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2001 Linate Airport runway collision
Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 686 · Air Evex D-IEVX

A map of Linate Airport. The blue line marks the path of the MD-87. The green line marks the intended path of the Cessna, while the red line shows its actual one.
Accident
Date	8 October 2001; 23 years ago (2001-10-08)
Summary	Runway collision in poor visibility and inadequate taxiway signage
Site	Linate Airport, Milan, Italy 45°26′54″N 009°16′36″E / 45.44833°N 9.27667°E / 45.44833; 9.27667
Total fatalities	118
Total injuries	4
First aircraft
Lage Viking, the MD-87 involved, seen at Copenhagen Airport, in 2000
Type	McDonnell Douglas MD-87
Name	Lage Viking
Operator	Scandinavian Airlines System
IATA flight No.	SK686
ICAO flight No.	SAS686
Call sign	SCANDINAVIAN 686
Registration	SE-DMA
Flight origin	Linate Airport Milan, Italy
Destination	Copenhagen Airport Copenhagen, Denmark
Occupants	110
Passengers	104
Crew	6
Fatalities	110
Survivors	0
Second aircraft
A Cessna Citation CJ2 similar to the one involved
Type	Cessna Citation CJ2
Operator	Air Evex
Call sign	DELTA INDIA ECHO VICTOR X-RAY
Registration	D-IEVX
Flight origin	Linate Airport Milan, Italy
Destination	Le Bourget Airport Paris, France
Occupants	4
Passengers	2
Crew	2
Fatalities	4
Survivors	0
Ground casualties
Ground fatalities	4
Ground injuries	4

Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 686, a McDonnell Douglas MD-87 airliner carrying 110 people bound for Copenhagen, Denmark, collided on take-off with a Cessna Citation CJ2 business jet carrying four people bound for Paris, France, on 8 October 2001 at Linate Airport in Milan, Italy. All 114 people on both aircraft were killed, as well as four people on the ground.

The subsequent investigation determined that the collision was caused by several nonfunctioning and nonconforming safety systems, standards, and procedures at the airport. It remains the deadliest accident in Italian aviation history.

Aircraft and crew

The collision involved two airlines; SAS and Air Evex. The larger of the two aircraft was a McDonnell-Douglas MD-87. The cockpit crew consisted of Captain Joakim Gustafsson and First Officer Anders Hyllander, both aged 36. Gustafsson had been hired by SAS in 1990 and had more than 5,800 hours of flight time. He had logged approximately 230 hours in the MD-87. Hyllander was hired by the airline in 1997. At the time of the accident, he had more than 4,300 total flying hours. He was more experienced in the aircraft type than his captain, having logged 2,000 hours of flight time in the MD-87.

The second aircraft was a Cessna Citation 525-A. There were two German pilots aboard. The captain, 36-year-old Horst Königsmann, had approximately 5,000 total flight hours logged, of which roughly 2,400 were accumulated in the Citation. The first officer, 64-year-old Martin Schneider, had approximately 12,000 flight hours' experience, of which 2,000 hours were in the Citation. One of the passengers was Luca Fossati, chairman of Star – Stabilimento Alimentare S.p.A. and owner of the Citation.

Accident

The accident occurred in thick fog, with visibility reduced to less than 200 metres (660 ft). The Cessna Citation was instructed to taxi from the western apron along the northern taxiway (taxiway R5), and then via the northern apron to the main taxiway which runs parallel to Runway 36R, a route that would have kept it clear of 36R. Instead, the pilot taxied along the southern taxi route (taxiway R6), crossing Runway 36R towards the main taxiway which lay beyond it (see diagram).

At 08:09:28, the MD-87 was given clearance by a different controller to take off from Runway 36R. Fifty-three seconds later, the MD-87 aircraft, travelling at about 150 knots (280 km/h; 170 mph), collided with the Cessna. One of the four people in the Cessna was killed on impact; the remaining three initially survived the crash but died from burn injuries. The MD-87 lost its right engine; the pilot, Joakim Gustafsson, attempted to take off, reaching an altitude of approximately 12 metres (40 ft). The remaining engine lost some thrust due to debris ingestion, and the plane having lost the right landing gear, came down. Gustafsson applied thrust reverser and brakes and tried to guide the plane through its control surfaces. This was insufficient to halt the jet's momentum, and it crashed into a luggage hangar located near the runway's end, at a speed of approximately 136 knots (252 km/h; 157 mph). In the impact, all the MD-87's crew and passengers were killed. The crash and subsequent fire killed four Italian ground personnel in the hangar and injured four more.

Of the occupants of the MD-87, 54 (46%), mainly in the back of the aircraft, suffered severe burns; their bodies were identified using forensic dentistry or DNA records. Those in the front of the aircraft suffered severe blunt trauma. All of the occupants of the MD-87 were killed by impact, not fire.

Causes

The accident occurred less than a month after the September 11 attacks and the day after the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan began, but the Italian government was quick to rule out a terrorist attack as the cause. This was subsequently confirmed by the investigations that followed.

The accident was investigated by the National Agency for the Safety of Flight (ANSV). The ANSV's final report was published on 20 January 2004 and concluded that the "immediate cause" of the accident was the incursion of the Cessna aircraft onto the active runway. However, the ANSV stopped short of placing the blame entirely on the Cessna pilots, who had become lost in the fog. Their report identified deficiencies in the airport layout and procedures.

Linate Airport was operating without a functioning ground radar system at the time, despite having had a new system approved on 30 March 1995. The previous system had been decommissioned on 29 November 1999, but the replacement had not been fully installed. The new system came online a few months later. Guidance signs along the taxiways were obscured, or badly worn, and were later found not to meet regulations. After the pilots mistakenly turned onto the R6 taxiway that led to the runway, there were no signs by which they could recognize where they were. When they stopped at a taxiway stop-marking, and correctly reported its identifier, S4, the ground controller disregarded this identification because it was not on his maps and was unknown to him. Motion sensing runway incursion alarms were present, but had been deactivated to prevent false alarms from ground vehicles or animals. The ground controller's verbal directions used terminology to designate aprons, taxiways, and runways, which did not match their on-the-ground signage and labels. Lastly, neither pilot of the Cessna was certified for landings with visibility less than 500 metres (1,600 ft), but had landed at the airport an hour before the disaster with a visibility reported by air traffic control of 100 metres (330 ft).

Aftermath

On 16 April 2004, a Milan court found four people guilty for the disaster. Airport director Vincenzo Fusco and air-traffic controller Paolo Zacchetti were both sentenced to eight years in prison. Francesco Federico, former head of the airport, and Sandro Gualano, former head of the air traffic control agency, received sentences of six and a half years. The pardon law issued by the Italian Parliament on 29 July 2006 reduced all convictions by three years. On 7 July 2006, Fusco and Federico were acquitted by the Milan Appeals Court. The controller Zacchetti's sentence was reduced to three years. In addition three more people were sentenced for multiple manslaughter and negligent disaster: former ENAV director general Fabio Marzocca to four years and four months, and former SEA airports agency officials Antonio Cavanna and Lorenzo Grecchi each to three years and three months. On 20 February 2008 the Supreme Court of Cassation upheld the acquittal of Fusco and Federico and confirmed five convictions. (Initially, in late 2002, eleven officials and functionaries had been charged with manslaughter).

The initial eight-year sentence for Zacchetti prompted outrage among air traffic controllers. His sentence has been questioned in aviation safety law commentary.

Victims

Victims of the crash included nationals of nine different countries. Most of the victims were Italian and Scandinavian.

Four memorial services were held in honour of the SAS MD-87 victims. On 12 October, three separate ceremonies were held, with one in Denmark, one in Norway, and one in Sweden. On 13 October, a fourth ceremony was held in Italy.

In March 2002, a forest containing 118 beech trees called Beech Forest (Italian: Bosco dei Faggi) was inaugurated as a memorial to the victims in the Forlanini Park near the airport. A sculpture by the Swedish artist Christer Bording donated by SAS, called Infinity Pain, was placed in the centre of the forest.

The disaster devastated the Swedish go-kart community as some of the country's most promising young drivers were on the flight after attending an event in Parma. After the disaster, the Swedish national motorsports club started a memorial fund together with some of the relatives. The fund awards annual stipends to promising Swedish youth in go-kart.

Dramatization

In 2012 the accident was featured on the 11th season of the Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series Mayday, in an episode entitled "The Invisible Plane". The episode featured interviews with accident investigators, and a dramatization of the crash and investigation.

See also

• List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
• Tenerife airport disaster, Madrid runway disaster, 1983 Anchorage runway collision, 1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision — other runway incursions that occurred in fog

References

1. ^ "Accident Boeing MD-87 SE-DMA Cessna 525-A D-IEVX Milano Linate airport October 8, 2001" (PDF). National Agency for the Safety of Flight. 20 January 2004. A-1-04. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
2. "ANSV final report, appendix I" (PDF). ANSV. 20 January 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
3. "114 die when jet hits plane, then rams building in Milan". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA). Associated Press. 8 October 2001. p. A2.
4. ^ "Planes collide on Italian runway; 114 are killed". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon, USA). Associated Press. 9 October 2001. p. 10A.
5. "Wrong turn by Cessna likely caused Italy crash". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA). Associated Press. 9 October 2001. p. A4.
6. Henneberger, Melinda (9 October 2001). "Small Plane Collides With Jet on Milan Runway; 118 Die". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
7. Boudreaux, Richard (10 October 2001). "Italy Probe Points to Cessna Pilot". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
8. ^ Schmitt, Aurore; Cunha, Eugenia; Pinheiro, João (9 November 2007). Forensic Anthropology and Medicine: Complementary Sciences From Recovery to Cause of Death. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 440. ISBN 978-1-59745-099-7.
9. "Jets collide on Milan runway; 118 killed". USA Today. Associated Press. 8 October 2001. Archived from the original on 7 November 2001.
10. "Scores die in runway blaze". BBC News. 8 October 2001. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
11. "Broken radar was factor in Italian crash". BBC News. 9 October 2001. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
12. "SAS backs Linate over safety". CNN. 9 October 2001. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
13. "Final accident report". National Agency for the Safety of Flight. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
14. Italian Report on the disaster (in Italian).
15. "Motivi Della Decisione" [Reasons for the Decision] (DOC) (in Italian). Retrieved 28 December 2023.
16. Landucci, Roberto (20 February 2008). "Court upholds 5 convictions in Italian air crash". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021.
17. "Air Controllers Facing Charges in Milan Crash That Killed 118". The New York Times. 28 December 2002. p. A9. ISSN 0362-4331.
18. "ATC body blasts Linate verdicts". FlightGlobal. 27 April 2004.
19. Pellegrino, Francesca (9 September 2019). "4.1.1: Just Culture vs Blame Culture in Aviation - the Linate Disaster"". The Just Culture Principles in Aviation Law: Towards a Safety-Oriented Approach. Legal Studies in International, European and Comparative Criminal Law. Vol. 3. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 86–88. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23178-1. ISBN 978-3-030-23177-4. S2CID 203112177.
20. ^ "British plane crash victims named". BBC News. 10 October 2001. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
21. "Passenger and Crew List Scandinavian Airlines Flight SK 686" (PDF) (Press release). Scandinavian Airlines. 8 October 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
22. "SK686 Update: Nationality Distribution" (PDF) (Press release). Scandinavian Airlines. 10 October 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
23. "Memorial Service for the Causalities in Milan" (PDF) (Press release). Scandinavian Airlines. 11 October 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
24. "Comitato 8 Ottobre per non dimenticare". www.comitato8ottobre.com (in Italian). 14 February 2008. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
25. "Välkommen till Anecto Racing Minnesfond" [Welcome to the Anecto Racing Memorial Fund]. Anecto Racing (in Swedish). Anecto Racing Memorial fund. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
26. "The Invisible Plane". Mayday. Season 11. 2012. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel.

• ANSV final report: "Accident Boeing MD-87 SE-DMA Cessna 525-A D-IEVX Milano Linate airport October 8, 2001" (PDF). National Agency for the Safety of Flight. 20 January 2004. A-1-04. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

External links

National Agency for the Safety of Flight

• Milano Linate, ground collision between Boeing MD-87, registration SE-DMA and Cessna 525-A, registration D-IEVX (Archive)
  • Final report Archived 23 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Archive)
• Milano Linate, collisione a terra tra Boeing MD-87, marche SE-DMA e Cessna 525-A, marche D-IEVX (Archive) (in Italian) – the Italian version is the report of record.
  • Final report (Archive) (in Italian)
• CVR Transcript (Archive)

Scandinavian Airlines

• Regarding Scandinavian Airlines flight SK 686 (1)
• Regarding Scandinavian Airlines flight SK 686 (2)
• Statement on Accident SK 686 Routed Milan – Copenhagen (3)
• Information about SK 686 Milan – Copenhagen Accident (4)
• Passenger and Crew List Scandinavian Airlines Flight SK 686 (5)
• Press Conference regarding flight SK 686 (6)
• Information about SK 686 Milan – Copenhagen Accident (7)
• SK686 Update: Nationality Distribution (8)
• Memorial Service for the casualties in Milan (9)

Other

• Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript and accident summary
• Accident description for Scandinavian Airlines Flight 686 at the Aviation Safety Network
• Accident description for Cessna 525A at the Aviation Safety Network
• Looking back at Linate Archived 20 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
• Analyst of incident and review of the ANSV Final Report by a commercial aircraft pilot and training captain on YouTube

• Aviation
• Italy
• Denmark
• Norway
• Sweden

• 2001 disasters in Italy
• Airliner accidents and incidents involving ground collisions
• Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
• Airliner accidents and incidents involving fog
• Aviation accidents and incidents in 2001
• Aviation accidents and incidents in Italy
• History of the Italian Republic
• Runway incursions
• Scandinavian Airlines accidents and incidents
• Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas MD-87
• Accidents and incidents involving the Cessna Citation family
• Aviation accidents and incidents caused by air traffic controller error
• Disasters in Milan
• 2000s in Milan
• October 2001 events in Europe
• Man-made disasters in Italy