/Terremoto%20Enero%20de%202001%20-%20Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082509/http://www.proteccioncivil.gob.sv/zonadescargas/Terremoto%20Enero%20de%202001%20-%20Final.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=El Salvador - Earthquakes Final Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year (FY) 2001 - El Salvador |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/el-salvador/el-salvador-earthquakes-final-fact-sheet-fiscal-year-fy-2001 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – ] is launched.<ref name="KockJungSyn2016">Kock, N., Jung, Y., & Syn, T. (2016). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |date=September 27, 2016 }} International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 12(2), 1–8.</ref> | * ] – ] is launched.<ref name="KockJungSyn2016">Kock, N., Jung, Y., & Syn, T. (2016). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |date=September 27, 2016 }} International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 12(2), 1–8.</ref> | ||
| * ] – ]: The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is shot in his office during the ] and rushed to ] in Zimbabwe for medical treatment; his death will be announced two days later.<ref name="BanksOverstreet2008">{{cite book|author1=Arthur S Banks|author2=William Overstreet|author3=Thomas Muller|title=Political Handbook of the World 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXU_CplFBLYC|date=15 April 2008|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=978-0-87289-528-7|page=282}}</ref> His son ] will be sworn in as his replacement the following week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-01-23 |title=Joseph Kabila Takes Power In Congo |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/joseph-kabila-takes-power-in-congo/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> | * ] – ]: The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is shot in his office during the ] and rushed to ] in Zimbabwe for medical treatment; his death will be announced two days later.<ref name="BanksOverstreet2008">{{cite book|author1=Arthur S Banks|author2=William Overstreet|author3=Thomas Muller|title=Political Handbook of the World 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXU_CplFBLYC|date=15 April 2008|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=978-0-87289-528-7|page=282}}</ref> His son ] will be sworn in as his replacement the following week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-01-23 |title=Joseph Kabila Takes Power In Congo |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/joseph-kabila-takes-power-in-congo/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
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| * ] – ]: Talks between Israel and the ] begin in Egypt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Japanese Colleges and Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXrYAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Maruzen Company|isbn=978-4-621-03357-9|page=88}}</ref> | * ] – ]: Talks between Israel and the ] begin in Egypt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Japanese Colleges and Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXrYAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Maruzen Company|isbn=978-4-621-03357-9|page=88}}</ref> | ||
| ], part of the ]]] | ], part of the ]]] | ||
| * ] – The ] begins when a police station is shelled by the ] in ], near the border with Kosovo.<ref name=":24" /> | * ] – The ] begins when a police station is shelled by the ] in ], near the border with Kosovo.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Marusic |first=Sinisa Jakov |date=2021-01-22 |title=20 Years On, Armed Conflict's Legacy Endures in North Macedonia |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – A 7.7 {{M|w|link=y}} ] shakes ] with a maximum ] of X (''Extreme''), leaving thousands of people dead and more than 166,000 others injured.<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |title=M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001 |url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=18 November 2006}}</ref> | * ] – A 7.7 {{M|w|link=y}} ] shakes ] with a maximum ] of X (''Extreme''), leaving thousands of people dead and more than 166,000 others injured.<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |title=M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001 |url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=18 November 2006}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – Corruption scandals surrounding Indonesian President ] prompt thousands of protesters to storm the Indonesian ].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-29 |title=Clashes as 10,000 besiege Indonesian parliament |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/29/indonesia |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> | * ] – Corruption scandals surrounding Indonesian President ] prompt thousands of protesters to storm the Indonesian ].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-29 |title=Clashes as 10,000 besiege Indonesian parliament |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/29/indonesia |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> | ||
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| * ] – Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the ] of Afghanistan begins destroying the ], having declared that they are ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm |title=Why the Taliban are destroying Buddhas |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=22 March 2001 |access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=":54">{{cite news |date=12 March 2001| title = Destruction of Giant Buddhas Confirmed| publisher = ]| url = http://www.beliefnet.com/story/70/story_7096_1.html| access-date = 6 January 2008}}</ref> | * ] – Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the ] of Afghanistan begins destroying the ], having declared that they are ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm |title=Why the Taliban are destroying Buddhas |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=22 March 2001 |access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=":54">{{cite news |date=12 March 2001| title = Destruction of Giant Buddhas Confirmed| publisher = ]| url = http://www.beliefnet.com/story/70/story_7096_1.html| access-date = 6 January 2008}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge ] in northern Portugal, killing 59 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm |title=Portugal bridge collapse 'kills 70' |publisher=BBC News |date=5 March 2001 |access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref> | * ] – The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge ] in northern Portugal, killing 59 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm |title=Portugal bridge collapse 'kills 70' |publisher=BBC News |date=5 March 2001 |access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref> | ||
| * ] – ]: Violence erupts between Albanian rebels and Macedonian soldiers in ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-14 |title=Macedonia: Ethnic Albanian Violence Spreads |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1095959.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref> Conflict in Tetovo will continue for months during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia.<ref name="auto" |
* ] – ]: Violence erupts between Albanian rebels and Macedonian soldiers in ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-14 |title=Macedonia: Ethnic Albanian Violence Spreads |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1095959.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref> Conflict in Tetovo will continue for months during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2001 |title=Battle for Tetovo rages |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/09/macedonia.attack/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – ]: 108 people are killed in a series of bombings in ], China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-03-17 |title=China says 108 killed in blasts |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1226222.stm |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> | * ] – ]: 108 people are killed in a series of bombings in ], China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-03-17 |title=China says 108 killed in blasts |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1226222.stm |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – '']'' is ] as an early ] after the discovery of remains in Kenya.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |last=Leakey |first=Meave G. |author-link=Meave Leakey |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages |journal=] |volume=410 |issue=6827 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2001Natur.410..433L |doi=10.1038/35068500 |pmid=11260704 |s2cid=4409453}}</ref> | * ] – '']'' is ] as an early ] after the discovery of remains in Kenya.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |last=Leakey |first=Meave G. |author-link=Meave Leakey |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages |journal=] |volume=410 |issue=6827 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2001Natur.410..433L |doi=10.1038/35068500 |pmid=11260704 |s2cid=4409453}}</ref> | ||
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| * ] | * ] | ||
| ** ] is chosen as ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thayer |first=Carlyle A. |date=2002 |title=Vietnam in 2001: The Ninth Party Congress and After |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |jstor=10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref> | ** ] is chosen as ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thayer |first=Carlyle A. |date=2002 |title=Vietnam in 2001: The Ninth Party Congress and After |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |jstor=10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref> | ||
| ** Israel occupies an area in the ], killing two people. Israeli forces withdraw the same day after the United States denounces the attack.<ref name=":19" /> | ** Israel occupies an area in the ], killing two people. Israeli forces withdraw the same day after the United States denounces the attack.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2001-04-18 |title=Israel pulls out of Gaza |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/17/mideast.violence.06/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
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| ** A missile hits a soccer field in northern Iraq, killing 23 people and wounding 11 more. According to U.S. officials, it is an Iraqi missile that malfunctioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/21/world/23-iraqis-reported-killed.html?scp=8&sq=Iraq&st=nyt|title=23 Iraqis Reported Killed|location=Iraq; Great Britain|website=The New York Times|date=2001-06-21|access-date=2015-11-25}}</ref> | ** A missile hits a soccer field in northern Iraq, killing 23 people and wounding 11 more. According to U.S. officials, it is an Iraqi missile that malfunctioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/21/world/23-iraqis-reported-killed.html?scp=8&sq=Iraq&st=nyt|title=23 Iraqis Reported Killed|location=Iraq; Great Britain|website=The New York Times|date=2001-06-21|access-date=2015-11-25}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – The world's ] is run by BHP Iron Ore between Newman and Port Hedland in Western Australia (a distance of {{convert|275|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}); the train consists of 682 loaded iron ore wagons and 8 ] locomotives, giving a gross weight of almost 100,000 tonnes and moves 82,262 tonnes of ore; the train is {{convert|7.353|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamersley Freight Line |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512100443/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=2022-11-20 |work=Railway Technology}}</ref> | * ] – The world's ] is run by BHP Iron Ore between Newman and Port Hedland in Western Australia (a distance of {{convert|275|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}); the train consists of 682 loaded iron ore wagons and 8 ] locomotives, giving a gross weight of almost 100,000 tonnes and moves 82,262 tonnes of ore; the train is {{convert|7.353|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamersley Freight Line |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512100443/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=2022-11-20 |work=Railway Technology}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – An 8.4 {{M|w|link=y}} ] shakes coastal Peru with a maximum ] of VIII (''Severe''). A destructive tsunami follows, leaving at least 77 people dead, and 2,687 others injured.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name=":39">{{Cite journal |last1=Keefer |first1=David K. |last2=Moseley |first2=Michael E. |date=2004-07-27 |title=Southern Peru desert shattered by the great 2001 earthquake: Implications for paleoseismic and paleo-El Niño–Southern Oscillation records |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=101 |issue=30 |pages=10878–10883 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0404320101 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=491987 |pmid=15263069 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | * ] – An 8.4 {{M|w|link=y}} ] shakes coastal Peru with a maximum ] of VIII (''Severe''). A destructive tsunami follows, leaving at least 77 people dead, and 2,687 others injured.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2001 |title=Initial Report on 23 June 2001 Arequipa, Peru Earthquake |url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/peru_arequipa_initial_reconnaissance_part1.pdf |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=eeri.org}}</ref><ref name=":39">{{Cite journal |last1=Keefer |first1=David K. |last2=Moseley |first2=Michael E. |date=2004-07-27 |title=Southern Peru desert shattered by the great 2001 earthquake: Implications for paleoseismic and paleo-El Niño–Southern Oscillation records |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=101 |issue=30 |pages=10878–10883 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0404320101 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=491987 |pmid=15263069 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – ]: Russian forces carry out a '']'' operation in Alkhan-Kala, ], Chechnya, during the ]. Chechen warlord ] is killed.<ref name=":37">{{Cite news |date=2001-06-25 |title=Russians kill Chechen warlord |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1406317.stm |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> | * ] – ]: Russian forces carry out a '']'' operation in Alkhan-Kala, ], Chechnya, during the ]. Chechen warlord ] is killed.<ref name=":37">{{Cite news |date=2001-06-25 |title=Russians kill Chechen warlord |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1406317.stm |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> | ||
| Line 242: | Line 126: | ||
| ]. The hexagons consist of a variety of ultra-pure, semiconductor-grade wafers, including ], ], ] on sapphire, ]-like carbon films,<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090218095842.htm |title=Diamond-like Films Help In Study Of Solar Winds |publisher=Sandia National Laboratories |first=Michael |last=Padilla |date=February 16, 2009}}</ref> and other materials.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Genesis Solar-Wind Collector Materials |journal=Space Science Reviews |first1=A. J. G. |last1=Jurewicz |first2=D. S. |last2=Burnett |first3=R. C. |last3=Wiens |first4=T. A. |last4=Friedmann |first5=C. C. |last5=Hays |first6=R. J. |last6=Hohlfelder |first7=K. |last7=Nishiizumi |first8=J. A. |last8=Stone |first9=D. S. |last9=Woolum |first10=R. |last10=Becker |first11=A. L. |last11=Butterworth |first12=A. J. |last12=Campbell |first13=M. |last13=Ebihara |first14=I. A. |last14=Franchi |first15=V. |last15=Heber |first16=C. M. |last16=Hohenberg |first17=M. |last17=Humayun |first18=K. D. |last18=McKeegan |first19=K. |last19=McNamara |first20=A. |last20=Meshik |first21=R. O. |last21=Pepin |first22=D. |last22=Schlutter |first23=R. |last23=Wieler |display-authors=1 |volume=105 |issue=3–4 |pages=535–560 |date=January 2003 |doi=10.1023/A:1024469927444 |bibcode=2003SSRv..105..535J|s2cid=51768025 }}</ref>]] | ]. The hexagons consist of a variety of ultra-pure, semiconductor-grade wafers, including ], ], ] on sapphire, ]-like carbon films,<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090218095842.htm |title=Diamond-like Films Help In Study Of Solar Winds |publisher=Sandia National Laboratories |first=Michael |last=Padilla |date=February 16, 2009}}</ref> and other materials.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Genesis Solar-Wind Collector Materials |journal=Space Science Reviews |first1=A. J. G. |last1=Jurewicz |first2=D. S. |last2=Burnett |first3=R. C. |last3=Wiens |first4=T. A. |last4=Friedmann |first5=C. C. |last5=Hays |first6=R. J. |last6=Hohlfelder |first7=K. |last7=Nishiizumi |first8=J. A. |last8=Stone |first9=D. S. |last9=Woolum |first10=R. |last10=Becker |first11=A. L. |last11=Butterworth |first12=A. J. |last12=Campbell |first13=M. |last13=Ebihara |first14=I. A. |last14=Franchi |first15=V. |last15=Heber |first16=C. M. |last16=Hohenberg |first17=M. |last17=Humayun |first18=K. D. |last18=McKeegan |first19=K. |last19=McNamara |first20=A. |last20=Meshik |first21=R. O. |last21=Pepin |first22=D. |last22=Schlutter |first23=R. |last23=Wieler |display-authors=1 |volume=105 |issue=3–4 |pages=535–560 |date=January 2003 |doi=10.1023/A:1024469927444 |bibcode=2003SSRv..105..535J|s2cid=51768025 }}</ref>]] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ** The ] probe is launched from ].<ref name=":42" /> | ** The ] probe is launched from ].<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Genesis |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=NASA}}</ref> | ||
| ** Albanian rebels ] a convoy of the ] near ], North Macedonia, killing 10 soldiers.<ref name="Marusic&Bosilkovski">{{cite web|last1=Marusic|first1=Sinisa Jakov|last2=Bosilkovski|first2=Igor|date=8 August 2016|title=Macedonia Marks Karpalak Ambush Massacre Anniversary|website=Balkan Insight|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/08/macedonia-marks-karpalak-massacre-anniversary-08-08-2016/|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> | ** Albanian rebels ] a convoy of the ] near ], North Macedonia, killing 10 soldiers.<ref name="Marusic&Bosilkovski">{{cite web|last1=Marusic|first1=Sinisa Jakov|last2=Bosilkovski|first2=Igor|date=8 August 2016|title=Macedonia Marks Karpalak Ambush Massacre Anniversary|website=Balkan Insight|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/08/macedonia-marks-karpalak-massacre-anniversary-08-08-2016/|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – A ] restaurant in ] is ] by a Palestinian Hamas terrorist, killing 15 civilians and injuring 130 others.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nitzan S. Ben-Shaul|title=A Violent World: TV News Images of Middle Eastern Terror and War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAxlAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3798-9|page=128}}</ref> | * ] – A ] restaurant in ] is ] by a Palestinian Hamas terrorist, killing 15 civilians and injuring 130 others.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nitzan S. Ben-Shaul|title=A Violent World: TV News Images of Middle Eastern Terror and War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAxlAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3798-9|page=128}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 19:21, 7 January 2023
This article is about the year 2001. For the film, see 2001: A Space Odyssey (film). For other uses, see 2001 (disambiguation). Calendar year
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
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| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2001st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 1st year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 2nd year of the 2000s decade.
Calendar year2001 was dominated by September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror. The United States led a multi-national coalition in a four-month long invasion of Afghanistan after the Taliban government did not extradite Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.
Space milestones in 2001 were numerous, the most notable being the first spacecraft landing on an asteroid, American entrepreneur Dennis Tito becoming the first space tourist, and the first discovery of an atmosphere on an exoplanet. In addition, the year witnessed the first sequence of the human genome, the first self-contained artificial heart, and the first clone of a human embryo.
Notable deaths in 2001 included musicians Aaliyah, George Harrison, and Joey Ramone; politicians Phoolan Devi, Laurent-Désiré Kabila, and Ahmad Shah Massoud; writers Douglas Adams and R. K. Narayan; athletes Josef Bican, Don Bradman, and Dale Earnhardt; and royal figures King Birendra of Nepal and his son Dipendra, and queen consort Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary of Iran.
Events
January
- January 1 – Greece becomes the 12th country to join the Eurozone.
- January 9 – Apple Inc. launches iTunes, a software program that acts as a media player, media library, and the client app for the iTunes Store.
- January 11 – The merger of AOL and Time Warner, the largest business merger in history at that time, takes effect.
- January 13 – A 7.6-magnitude earthquake hits El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and causing massive landslides, which leaves thousands of those affected homeless.
- January 15 – Misplaced Pages is launched.
- January 16 – Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila: The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is shot in his office during the Second Congo War and rushed to Harare in Zimbabwe for medical treatment; his death will be announced two days later. His son Joseph Kabila will be sworn in as his replacement the following week.
- January 20
- George W. Bush, a former governor of Texas, is sworn in as the 43rd president of the United States.
- Impeachment proceedings against Philippine President Joseph Estrada end prematurely as he is peacefully overthrown in the Second EDSA Revolution. Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo succeeds him as president.
- January 21 – Taba Summit: Talks between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority begin in Egypt.
- January 22 – The 2001 insurgency in Macedonia begins when a police station is shelled by the National Liberation Army in Tearce, near the border with Kosovo.
- January 26 – A 7.7 Mw Gujarat earthquake shakes Western India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), leaving thousands of people dead and more than 166,000 others injured.
- January 29 – Corruption scandals surrounding Indonesian President Abdurrahman Wahid prompt thousands of protesters to storm the Indonesian parliament building.
February
- February 6 – 2001 Israeli prime ministerial election: Ariel Sharon of the Likud party is elected Prime Minister of Israel.
- February 9
- Ehime Maru and USS Greeneville collision: The submarine USS Greeneville accidentally strikes and sinks the Japanese training vessel Ehime Maru near Hawaii, resulting in nine deaths, including several students and teachers.
- 2001 Kot Charwal massacre: Militants kill 15 people in their homes in Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir.
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- February 12
- The NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, a near-Earth object, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid.
- The Human Genome Project publishes the first draft of its human genome sequence.
- February 13 – A 6.6-magnitude earthquake hits El Salvador, killing at least 315 people.
- February 16 – Iraq disarmament crisis: British and U.S. forces carry out bombing raids to disable Iraq's air defense network.
- February 19 – The 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak begins.
- February 22 – The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) sentences three Bosnian Serb soldiers to prison for wartime sexual violence, recognizing it as a war crime for the first time.
- February 25 – Sampit conflict: Mass ethnic violence begins in Sampit, Indonesia, killing hundreds of people.
March
- March 2 – Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the Taliban government of Afghanistan begins destroying the Buddhas of Bamiyan, having declared that they are idols.
- March 4 – The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collapses in northern Portugal, killing 59 people.
- March 14 – Battle of Tetovo: Violence erupts between Albanian rebels and Macedonian soldiers in Tetovo. Conflict in Tetovo will continue for months during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia.
- March 16 – Shijiazhuang bombings: 108 people are killed in a series of bombings in Shijiazhuang, China.
- March 22 – Kenyanthropus is described as an early hominid after the discovery of remains in Kenya.
- March 23 – The deorbit of Russian space station Mir is processed, with debris falling into the South Pacific Ocean after the station enters the atmosphere and is destroyed.
- March 28 – The United States declares its intention to end involvement in the Kyoto Protocol.
April
- April 1
- The Act on the Opening up of Marriage goes into effect in the Netherlands, which becomes the first modern country to legalize same-sex marriage.
- Hainan Island incident: A Chinese fighter jet collides with a U.S. EP-3E surveillance aircraft, which is forced to make an emergency landing in Hainan, China. The U.S. crew is detained for 10 days and the F-8 Chinese pilot, Wang Wei, goes missing and is presumed dead.
- April 2 – Former President of Serbia and Montenegro Slobodan Milošević surrenders to police special forces to be tried on charges of crimes against humanity.
- April 7 – The NASA orbiter 2001 Mars Odyssey launches on a Delta II rocket.
- April 17
- Nông Đức Mạnh is chosen as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam.
- Israel occupies an area in the Gaza Strip, killing two people. Israeli forces withdraw the same day after the United States denounces the attack.
- April 26
- Junichiro Koizumi becomes the 86th Prime Minister of Japan.
- The Parliament of Ukraine votes to dismiss Prime Minister Viktor Yushchenko.
- April 28
- The Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-32 lifts off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, carrying the first space tourist, American entrepreneur Dennis Tito, and two Russian cosmonauts.
- Vejce ambush: Eight Macedonian soldiers are killed in an ambush by the NLA near Vejce, a village in the Šar Mountains, Macedonia. It represents the heaviest death toll for the government forces in a single incident during the insurgency.
May
- May 7 – In Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, an attempt is made to reconstruct the historic 16th-century Ferhadija Mosque. Serbian nationalists respond with riots and mass violence against Bosnian Muslims.
- May 13 – The House of Freedoms coalition led by Silvio Berlusconi wins the Italian general election.
- May 18 – 2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing: A Hamas suicide bomber kills six people in Netanya, Israel. The Israeli government responds with the first use of airstrikes against Palestine since 1967.
- May 22
- 28978 Ixion, a large trans-Neptunian object and a possible dwarf planet, is discovered during the Deep Ecliptic Survey.
- The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is adopted by 127 countries to limit pollution internationally.
- May 24
- Sherpa Temba Tsheri, 15, becomes the youngest person to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
- The Versailles Wedding Hall collapses in Jerusalem, Israel, killing 23 people and injuring 380 others.
- May 26 – The African Union is formed to replace the Organisation of African Unity. It will begin operation the following year.
- May 28 – 2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt: Central African forces led by André Kolingba carry out a failed attempt to overthrow the government of the Central African Republic. Dozens are killed in the ensuing violence.
- May 31 – Research into Crohn's disease confirms that it is identified with mutation of the NOD2 gene.
June
- June 1
- Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal kills his father, the king, his mother and other members of the royal family with an assault rifle and then shoots himself in the Nepalese royal massacre. Dipendra is recognized as King of Nepal while in a coma.
- Dolphinarium discotheque massacre: A Hamas suicide bomber kills 21 people, mostly teenagers, in the Dolphinarium disco in Tel Aviv, Israel.
- June 4 – Gyanendra ascends the throne of Nepal on the death of his nephew, Dipendra.
- June 5 – Tropical Storm Allison hits the U.S. state of Texas, severely flooding Houston and killing 23 people.
- June 7
- 2001 United Kingdom general election: Tony Blair and the Labour Party win a second landslide victory.
- Former Argentinian president Carlos Menem is arrested on suspicion of illegal arms sales.
- June 12 – Aračinovo crisis: Albanian rebels violate a 24-hour cease fire with Macedonian soldiers.
- June 15 – Declaration to establish the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is signed.
- June 19
- Syria withdraws thousands of forces from a decades-long military presence in Beirut, Lebanon.
- Germany enacts a program to compensate Holocaust survivors that were subject to slave labor.
- A missile hits a soccer field in northern Iraq, killing 23 people and wounding 11 more. According to U.S. officials, it is an Iraqi missile that malfunctioned.
- June 21 – The world's longest train is run by BHP Iron Ore between Newman and Port Hedland in Western Australia (a distance of 275 km or 171 mi); the train consists of 682 loaded iron ore wagons and 8 GE AC6000CW locomotives, giving a gross weight of almost 100,000 tonnes and moves 82,262 tonnes of ore; the train is 7.353 km (4.569 mi) long.
- June 23 – An 8.4 Mw southern Peru earthquake shakes coastal Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). A destructive tsunami follows, leaving at least 77 people dead, and 2,687 others injured.
- June 25 – Alkhan-Kala operation: Russian forces carry out a zachistka operation in Alkhan-Kala, Grozny, Chechnya, during the Second Chechen War. Chechen warlord Arbi Barayev is killed.
July
- July 2 – The world's first self-contained artificial heart is implanted in Robert Tools in the United States.
- July 4 – Vladivostok Air Flight 352 crashes on approach while landing at Irkutsk Airport, Russia, killing all 145 people aboard.
- July 7 – 2001 Bradford riots: Ethnic violence is provoked in Bradford, England, by the far-right National Front and far-left Anti-Nazi League.
- July 13 – The International Olympic Committee chooses Beijing to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.
- July 14 – Agra Summit: India and Pakistan begin talks to improve relations. The summit ends inconclusively on July 16.
- July 16 – China and Russia sign the 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship.
- July 20–22 – The 27th G8 summit takes place in Genoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, are held against the meeting by members of the anti-globalization movement. One demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, is killed by a policeman, and several others are injured.
- July 23 – Megawati Sukarnoputri is inaugurated as the first female president of Indonesia.
- July 24
- Bandaranaike Airport attack: The Tamil Tigers bomb the Bandaranaike International Airport in Sri Lanka during the Sri Lankan Civil War.
- Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, deposed as the last Tsar of Bulgaria when a child, is sworn in as the democratically elected 48th Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
- July 28 – Alejandro Toledo becomes the President of Peru.
August
- August 2 – The ICTY convicts Bosnian Serb General Radislav Krstić on the charge of genocide for his role in the Srebrenica massacre.
- August 3 – 2001 Kishtwar massacre: 17 Hindus in Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, are killed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants.
- August 6 – Erwadi fire incident: 28 mentally ill persons bound by chains are burnt to death at a faith-based institution at Erwadi, Tamil Nadu, India.
- August 8
- The Genesis probe is launched from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17.
- Albanian rebels ambush a convoy of the Army of the Republic of Macedonia near Tetovo, North Macedonia, killing 10 soldiers.
- August 9 – A Sbarro restaurant in Jerusalem is bombed by a Palestinian Hamas terrorist, killing 15 civilians and injuring 130 others.
- August 10
- 2001 Angola train attack: 252 people are killed by UNITA in an attack on a train during the Angolan Civil War.
- The United States and the United Kingdom bomb air force installations in Iraq in response to attacks on American and British planes.
- August 13 – Macedonian and Albanian representatives sign the Ohrid Agreement to reduce conflicts during the insurgency.
- August 21 – Operation Essential Harvest: NATO sends a military forces to the Republic of Macedonia in response to the ongoing insurgency.
- August 28 – A targeted Israeli strike kills PFLP leader Abu Ali Mustafa. Palestinian militants respond by firing on Israeli civilians. Israeli forces occupy Beit Jala, Palestine to combat the militants.
September
- September 7 – 2001 Jos riots: Clashes between Christian and Muslim rioters begin in Jos, Nigeria. The conflict will continue until September 17, during which time hundreds of people will be killed.
- September 9
- A suicide bomber kills Ahmad Shah Massoud, military commander of the Afghan Northern Alliance.
- 68 people die of methanol poisoning in Pärnu County, Estonia.
- September 11 – Approximately 2,977 victims are killed or fatally injured in the September 11 attacks after American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 are hijacked and crash into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, American Airlines Flight 77 is hijacked and crashes into the Pentagon, and United Airlines Flight 93 is hijacked and crashes into grassland in Shanksville, Pennsylvania as a result of passengers fighting to regain control of the airplane. The Twin Towers collapse as a result of the crashes.
- September 18 – The 2001 anthrax attacks begin in the United States, which cause five fatalities and 17 other infections.
- September 19 – Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat forbids Palestinian soldiers from firing on Israeli forces, even in self-defence. Israel agrees to a ceasefire.
- September 20 – In an address to a joint session of Congress, U.S. President George W. Bush declares a war on terror, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).
- September 22 – American spacecraft Deep Space 1 flies within 2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi) of Comet Borrelly.
- September 27 – Zug massacre: In Zug, Switzerland, Friedrich Leibacher shoots 18 people, killing 14 of them and then himself.
October
- October 1 – Jaish-e-Mohammed militants attack the state legislature building in Srinagar, Kashmir, killing 38 people.
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- October 2 – Swissair, the national airline of Switzerland, seeks bankruptcy protection and grounds its entire fleet, stranding thousands of people worldwide.
- October 4
- Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 is accidentally shot down by the Ukrainian Air Force over the Black Sea en route from Tel Aviv, Israel, to Novosibirsk, Russia; all 78 people on board are killed.
- 2001 Kodori crisis: Fighting escalates between Georgia and the breakaway state Abkhazia.
- October 7 – United States invasion of Afghanistan: In response to the September 11 attacks, Afghanistan is invaded by a US-led coalition, beginning the War in Afghanistan.
- October 8
- Linate Airport disaster: A twin-engine Cessna and Scandinavian Airlines jetliner collide in heavy fog during takeoff from Milan, Italy, killing 118 people.
- Hurricane Iris hits Belize, causing $250 million (2001 USD) in damage.
- October 13 – American scientists create the first successful clone of a human embryo.
- October 15 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft passes within 181 kilometres (112 mi) of Jupiter's moon Io.
- October 16 – American planes misidentify and bomb a Red Cross facility in Afghanistan. A similar error occurs again on October 27.
- October 17 – Assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi: Israeli tourism minister Rehavam Ze'evi is assassinated by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
- October 19 – An Indonesian fishing boat, the SIEV X, sinks on route to Christmas Island. 353 people are killed, most of whom are asylum seekers.
- October 23 – Apple Inc. introduces the iPod, a portable media player and multi-purpose mobile device. The company will sell an estimated 450 million iPod products by May 2022.
- October 25 – Citing connotations with the Rwandan genocide, the government of Rwanda adopts a new national flag for the country.
November
- November 4 – Hurricane Michelle hits Cuba, where the storm is the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the island in more than 49 years. It is the costliest hurricane in Cuban history to this point with an estimated $2 billion in damage.
- November 7 – Sabena, the national airline of Belgium, goes bankrupt.
- November 10
- 2001 Australian federal election: The Coalition government, led by John Howard, is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Kim Beazley.
- Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif: American and Northern Alliance forces take Mazar-i-Sharif in the first major offensive of the War in Afghanistan.
- November 11 – Two French journalists, Pierre Billaud and Johanne Sutton, and a German colleague, Volker Handloik, are killed in Afghanistan during an attack on their convoy.
- November 12
- American Airlines Flight 587 crashes in Queens, New York City, minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 people on board.
- 2001 uprising in Herat: Northern Alliance forces take the city of Herat from the Taliban.
- November 14 – Fall of Kabul: Northern Alliance forces take the Afghan capital Kabul.
- November 15 – Microsoft enters the gaming console market with the release of the Xbox, a sixth-generation gaming console, in the United States.
- November 18 – The Leonids meteor shower occurs in its heaviest concentration in decades as Earth passes through a debris cloud.
- November 23 – The Convention on Cybercrime is signed in Budapest, Hungary.
- November 27 – A hydrogen atmosphere is discovered on the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b, nicknamed Osiris, by the Hubble Space Telescope. It is the first atmosphere detected on an extrasolar planet.
December
- December – Dasht-i-Leili massacre: Hundreds of Taliban prisoners are killed by the forces of Abdul Rashid Dostum.
- December 1
- The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty produces a report on responsibility to protect.
- A series of bombings in Zion Square are carried out by Hamas. Ten people are killed and hundreds more are injured.
- December 2
- Enron files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection five days after Dynegy cancels a US$8.4 billion buyout bid (to this point, the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history).
- Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing: A Hamas militant carries out a suicide bombing in Haifa, Israel, killing 15 people.
- December 5 – 2001 Sayyd Alma Kalay airstrike: An American airstrike mistakenly targets a friendly position, killing 11 people in a friendly fire incident.
- December 6 – Fall of Kandahar: The Taliban surrenders in Kandahar, its final stronghold.
- December 13
- 2001 Indian Parliament attack: Nine people and five terrorists are killed in a terrorist attack in New Delhi, leading to the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff.
- U.S. President George W. Bush announces the American withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
- Sirajuddin of Perlis becomes the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the constitutional monarch and head of state of Malaysia.
- December 17 – Battle of Tora Bora: American forces take Tora Bora, a cave complex and the headquarters of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden escapes during the battle and goes into hiding.
- December 19 – A record-high barometric pressure of 1085.6 hPa (32.06 inHg) is recorded at Tosontsengel, Zavkhan, Mongolia.
- December 22
- Battle of Amami-Ōshima: A Japan Coast Guard ship and an armed North Korean vessel engage in conflict near the Japanese island of Amami Ōshima, in the East China Sea. The encounter ends in the sinking of the North Korean vessel that is later determined to have been a spy craft by the Japanese authorities.
- Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai.
- December 27
- China is granted permanent normal trade status with the United States.
- Tropical Storm Vamei forms within 1.5 degrees of the equator. No other tropical cyclone in recorded history has come as close to the equator.
Births
| Births |
|---|
| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January–April
- January 1 – Angourie Rice, Australian actress
- January 3 – Deni Avdija, Israeli basketball player
- January 9 – Rodrygo, Brazilian footballer
- January 15 – Alexandra Agiurgiuculese, Romanian-Italian rhythmic gymnast
- February 12 – Khvicha Kvaratskhelia, Georgian footballer
- February 13 – Kaapo Kakko, Finnish ice hockey player
- February 19 – David Mazouz, American actor
- February 24 – Ramona Marquez, British actress
- March 4 – Freya Anderson, English freestyle swimmer
- April 6 – Oscar Piastri, Australian racing driver
- April 26 – Thiago Almada, Argentine footballer
May–August
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- May 8 – Jordyn Huitema, Canadian soccer player
- May 31 – Iga Świątek, Polish tennis player
- June 4 – Takefusa Kubo, Japanese footballer
- June 12 – Théo Maledon, French basketball player
- July 10 – Isabela Moner, American actress and singer
- August 12 – Dixie D'Amelio, American social media personality
- August 22 – LaMelo Ball, American basketball player
September–December
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- September 3 – Kaia Gerber, American model and actress
- September 5 – Bukayo Saka, English footballer
- September 6 – Freya Allan, English actress
- September 25 – Cade Cunningham, American basketball player
- October 1 – Mason Greenwood, English footballer
- October 13 – Caleb McLaughlin, American actor
- October 14 – Rowan Blanchard, American actress
- October 25 – Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant, daughter and Heiress Apparent of Philippe, King of the Belgians
- December 1 – Aiko, Princess Toshi of Japan
- December 18 – Billie Eilish, American singer
- December 28 – Maitreyi Ramakrishnan, Canadian actress
Deaths
Further information: Category:2001 deaths| Deaths |
|---|
| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January
Main article: Deaths in January 2001
- January 1 – Ray Walston, American actor (b. 1914)
- January 2 – William P. Rogers, American diplomat (b. 1913)
- January 7 – Charles Helou, 9th president of Lebanon (b. 1913)
- January 9 – Paul Vanden Boeynants, 2-time prime minister of Belgium (b. 1919)
- January 12
- Adhemar da Silva, Brazilian athlete (b. 1927)
- Bill Hewlett, American businessman (b. 1913)
- January 18 – Laurent-Désiré Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1939) (see assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila)
- January 27 – Marie-José of Belgium, last Queen of Italy (b. 1906)
- January 31 – Gordon R. Dickson, Canadian writer (b. 1923)
February
Main article: Deaths in February 2001
- February 4
- J. J. Johnson, American jazz trombonist (b. 1924)
- Iannis Xenakis, Greek composer (b. 1922)
- February 6 – Trần Văn Lắm, South Vietnamese diplomat and politician (b. 1913)
- February 7 – Dale Evans, American actress, singer, and songwriter (b. 1912)
- February 9 – Herbert A. Simon, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
- February 10 – Lewis Arquette, American film actor, writer and producer (b. 1935)
- February 13 – Ugo Fano, Italian-born American physicist (b. 1912)
- February 18
- Balthus, French painter (b. 1908)
- Dale Earnhardt, American auto racing driver (b. 1951) (see Death of Dale Earnhardt)
- February 19
- Stanley Kramer, American film director (b. 1913)
- Charles Trenet French singer and songwriter (b. 1913)
- February 20 – Rosemary DeCamp, American actress (b. 1910)
- February 24 – Claude Shannon, American mathematician (b. 1916)
- February 25 – Sir Don Bradman, Australian cricketer (b. 1908)
March
Main article: Deaths in March 2001
- March 4 – Harold Stassen, American politician, 25th Governor of Minnesota (b. 1907)
- March 10 – Michael Woodruff, British surgeon and organ transplantation pioneer (b. 1911)
- March 12 – Robert Ludlum, American author (b. 1927)
- March 15 – Ann Sothern, American actress and singer (b. 1909)
- March 18 – John Phillips, American singer-songwriter (b. 1935)
- March 20 – Ilie Verdeț, 51st prime minister of Romania (b. 1925)
- March 22 – William Hanna, American animator and businessman (b. 1910)
- March 29 – John Lewis, American jazz pianist and composer (b. 1920)
- March 31 – Clifford Shull, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
April
Main article: Deaths in April 2001
- April 2 – Jennifer Syme, American actress (b. 1972)
- April 7
- David Graf, American actor (b. 1950)
- Beatrice Straight, American actress (b. 1914)
- April 11 – Sir Harry Secombe, Welsh entertainer (b. 1921)
- April 14 – Hiroshi Teshigahara, Japanese director (b. 1927)
- April 15 – Joey Ramone, American musician and singer (b. 1951)
- April 20
- Va'ai Kolone, Prime Minister of Samoa (b. 1911)
- Giuseppe Sinopoli, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1946)
- April 25 – Michele Alboreto, Italian racing driver (b. 1956)
- April 29 – Barend Biesheuvel, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1971–1973) (b. 1920)
May
Main article: Deaths in May 2001
- May 11 – Douglas Adams, English author (b. 1952)
- May 12
- Perry Como, American singer (b. 1912)
- Didi, Brazilian footballer (b. 1928)
- May 13
- Jason Miller, American actor and playwright (b. 1939)
- R. K. Narayan, Indian novelist (b. 1906)
- May 17 – Jacques-Louis Lions, French mathematician (b. 1928)
- May 22 – Jenő Fock, 49th prime minister of Hungary (b. 1916)
- May 24 – Javier Urruticoechea, Spanish footballer (b. 1952)
- May 26 – Anne Haney, American actress (b. 1934)
- May 31 – Arlene Francis, American actress and game show panelist (b. 1907)
June
Main article: Deaths in June 2001
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- June 1
- Nkosi Johnson, South African AIDS awareness campaigner (b. 1989)
- Nepalese royal massacre:
- Queen Aishwarya of Nepal (b. 1949)
- King Birendra of Nepal (b. 1944)
- Prince Nirajan of Nepal (b. 1978)
- Princess Shruti of Nepal (b. 1976)
- June 2 – Imogene Coca, American actress (b. 1908)
- June 3 – Anthony Quinn, Mexican-American actor (b. 1915)
- June 4 – King Dipendra of Nepal (b. 1971)
- June 7 – Víctor Paz Estenssoro, 45th President of Bolivia (b. 1907)
- June 10 – Leila Pahlavi, Iranian princess (b. 1970)
- June 11
- Timothy McVeigh, American terrorist (b. 1968)
- Amalia Mendoza, Mexican singer and actress (b. 1923)
- June 15 – Henri Alekan, French cinematographer (b. 1909)
- June 17 – Donald J. Cram, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1919)
- June 21
- John Lee Hooker, American musician (b. 1917)
- Soad Hosny, Egyptian actress (b. 1942)
- Carroll O'Connor, American actor (b. 1924)
- June 22 – Luis Carniglia, Argentine footballer and manager (b. 1917)
- June 23 – Corinne Calvet, French actress (b. 1925)
- June 27
- Tove Jansson, Finnish author and illustrator (b. 1914)
- Jack Lemmon, American actor and director (b. 1925)
- Joan Sims, English actress (b. 1930)
- June 28 – Mortimer J. Adler, American philosopher (b. 1902)
- June 29 – Maximos V Hakim, Egyptian patriarch (b. 1908)
- June 30
- Chet Atkins, American guitarist and record producer (b. 1924)
- Joe Fagan, English footballer and manager (b. 1921)
- Joe Henderson, American jazz tenor saxophonist (b. 1937)
July
Main article: Deaths in July 2001
- July 1 – Nikolay Basov, Soviet physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922)
- July 10 – Álvaro Magaña, 38th President of El Salvador (b. 1925)
- July 11 – Herman Brood, Dutch musician (b. 1946)
- July 17 – Katharine Graham, American publisher (b. 1917)
- July 21 – Sivaji Ganesan, Indian actor (b. 1928)
- July 25 – Phoolan Devi, Indian politician (b. 1963)
- July 22 – Maria Gorokhovskaya, Soviet gymnast (b. 1921)
- July 25 – Josef Klaus, 16th Chancellor of Austria (b. 1910)
- July 28 – Ahmed Sofa, Bengali writer (b. 1943)
- July 29 – Edward Gierek, Polish politician (b. 1913)
- July 31
- Poul Anderson, American author (b. 1926)
- Francisco da Costa Gomes, 15th President of Portugal (b. 1914)
August
Main article: Deaths in August 2001
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- August 4 – Lorenzo Music, American actor, writer, producer, and musician (b. 1937)
- August 6
- Larry Adler, American musician (b. 1914)
- Jorge Amado, Brazilian writer (b. 1912)
- Dương Văn Minh, 4th and final President of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (b. 1916)
- Wilhelm Mohnke, German general (b. 1911)
- August 11 – Carlos Hank González, Mexican politician (b. 1927)
- August 15 – Richard Chelimo, Kenyan athlete (b. 1972)
- August 19 – Donald Woods, South African journalist and anti-apartheid activist (b. 1933)
- August 20
- Fred Hoyle, British astronomer and writer (b. 1915)
- Kim Stanley, American actress (b. 1925)
- August 23 – Kathleen Freeman, American actress (b. 1919)
- August 24 – Jane Greer, American actress (b. 1924)
- August 25 – Aaliyah, American singer and actress (b. 1979) (see 2001 Marsh Harbour Cessna 402 crash)
- August 26 – Marita Petersen, 8th prime minister of Faroe Islands (b. 1940)
- August 27 – Abu Ali Mustafa, PFLP leader (b. 1938)
- August 30 – A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury, 9th president of Bangladesh (b. 1915)
September
Main article: Deaths in September 2001
- September 2
- Christiaan Barnard, South African cardiac surgeon (b. 1922)
- Troy Donahue, American actor (b. 1936)
- September 3
- Pauline Kael, American film critic (b. 1919)
- Thuy Trang, Vietnamese American actress (b. 1973)
- September 9 – Ahmad Shah Massoud, Afghan military commander (b. 1953)
- September 11 – 2,996 people (2,977 victims and 19 hijackers) who died in the September 11 attacks (see Casualties of the September 11 attacks)
- September 12 – Victor Wong, Chinese-American actor (b. 1927)
- September 14 – Dorothy McGuire, American actress (b. 1916)
- September 20 – Marcos Pérez Jiménez, 51st President of Venezuela (b. 1914)
- September 22 – Isaac Stern, Ukrainian violinist (b. 1920)
- September 29
- Gloria Foster, American actress (b. 1933)
- Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, 2nd President of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (b. 1923)
October
Main article: Deaths in October 2001
- October 5 – Mike Mansfield, American politician and diplomat (b. 1903)
- October 8 – Javed Iqbal, Pakistani serial killer (b. 1956)
- October 9 – Herbert Ross, American actor, choreographer, director, and producer (b. 1927)
- October 15 – Chang Hsueh-liang, Chinese military figure (b. 1901)
- October 17
- Micheline Ostermeyer, French athlete (b. 1922)
- Rehavam Ze'evi, Israeli general and politician (b. 1926) (see assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi)
- October 21 – Bertie Mee, English football player and coach (b. 1918)
- October 22 – Georgy Vitsin, Soviet and Russian actor (b. 1917)
- October 24 – Jaromil Jireš, Czechoslovak filmmaker (b. 1935)
- October 25 – Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary, Queen consort of Iran (b. 1932)
November
Main article: Deaths in November 2001.jpg)
- November
- Mohammed Atef, Al-Qaeda leader (b. 1944)
- Ravindra Kaushik, Indian spy (b. 1952)
- November 1 – Juan Bosch, President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1909)
- November 3 – Sir Ernst Gombrich, Austrian-born art historian (b. 1909)
- November 5 – Gholam Reza Azhari, 73rd prime minister of Iran (b. 1912)
- November 6 – Anthony Shaffer, English novelist and playwright (b. 1926)
- November 9 – Giovanni Leone, 37th Prime Minister of Italy and 6th President of Italy (b. 1908)
- November 10 – Ken Kesey, American author (b. 1935)
- November 12 – Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, American-born Hindu guru (b. 1927)
- November 14 – Juan Carlos Lorenzo, Argentine footballer and coach (b. 1922)
- November 24
- Sophie, Princess of Greece and Denmark (b. 1914)
- Melanie Thornton, American singer (b. 1967) (see Crossair Flight 3597)
- November 29 – George Harrison, English musician (b. 1943)
December
Main article: Deaths in December 2001
- December – Kira Ivanova, Soviet–Russian figure skater (b. 1963)
- December 5 – Sir Peter Blake, New Zealand yachtsman (b. 1948)
- December 8 – Betty Holberton, American computer scientist (b. 1917)
- December 10 – Ashok Kumar, Indian actor (b. 1911)
- December 12 – Josef Bican, Czech–Austrian footballer (b. 1913)
- December 13 – Rufus Thomas, American singer (b. 1917)
- December 18 – Gilbert Bécaud, French singer-songwriter (b. 1927)
- December 20 – Léopold Sédar Senghor, first president of Senegal (b. 1906)
- December 23 – Jelle Zijlstra, Dutch politician and economist, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1918)
- December 26 – Sir Nigel Hawthorne, British actor (b. 1929)
- December 31
- John Grigg, British writer (b. 1924)
- Eileen Heckart, American actress (b. 1919)
- Harshad Mehta, Indian stockbroker (b. 1954)
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Eric Allin Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl Wieman
- Chemistry – William Standish Knowles, Ryōji Noyori, and Karl Barry Sharpless
- Medicine – Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, and Paul Nurse
- Literature – V. S. Naipaul
- Peace – United Nations, Kofi Annan
- Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – George Akerlof, Michael Spence, and Joseph Stiglitz
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Further reading
- McGuinness, Phillipa (2018). The Year Everything Changed: 2001. Vintage Books. ISBN 9780143782421.
- "Review: The Year Everything Changed: 2001 by Phillipa McGuinness by Miriam Cosic, The Australian, June 9, 2018
