Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 03:57, 25 November 2023

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Al-Shifa Hospital, the largest medical complex in Gaza, was sieged in mid-November 2023 during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. On November 11, the hospital was completely encircled, cutting it off from the rest of Gaza City. On that date, Gazan health officials stated that 1,500 patients, along with 1,500 medical workers and some 15,000 displaced people were stranded in the hospital. On November 18, the WHO stated there were 25 health workers and 291 patients remaining. They also stated the IDF had "issued evacuation orders to the remaining 2,500 internally displaced people who had been seeking refuge on the hospital grounds." Israel and the United States stated their intelligence indicated the hospital was being used for military purposes by Hamas, a claim that both the hospital's administration and Hamas denied.

On 15 November, Israeli forces entered the hospital, with the Israeli military claiming it had discovered a Hamas command centre and weapons cache inside. On 16 November, the IDF said it had recovered the body of a hostage from a structure near the hospital. On 17 November, Israel said they had uncovered a tunnel entrance, and showed to reporters a shaft, with electrical wiring and a metal ladder, leading into the earth. The IDF also said they found another body of a hostage in a building nearby. The evidence provided was considered by the Guardian to fall short of the claims made earlier that the hospital had been a headquarters of Hamas. A BBC analysis found that the IDF had edited the video showing the arms found in the hospital, while NBC News said that Israel released several pieces of inaccurate or disputed information regarding the use of hospitals as military bases, which weakened Israel's credibility. According to Al Jazeera, Israel was accused of fabricating evidence.

The raid on the hospital and the IDF's limited findings of military infrastructure led to international criticism. On 16 November, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk called for an independent investigation, stating "This is precisely where you need an independent international investigation, because we have different narratives, you cannot use ... hospitals, for any military purposes. But you also cannot attack a hospital in the absence of clear evidence." International law prohibits the targeting of hospitals unless used for a military purpose that is "harmful to the enemy", as well as the use of human shields for combatants; both constitute war crimes.

On 19 November, the IDF took a group of CNN reporters to visit the discovered tunnel shaft, promising "concrete evidence" of a command and control hub. They were shown a spiral staircase leading down into a concrete tunnel. The IDF said the tunnel shaft extends downwards approximately 10 meters and the tunnel runs for 55 meters before ending at a metal door with a small window, which they believe could be booby-trapped by Hamas. They concluded that this evidence of a significant tunnel was the most compelling so far that there may be a network of tunnels below the hospital, although this does not yet prove that there is also a command and control center there. Hamas and Gaza health officials deny that there is a tunnel network beneath the hospital. On 22 November, the IDF published video showing multiple tunnels below the hospital. The IDF published surveillance footage taken by the hospital's cameras, appearing to show what the IDF said were two hostages being taken into the hospital. Israel has been accused of waging a propaganda war to detract from accusations that its actions at al-Shifa constitute violations of international law, and medical staff at al-Shifa have accused Israel of directly causing the deaths of civilians being treated at al-Shifa, including prematurely born babies. The head of the World Health Organization called the Israeli raid on the hospital "totally unacceptable".

Background

Since 2007, the Gaza Strip has been under blockade by Israel and Egypt. On 7 October 2023, Hamas attacked Israel, killing hundreds of civilians in Israeli kibbutzim and towns. Israel conducted a counterattack, killing 11,000 Palestinians. Israel also imposed a total blockade on Gaza, invaded the Gaza Strip on 27 October, and Gaza City was surrounded on 2 November.

Al-Shifa is the largest hospital in the Gaza Strip; it was originally a British army barracks but was converted into a hospital in 1946.

Hamas's presence in the hospital during the 2014 Gaza War is disputed. Israel has claimed that the hospital was a Hamas control and command center, and the Washington Post reported it had "become a de facto headquarters for Hamas leaders, who can be seen in the hallways and offices." By contrast, doctors Erik Fosse and Mads Gilbert, who were working at the hospital, stated that they did not see any evidence of military activity at the hospital during the war. Professor Sara Roy stated that military use of the hospital was "highly improbable". Amnesty International reported in 2015 that Hamas had used abandoned areas of the hospital to "detain, interrogate, torture and otherwise ill-treat suspects" while the hospital was operational.

The IDF had ordered all civilians in the region to evacuate on 13 October. The IDF reported that Hamas was preventing the evacuation of civilians from the area and particularly from Al Shifa hospital, with the IDF claiming Hamas was using civilians as human shields.

The IDF again requested all civilians in Northern Gaza and specifically Al-Shifa hospital to evacuate on 9 November. Thousands of displaced civilians were sheltering in the hospital at the time of the attacks on 11 November.

Legal status

Under the laws of war, hospitals normally enjoy protected status, making it forbidden to turn them into a conflict zone. However, that status is lost if there is evidence that the hospital is being used to make an "effective contribution to military action"; examples provided by Israel in its 2006 Rules of Warfare manual where a protected civilian structure loses its status include an anti-aircraft battery on the roof of a school, or a sniper in a mosque. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), this rule "has few exceptions". The exceptions include "carrying or using of individual light weapon in self-defense or defense of wounded and sick; armed guarding of a medical facility; or the presence in a medical facility of sick or wounded combatants no longer taking part in hostilities", which do not negate protected status as a medical facility.

According to Israel and the United States, conclusive evidence exists that Hamas used the building for military purposes; Hamas denies this. According to the ICRC, if there is doubt about whether a hospital is being used for military purposes, it should be presumed not to be being used militarily.

It does not negate protected status if a hospital has "small arms and ammunition taken from the wounded and sick and not yet handed to the proper service", and there is also a narrow exception for the use of small firearms by medical facilities in war zones if "they use the arms in their own defence, or in that of the wounded and sick in their charge".

Strict rules that limit how force can be used still apply; civilians must be given the chance to evacuate, and civilians who remain in the building are still protected and cannot be targeted directly. Prior to the raid, Israel called for the evacuation of the hospital, but on 13 November doctors refused to do so, saying that they had to remain in order to tend to over 700 at risk patients. According to Hamas, civilians were unable to evacuate due to sniper fire and drone attacks.

Initial clashes and siege

On 3 November, an Israeli airstrike targeted an ambulance convoy leaving the hospital. The attack killed 15 and wounded 60. Israel claimed that Hamas was using the ambulances. Neither the Washington Post nor the Human Rights Watch found anything to evidence the Israeli claims. The Palestine Red Crescent Society (PRCS) stated that Israel had targeted Al-Shifa ambulances 7 times prior and had killed 4 of their personnel. On 6 November, Israeli forces struck and destroyed the solar panels atop the hospital, leaving it fully reliant on back-up generators powered by rapidly dwindling fuel supplies.

On 10 November, at least four strikes hit various areas of the hospital with various projectiles. Israel claimed that at least one projectile was a misfired militant rocket, but did not elaborate further. The Gaza Health Ministry (GHM) claimed that there were at least 5 strikes damaging parts of the hospital complex,- two, at 2 and 8 am., hitting the maternity ward located on the upper floors,- stating that 14 people had been killed. Later a Palestinian doctor stated that 7 people had died following the strikes. On the same day, it was reported that Israeli forces were at the gates of the hospital.According to a follow-up investigation commissioned by the New York Times from experts who examined videos and remnants of the munitions, three of the projectiles fired at the hospital were Israeli.

On 11 November, the GHM claimed that an evacuation was underway. It claimed that 50,000–60,000 people were sheltering in the hospital before, and that fewer than 3,000 people remained. Later that day, the PRCS claimed that Israeli tanks were 20 meters away from the hospital. Doctors Without Borders (DWB) and the World Health Organization (WHO) claimed that Israeli troops were shooting at those trying to exit the hospital, which Israel denied. Israel claimed that they were letting people leave the hospital, which DWB denied. By this time, Al-Shifa ran out of fuel and had suspended some operations. As a result, 2 babies in incubators and two other patients died. The hospital director said that the hospital had electricity until the morning of 12 November, meaning that 37 babies in incubators are at risk of dying. The GHM claimed that 100 bodies would be buried in a mass grave inside the hospital.

In a series of comments with Al Jazeera, Muhammad Abu Salmiya, the director of the hospital, said that the hospital was cut off from the rest of the city, trapping a reported 15,000 people inside. He also added that "patients were dying by the minute, victims and wounded were also dying, even babies in incubators."

The Israeli military denies the siege of Al-Shifa after one of the senior Israeli military officials issued a statement. The official stated that there wasn't any shooting or siege, and that the east side remained open.

On 12 November, the WHO lost contact with the hospital. The hospital director said that premature babies were in a 'precarious situation' and that they were transferred to an 'unhealthy location'. At this time, power was completely cut off in the hospital. Minister of Health Mai Al-Kalia stated that over 100 bodies were buried in the graveyard, however the medical teams were unable to make a mass grave in the courtyard due to the 'seriousness of the field situation.' She also added that 39 babies were at risk of death and that one baby died that morning due to lack of fuel. Doctors in Al-Shifa Hospital reported snipers at the outskirts of the complex were firing at "any moving person".

Hamas officials had reported to Agence France-Presse that the cardiac ward was struck by Israeli air strikes, which was confirmed by witnesses but not by AFP.

On 12 November, Israel attempted to provide 300 litres of fuel to the hospital, which they claim was blocked by Hamas. In response, a spokesperson for the health ministry stated that Al-Shifa needed 8000-12000 litres of fuel to run for a day, and that 300 litres would keep the hospital running for half an hour. Additionally, hospital staff noted there was no way to receive this fuel, as no ambulances were arriving at Al-Shifa and risk getting caught in crossfire, urging that the only way to safely access the fuel was with a pause in fighting.

On 13 November, about 50 people tried to evacuate from the hospital, but they said that Israeli forces fired at them, wounding one man.

15 November raid

Just after midnight on 15 November, Israeli forces informed officials that they would shortly be raiding the hospital. Hospital staff reported sounds of clashes from outside the grounds, and Israel reported killing several Hamas militants outside of the grounds.

Following the raid, Israel stated that they had delivered supplies to the hospital, including battery-powered incubators, medical supplies and baby food. Reuters verified that a photo of boxes labelled as medical supplies and baby food was taken inside the hospital. Israel also reported finding weapons and other "terror infrastructure" within the hospital; "concrete evidence", they said, of Hamas using the hospital as a "terror headquarter". According to the BBC, an Israeli official said that Israel had found weapons and terror infrastructure but did not immediately provide evidence.

According to a journalist inside the hospital, Israel was interrogating people within the hospital on Wednesday morning, including doctors and patients. According to a witness, Israeli forces fired a smoke bomb into the hospital that "caused people to suffocate", while a spokesperson for the Gaza Health Ministry said "The occupation army is now in the basement and searching the basement. They are inside the complex, shooting and carrying out bombings." Dr. Munir al-Bursh, the general director of Gaza hospitals, told Al Jazeera, "Patients, women and children are terrified."

Evacuation

On 19 November, the World Health Organization evacuated 31 premature babies while more than 250 critically ill or wounded patients remain trapped at the hospital. Doctors Without Borders said Israeli forces had on 18 November fired "deliberately" on a clearly marked convoy carrying 140 of the organization's employees and family members. More than 2,500 people also evacuated.

Alleged military use

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

There have been allegations that Hamas has been using the Al-Shifa Hospital for military purposes. Izzat al-Risheq, a Hamas official, denied allegations that the group was using Shifa Hospital as a shield for its underground military structures, saying there was no truth to the claims.

On 14 November 2023, the U.S. National Security Council spokesperson, John Kirby, said that the United States had its own intelligence sources indicating that Al Shifa hospital was being used by Hamas to run military operations and store weapons, which constitutes a war crime. The intelligence included communication intercepts of Hamas fighters inside the hospital complex.

Al-Shifa staff had appealed to the international community to send international delegations to the hospital to see that no military actions were taking place in the hospital.

The IDF released photos showing "Military uniforms, 11 guns, three military vests, one with a Hamas logo, nine grenades, two Qurans, a string of prayer beads, a box of dates." Former US State Department legal advisor Brian Finucane, said "These arms by themselves hardly seem to justify the military fixation on al-Shifa, even setting the law aside".

Following the release of the Israeli photos, Al Jazeera senior political analyst Marwan Bishara was skeptical, since Hamas left the guns and nothing else. Bishara added that Israel doesn't have any evidence that justifies "the genocide that they've carried out against Gaza and the bombings of the hospitals and other facilities and for the collective punishments."

Mouin Rabbani, a Middle East analyst, stated to Al Jazeera, "Israeli forces have invaded Shifa Hospital and been inside it for 12 full hours – having refused any independent party to accompany them – and now we're supposed to believe that there were Hamas militants in there being pursued by the Israeli military but they somehow left their weapons behind?"

Israeli forces continued to search the facility for a second day, unearthing what they described as a tunnel entrance on the perimeter of the hospital complex, although they have yet to enter due to fear of booby traps and it may be days before they do so. New York Times journalists visited the site and verified that a concrete shaft descending into the earth existed, and that electrical wiring and a ladder was visible, although they were not able to determine how deep the shaft was or where it lead. The military said the search would take time. Investigative journalist Jeremy Scahill stated that the "Israelis have a multidecade track record of lying, of promoting false information, releasing doctored videos". He then claimed regarding the evidence that he had seen more guns in the homes of Americans than in this purported Hamas Pentagon under al-Shifa Hospital. Netanyahu stated in an interview with CBS that the Israeli government had "strong indications" that hostages were in al-Shifa, which was one of the reasons they entered the hospital, adding that "I think the less I say about it, the better." On 16 November, the IDF reported that the body of Yehudit Weiss, a 65-year old woman who was captured from Be'eri kibbutz, had been located in a structure nearby to the hospital. On 17 November, the IDF had discovered the body of 19-year-old Cpl Noa Marciano in a building next to the hospital.

Jeremy Bowen, BBC News' international editor, noted that there is no independent scrutiny inside the hospital, since journalists are working under the aegis of the Israeli military. He also stated that the evidence that was produced wasn't convincing enough to prove that "this was a nerve centre for the Hamas operation". On 17 November 2023, journalists for The Independent claimed that "Israel has not presented evidence that shows a large-scale headquarters under the hospital". CNN analysis suggested Israel had rearranged the weaponry before allowing press into the hospital.

On 19 November the IDF released footage down the tunnel shaft of what it claimed to be a Hamas tunnel network. The footage showed a tunnel shaft, which contains a winding staircase approximately three meters deep and it continues for seven meters down until it reaches part of a tunnel network. The tunnel continues for five meters before turning right and continuing for another 50 meters. At the end, there is a blast door and what the IDF says is a gunhole. Mounir El Barsh, the Gaza health ministry director, stated the Israeli tunnel statement was a "pure lie" and that the IDF had already been on the al-Shifa complex for eight days. Later that day, the IDF also published surveillance footage taken by the hospital's cameras, showing a group of men forcibly bringing two hostages into the hospital. The hostages were identified as two foreign hostages captured during the 7 October attack. Hamas didn't respond, but in the past they claimed to have taken hostages to hospitals for treatment.

On the same day, CNN visited the tunnel shaft and confirmed that a tunnel existed near the hospital, describing a substantial shaft descending 10 metres into earth that included a central column that looked like a hub for a spiral staircase; according to a video shown by the IDF, deeper in the shaft such a spiral staircase did exist. Both Hamas and health officials had denied that a tunnel network existed beneath the hospital. After inspecting the tunnel network, Haaretz reported that "The question of whether Al-Shifa's managers knew about the tunnels, the munitions and the military headquarters is answered the moment you go down into the tunnel with the IDF – one stretch is 170 meters long. There is no way the hospital administrators didn't know what was happening…The tunnels lead to well-lit, air-conditioned rooms that contain tables and beds. It's not clear if these rooms were prepared to receive hostages, but there is no doubt they were used by Hamas company, battalion and brigade commanders, and that fighting was directed from there in recent rounds, if not in the current war as well."

On 20 November, former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, referring to Israeli built bunkers from decades ago, told CNN "It's already known for many years that they have the bunkers that originally built by Israeli constructors underneath Shifa were used as a command post of Hamas. And, a kind of junction of several tunnels are part of this system." According to Israeli officials, Hamas subsequently dug out the original basement, later adding new floors and connecting it as a hub within their existing tunnel system.

Impact and casualties

The situation at al-Shifa Hospital is part of a serious healthcare crisis in Gaza. The hospital is rapidly running out of electricity, food and medical supplies. The last generator ran out of fuel, killing three premature babies and four other patients. By November 19, the hospital had no antibiotics or painkillers to treat its patients.

By 12 November, two critically ill patients in the ICU had died because of a lack of electricity and oxygen.

According to a doctor at the hospital quoted in a 15 November BBC article, six premature infants had died, as had a critically ill adult burn victim. The doctor attributes these deaths to a lack of fuel for incubators, oxygen, and other essential medical equipment. Another doctor at the hospital, Dr. Ahmed Mokhallalati, said that 43 of the hospital's 63 intensive care patients had died because the intensive care unit ran out of oxygen.

The blockade has resulted in a humanitarian disaster, with numerous Palestinians seeking refuge in medical facilities. The toll on civilians, particularly children, has been extensive, with almost half of Gaza's hospitals shutting down due to acute fuel scarcity. The hospital has had to provide makeshift housing, and the absence of clean water and sanitation services is exacerbating the transmission of infectious diseases.

Amidst the siege, Hamas suspended hostage negotiations due to Israel's takeover of al-Shifa Hospital and heavy fire as Israeli forces approached the facility.

Gaza officials said an airstrike destroyed the hospital's cardiac ward, while a power cut shut down the neonatal unit's incubators where around 40 children were hosted and ventilators for others receiving urgent care.

On 19 November, the 31 remaining premature babies receiving care at al-Shifa Hospital were transferred to Emirati Hospital in Rafah, escorted by the Palestinian Red Crescent and other health organizations. 28 of the babies were evacuated to Egypt on 20 November.

Israeli media campaign

Israel has conducted a public-relations campaign to justify its siege of al-Shifa. On 11 November, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs tweeted a video purportedly of a nurse at al-Shifa in which she backs up Israeli claims of Hamas usage of the hospital. The Nation described the campaign as propaganda, and stated that the video was widely mocked, with many Arabs questioning its authenticity, and the ministry deleting the tweet in a day. The Daily Beast, remarking on the video, said "Everything about it smacked of high school theater—from the botched accent that sounded like it was straight out of an Israeli soap opera to the perfectly scripted IDF talking points rolling off her tongue." France 24 found the video to likely be staged. Subsequently, France 24, citing three experts, found the Israeli-released footage of tunnels beneath Shifa hospital "do indicate that these tunnels have all the characteristics of tunnels that belong to the Hamas terrorist group." Some experts have said that questionable evidence such as claiming an Arabic calendar was a Hamas shift schedule, and displaying curtains as evidence that hostage videos were filmedl has weakened Israel's credibility, with H. A. Hellyer stating “The irony is they might find something and nobody is going to believe them, at this point their credibility is shot." Adding "We don’t take seriously what a terror group says, but we do take seriously what an army says, especially one that’s an ally of ours,” he said. “So we naturally hold it to a higher standard.”

Reactions

Government

China has described the struggling hospital as a manifestation of the humanitarian crisis in Gaza. The Palestinian Minister of Health, Mai al-Kaila, described Israeli actions as a "crime against humanity." Israel disputes this, claiming it does all it can to protect civilian life, claiming that it is Hamas that puts civilians in harms way by blocking their evacuation from combat zones. US President Joe Biden stated Gaza's hospitals "must be protected." Biden accused Hamas of committing a war crime by allegedly having its headquarters under al-Shifa Hospital, with The Nation noting that Biden appeared "unfazed by the flimsiness" of Israel's "ludicruous propaganda".

Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau stated, "Even wars have rules... I urge the government of Israel to exercise maximum restraint... The world is witnessing this, the killing of women and children, of babies. This has to stop." Ayman Safadi, the Jordanian Minister of Foreign Affairs, condemned the attack, stating, it was a "violation of international humanitarian law, especially the 1949 Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War." Qatari foreign minister, Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, stated the siege was a "war crime and a blatant violation of international laws." The Saudi Arabian foreign ministry stated it "strongly condemns the Israeli occupation forces' storming of al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza."

Academics

H. A. Hellyer, a fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, stated a huge trust deficit remained regarding Israeli intelligence, and that Israeli claims should not be taken at "face value." Sultan Barakat, a professor at Hamad Bin Khalifa University in Qatar, stated US and Israeli information on Gaza was not reliable. Osamah Khalil, a professor at Syracuse University in New York, deemed it improbable that Hamas would have a base at Al-Shifa, as the hospital was one of the busiest places in Gaza.

Media

Antony Loewenstein noted Israel has a long history of "deliberately targeting medical facilities in the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza," and that IDF claims about military facilities needed to be "treated with deep scepticism." Palestinian analyst Thabet Al-Amour stated, "This is madness, absolute madness… It's a hospital." Al Jazeera journalist Hamdah Salhut stated Israel had not shown "solid proof, or evidence" to back up their claims.Major-General Giora Eiland, former head of the Israeli National Security Council, stated that targeting the hospital was tactical,- aiming to control the narrative about Hamas rather than serving a strategic purpose.

Organizations

The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that Al-Shifa Hospital is without electricity, putting patients, including children, at risk of death. WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said on social media that al-Shifa had been without water for three days and was "no longer functioning as a hospital". Doctors Without Borders reported that an ambulance and the patients inside were attacked near the hospital. A spokesman for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement stated, "I cannot even imagine … the panic among the patients, the panic among doctors and nurses. What they're through is really something that is unbelievable."

A group of Israeli doctors, known as Doctors for the Rights of Israeli Soldiers, has signed a statement advocating the bombing of Al-Shifa hospital. The statement was publicly signed by dozens of Israeli doctors and was widely shared on various social media platforms. The doctors claimed that it was Israel's "legitimate right" to bomb al-Shifa hospital because it served as a base for "Palestinian armed groups". Alice Rothchild, the director of Jewish Voice for Peace, stated noted Israel's lack of hard evidence of military operations at al-Shifa, stating, "Israeli sources have a long history of not being very accurate."

See also

• Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
• Attacks on health facilities during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war

References

1. Fuller, Thomas; Boxerman, Aaron; Browne, Malachy; Collier, Neil (10 November 2023). "Gaza City Hospitals Are Caught in Deadly Crossfire". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
2. Vega, Luis de (11 November 2023). "Crisis in Gaza's largest hospital: 'We need to evacuate now, but they shoot everyone who tries to escape'". EL PAÍS English.
3. Sanz, Juan Carlos (15 November 2023). "Siege by Israeli army forces excavation of mass grave in Gaza's main hospital". EL PAÍS English.
4. England, Andrew; Chazan, Guy; Seleh, Heba; Srivastava, Mehul; Khaled, Mai (15 November 2023). "Israeli military raids Gaza's largest hospital in climax of siege". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
5. https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-raids-gazas-al-shifa-hospital
6. "Israeli army withdraws from Gaza hospital after truce: Hamas ministry =24 November 2023". Economic times.
7. "Hospitals have special protection under the rules of war. Why are they in the crosshairs in Gaza?". AP News. 11 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
8. "WHO leads very high-risk joint humanitarian mission to Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza". www.who.int. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
9. ^ Abu Azzoum, Tareq. "Israeli military preparing to storm al-Shifa Hospital". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
10. ^ "Israel says Hamas is using Gaza's biggest hospital for cover. Hundreds of people are trapped inside". AP News. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
11. ^ Hunnicutt, Trevor (14 November 2023). "White House says it has evidence Hamas using Al Shifa hospital to run military actions". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023.
12. Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (15 November 2023). "Hamas command centre, weapons found at Gaza hospital, Israeli military says". Reuters. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
13. Michaelis, Tamar (16 November 2023). "Body of Israeli hostage found near Al-Shifa hospital, IDF says". CNN. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
14. ^ Pan, Philip P.; Kingsley, Patrick (17 November 2023). "Israel-Hamas War: Israeli Army Takes Journalists on Controlled Visit to Gaza Hospital". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
15. ^ "Israel finds second hostage body near Al-Shifa hospital". 17 November 2023 – via www.bbc.com.
16. Julian Borger, IDF evidence so far falls well short of al-Shifa hospital being Hamas HQ,' The Guardian 17 November 2023
17. "Information missteps have led to questions about Israel's credibility". NBC News. 18 November 2023.
18. "WATCH: Information warfare – Israel accused of fabricating evidence". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
19. Srivastava, Mehul; Schwartz, Felicia. "Israeli forces advance in Gaza City as Benjamin Netanyahu resists ceasefire calls". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
20. Raine, Andrew (15 November 2023). "Israel launches military operation inside Gaza's Al-Shifa Hospital". CNN.
21. "Biden Backs Israel's Hospital Raid, Hopeful on Hostage Release". 16 November 2023 – via www.bloomberg.com.
22. Wintour, Patrick; editor, Patrick Wintour Diplomatic (15 November 2023). "Israel faces wave of international condemnation over hospital raid" – via The Guardian. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
23. Shortell, Andrew Carey, David (17 November 2023). "UN High Commissioner for Human Rights calls for independent investigation into Al-Shifa hospitals claims". CNN.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
24. Taub, Amanda (16 November 2023). "How International Law Views Military Action at a Hospital" – via NYTimes.com.
25. ^ Liebermann, Oren (20 November 2023). "CNN visited the exposed tunnel shaft near Al-Shifa hospital. Here's what we saw". CNN. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
26. Kraus, Alyssa (17 November 2023). "What we know about what Israel says it has found at Al-Shifa". CNN. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
27. "The Hamas tunnels under Shifa Hospital, according to Israel". Reuters. 22 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
28. ^ "Hamas terrorists took hostages into Gaza hospital, Shifa cameras prove". Jerusalem Post. 19 November 2023.
29. ^ Williams, Dan (20 November 2023). "Israel says soldier executed, foreign hostages held at Gaza's Shifa hospital". Reuters. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
30. Sabbagh, Dan (20 November 2023). "Israeli army says footage shows foreign hostages inside Gaza's al-Shifa hospital" – via The Guardian.
31. Scahill, Jeremy (21 November 2023). "Al-Shifa Hospital, Hamas's Tunnels, and Israeli Propaganda". The Intercept. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
32. Sinmaz, Emine; Burke, Jason (15 November 2023). "Israeli soldiers raid al-Shifa hospital in escalation of Gaza offensive". the Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
33. ^ McKernan, Bethan; Holmes, Oliver; Borger, Julian (14 November 2023). "Palestinians digging mass graves inside al-Shifa hospital, health official says". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
34. Kingsley, Patrick; Abuheweila, Iyad (16 November 2023). "Israel Seizes Gaza Hospital That Became Symbol of the War Itself". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
35. Federman, Josef; Adwan, Issam. "Hamas surprise attack out of Gaza stuns Israel and leaves hundreds dead in fighting, retaliation". abcnews.go.com. ABC News. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
36. ^ El-Haddad, Laila (December 2006). "Hammat al-Sammara/Hammam es-Samara/Sammara Public Baths". This Week in Palestine. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
37. "Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
38. "Israel pummels Gaza with strikes as it expands ground operations". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
39. "IDF chief: Israeli forces have Gaza city surrounded". jpost.com. Jerusalem Post. 2 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
40. Writer, Nick Mordowanec Staff (15 November 2023). "Fact check: Did Israel build bunker under Shifa Hospital?". Newsweek. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
41. ^ Carey, Andrew; John, Tara; Flower, Kevin (3 November 2023). "Israel admits airstrike on ambulance near hospital that witnesses say killed and wounded dozens". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
42. Taylor, Adam (16 November 2023). "Al-Shifa Hospital raid serves as potent symbol in Israel-Gaza war". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 November 2023. During another period of fighting in 2014, a Post reporter wrote that the hospital had become a "de facto headquarters for Hamas leaders, who can be seen in the hallways and offices."
43. Booth, William (15 July 2014). "While Israel held its fire, the militant group Hamas did not". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
44. Harriet Sherwood (23 June 2015). "Doctor Mads Gilbert on working under siege in Gaza's Shifa hospital: 'My camera is my Kalashnikov'". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2023. I have never seen any activities in the Shifa that would violate the Geneva conventions. But I didn't explore every corner of the large hospital compound. If I saw anything inside the Shifa that in my opinion violated the Geneva conventions and, should I say, the 'holiness' of a hospital, I would have left
45. ^ Norman Finkelstein. Gaza: An Inquest into Its Martyrdom. University of California Press. p. 248-249.
46. ^ Loveluck, Louisa; Kelly, Meg (15 November 2023). "How Israel built its case to raid Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
47. "'Strangling Necks'" (PDF). Amnesty International. 1 May 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2023. Hamas forces used the abandoned areas of al-Shifa hospital in Gaza City, including the outpatients' clinic area, to detain, interrogate, torture and otherwise ill-treat suspects, even as other parts of the hospital continued to function as a medical centre.
48. Magramo, Kathleen; Renton, Adam; Edwards, Christian; Upright, Ed; Sangal, Aditi; Ebrahimji, Alisha; Hammond, Elise; Iyer, Kaanita; Sottile, Zoe; B. Powell, Tori (13 October 2023). "Israel orders 1.1 million people to evacuate northern Gaza. Here's what to know". CNN. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
49. "Is Hamas hiding in Gaza's main hospital? Israel's claim is now a focal point in a dayslong stalemate". AP News. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
50. Farmer, Ben (10 November 2023). "Gaza hospitals forced to evacuate after being encircled by Israeli tanks". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
51. ^ "'We are minutes away from death': Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital under attack". aljazeera.com. Aljazeera. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
52. "When attacking a hospital is – and isn't – legal". Australian Financial Review. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
53. ^ "The protection of hospitals during armed conflicts: What the law says". ICRC. 2 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
54. ^ Taub, Amanda (16 November 2023). "How International Law Views Military Action at a Hospital". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
55. "Paragraph 2: Protection of a unit or establishment by a picket, sentries or an escort". ihl-databases.icrc.org. ICRC. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
56. ^ "Article 22 – Conditions not depriving medical units and establishments of protection". ihl-databases.icrc.org. ICRC IHL Databases International Humanitarian Law Databases. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
57. "Al-Shifa: What we know about Israel's raid on Gaza's main hospital". BBC News. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
58. "Doctors refuse to leave at-risk patients at Al-Shifa Hospital after IDF evacuation order, health official says". CNN. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
59. "Explained | How Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital got enmeshed in the Israel-Hamas war". WION. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
60. Fabian, Emmanuel (8 November 2023). "Hamas operative boasts he 'can leave with any ambulance,' in call overheard by IDF". The Times Of Israel.
61. Morris, Loveday; Dadouch, Sarah; Kelly, Meg; Hill, Evan (3 November 2023). "Israel launches deadly strike on ambulance outside hospital in Gaza". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
62. "Gaza: Israeli Ambulance Strike Apparently Unlawful". HRW. 7 November 2023.
63. Courtney, Connor (4 November 2023). "Palestine Red Crescent labels Israel bombing near Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital a 'war crime'". jurist.org. Jurist. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
64. "Israeli forces target solar panels at Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital". Al Jazeera. 6 November 2023.
65. ^ Browne, Malachy; Collier, Neil (14 November 2023). "Evidence Points to Israeli Shells in Strikes on Gaza's Largest Hospital". The New York Times.
66. "Israel-Hamas war live updates: Gaza's biggest hospital 'out of service' as power fails and bombing intensifies". nbcnews.com. NBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
67. Gozzi, Laura. "Israeli forces surround north Gaza hospitals". BBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
68. Baba, Anas. "Al-Shifa Hospital Evacuation Under Way". wsj.com. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
69. ^ Rowlands, Lyndal; Power, John. "Israel-Gaza war live: WHO has lost contact with besieged Al-Shifa Hospital". aljazeera.com. Aljazeera. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
70. Siddiqui, Usaid; Pietromarchi, Virginia. "Israel-Hamas war live: 39 babies 'fighting death' in al-Shifa Hospital". aljazeera.com. Aljazeera. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
71. Robertson, Nick (11 November 2023). "Israeli military fired on people at Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza, Doctors Without Borders claims". thehill.com. The Hill. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
72. Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Angel, Maytaal; Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Angel, Maytaal. "Gaza official says two patients, including baby, died at hospital besieged by Israel". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
73. "Two premature babies die, 37 under threat at Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital". aljazeera.com. Aljazeera. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
74. "100 bodies to be buried in mass grave inside Al-Shifa Hospital: Palestinian Health Ministry". tbsnews.net. The Business Standard. 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
75. "Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital under siege, trapping thousands inside". The New Arab. 11 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
76. Shelley, Jo (11 November 2023). "Israeli military denies claims it has laid siege to Gaza's largest hospital". CNN. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
77. "Premature babies in precarious situation: Hospital director". aje.io. Aljazeera. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
78. "Medical staff unable to make mass grave in Shifa Hospital courtyard due to Israeli nonstop shelling: Palestinian Minister". Egypt Today. 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
79. "WHO loses contact with Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital". Business Standard.
80. "Hamas health official says Israel strike destroys Al-Shifa hospital cardiac ward". Macau Business. 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
81. AP and ILH Staff (13 November 2023). "Israel sends fuel to Gaza hospital; Hamas blocks access". Israel Hayon. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
82. Maya Zanger-Nadis (12 November 2023). "WATCH: Hamas blocks IDF fuel delivery to Gaza's Shifa Hospital – Defense News". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
83. ^ "Death and disease as Israeli troops approach Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital". Al Jazeera. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
84. "Stalemate around Gaza's main hospital draws out as Israel claims Hamas is hiding inside". PBS NewsHour. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
85. ^ Burke, Jason; Sinmaz, Emine (15 November 2023). "Israeli troops enter Gaza's al-Shifa hospital in 'targeted operation'". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
86. "WHO loses contact with Al-Shifa doctors as Israeli military forces raid hospital — as it happened". ABC News. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
87. "Israel shows photos of weapons and a tunnel shaft at Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital as search for Hamas command center continues – CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
88. "Israeli troops enter Gaza's Al Shifa hospital". The Canberra Times. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
89. "Israeli forces raid Gaza's largest hospital, where hundreds of patients are stranded by fighting". AP News. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
90. "Israel's raid on al-Shifa Hospital: Here's what you need to know". Al Jazeera.
91. Staff, The New Arab (14 November 2023). "Israeli propaganda on incubators, hostage hideout backfires". The New Arab.
92. "Al-Shifa: What we know about Israel's raid on Gaza's main hospital". 15 November 2023 – via www.bbc.com.
93. "'Till the end': Al-Shifa doctors vow to stay with patients". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
94. "Israel battles Hamas near another Gaza hospital sheltering thousands". AP News. 20 November 2023.
95. "Amid Gaza war, U.N. evacuates babies from besieged hospital". WAPO. 19 November 2023.
96. Beaumont, Peter (30 October 2023). "What is a human shield and how has Hamas been accused of using them?". The Guardian.
97. "Hamas rejects Israeli claim over installations under al-Shifa hospital". Al Jazeera.
98. "U.S. Relied on Intercepts in Assessing Hamas's Operations at Gaza Hospital". The Wall Street Journal. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
99. Regan, Helen; Salman, Abeer; Shortell, David (15 November 2023). "Israeli troops and tanks raid Gaza's Al-Shifa Hospital". CNN. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
100. "BBC Apologizes Over Israel-Hamas War Misreporting After Anchor Falsely Claimed IDF 'Targeted' Medical Staff". Variety.
101. ^ "Israeli 'evidence' at al-Shifa does not justify collective punishment: AJ analyst". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
102. "Analyst likens Israel's al-Shifa 'evidence' to US claims about WMDs in Iraq". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
103. Kingsley, Patrick (16 November 2023). "Israel-Hamas War: Israeli Forces Comb Gaza Hospital for 2nd Day" – via NYTimes.com.
104. "Israel signals wider offensive in Gaza's south, where hundreds of thousands have fled". AP News. 16 November 2023.
105. "Biden staking 'credibility' on Israeli intelligence". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
106. "Israeli army claims to have found a tunnel, weapons in al-Shifa". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
107. Sinmaz, Emine (16 November 2023). "Israel says body of hostage recovered near al-Shifa hospital". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
108. Reporter, Rachel Dobkin Weekend (16 November 2023). "Who was Yehudit Weiss? Israeli hostage found dead near Al-Shifa Hospital". Newsweek. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
109. ^ Bowen, Jeremy (17 November 2023). "Bowen: Ceasefire demands will grow without proof of Hamas HQ at Al-Shifa". BBC.
110. "Biden defends Israeli hospital raid in search for Hamas HQ". The Independent. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
111. Polglase, Katie; Mezzofiore, Gianluca. "CNN analysis: Video suggests IDF might have rearranged weaponry at Al-Shifa prior to news crew visits". CNN. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
112. "New IDF footage reveals part of Hamas's tunnel network under Shifa Hospital in Gaza". Retrieved 19 November 2023.
113. Williams, Dan. "Israel says soldier executed, foreign hostages held at Gaza's Shifa hospital". Reuters. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
114. "Surveillance footage shows Hamas bringing hostages into Shifa Hospital on Oct. 7". Times of Israel. 19 November 2023.
115. "Did Hamas Operate Under Gaza's Al-Shifa Hospital? A Tour of the Tunnels Leaves No Room for Doubt". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
116. CNN, By <a href="/profiles/tara-subramaniam">Tara Subramaniam</a>, Jack Guy, Ed Upright, Mike Hayes, <a href="/profiles/maureen-chowdhury">Maureen Chowdhury</a> and <a href="/profiles/amir-vera">Amir Vera</a> (20 November 2023). "Hamas is using bunkers built by Israel under Al-Shifa Hospital, former Israeli prime minister says". CNN. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
117. Reporter, Khaleda Rahman Senior News (12 November 2023). "Israel Denies Shifa Hospital 'Siege' As Medics Say People Are Trapped". Newsweek.
118. Slow, Oliver (19 November 2023). "WHO says Gaza's al-Shifa hospital a death zone, as hundreds leave". BBC News. BBC.
119. ^ "Israeli strikes in Gaza kill at least 13, destroy al-Shifa's cardiac ward". Al Jazeera English. 12 November 2023.
120. Hancock, Sam (15 November 2023). "Al-Shifa: What we know about Israel's raid on Gaza's main hospital". BBC News. BBC.
121. "43 patients died in Al-Shifa Hospital as ICU oxygen ran out, doctor says". ABC News. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
122. "Israeli forces close in on al-Shifa Hospital, trapping thousands". Al Jazeera. 11 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
123. ^ "Ongoing Conflict in Gaza: Al-Shifa Hospital Center of Struggle". BNN. 10 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
124. Burke, Jason (12 November 2023). "Battle for al-Shifa hospital in Gaza fraught with diplomatic risk for Israel". The Guardian.
125. Da Silva, Chantal (20 November 2023). "Premature babies evacuated from Gaza's main hospital and taken to Egypt". NBC News. NBC.
126. Salman, Abeer; Khadder, Kareem; Yeung, Jessie; Hallam, Jonny; Khalil, Asmaa; Kennedy, Niamh (20 November 2023). "Premature, sick babies arrive in Egypt from Gaza after Al-Shifa evacuation". CNN.
127. Mpoke Bigg, Matthew (20 November 2023). "28 Premature Babies Evacuated From Gazan Hospital Arrive in Egypt". New York Times.
128. "Israel's Ludicrous Propaganda Wins Over the Only Audience That Counts". The Nation. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
129. Jones, Marc Owen (15 November 2023). "Israel's Comically Bad Disinfo Proves They're Losing the PR War". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
130. "Video of 'nurse' denouncing Hamas occupation of Gaza's Al-Shifa Hospital is staged". France 24. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
131. "Truth or Fake - Al Shifa hospital: Do images published by Israeli army show a Hamas tunnel?". France 24. 21 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
132. "Information missteps have led to questions about Israel's credibility". NBC News. 18 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
133. Ojoko, Israel (11 November 2023). "Gaza's al Shifa Hospital: A Stark Reminder of the Humanitarian Crisis". BNN. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
134. "Palestinian health minister accuses Israel of 'crimes against humanity' at al-Shifa Hospital". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
135. "Netanyahu rebukes Trudeau after Canadian PM urges Israel to use 'maximum restraint' in Gaza war | CityNews Calgary". calgary.citynews.ca. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
136. Friedman, Lisa. "Biden calls for 'less intrusive action' around Gaza's battered hospitals". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
137. Jeet, Heer (17 November 2023). "Israel's Ludicrous Propaganda Wins Over the Only Audience That Counts". The Nation.
138. "Netanyahu slams Canada's Trudeau for saying killing of women, children 'has to stop'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
139. Khadder, Kareem. "Jordan condemns Israel's operation in Al-Shifa hospital in Gaz". CNN. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
140. "Qatar Calls For International Probe Into Israeli Raids On Gaza Hospitals". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
141. "Saudi Arabia condemns Israeli storming of al-Shifa Hospital". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
142. "Israeli claims about al-Shifa Hospital unverifiable: Analyst". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
143. "Reason to question US, Israeli intelligence on Gaza after October 7 attacks: Analyst". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
144. "Israel's al-Shifa raid 'pure bullying', professor says". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
145. "Israel has 'long history' of targeting medical facilities: Journalist". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
146. "Analyst ridicules Israeli claim al-Shifa is a Hamas 'command centre'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
147. "Israel still can't find the evidence to back its al-Shifa Hospital claims". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
148. Eric Schmitt, Ronen Bergman and Adam Goldman, Is Israel's Military Strategy to Eradicate Hamas Working?,New York Times 18 November 2023
149. Slawson, Nicola (13 November 2023). "First Thing: al-Shifa hospital in Gaza 'no longer functioning', says WHO". The Guardian.
150. "Ambulances, patients struck near Gazas Al-Shifa hospital: Doctors Without Borders". Anews.
151. "'Without safety, nothing is possible': IFRC spokesperson". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
152. ^ Hadi, Suad; Aswad, Layla; Shami, Samir. "Israel is bombing hospitals in Gaza with Israeli doctors' approval". Al Jazeera.
153. "Israeli doctors group calls for bombing Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza". anews.
154. "Israel-Palestine war: 100 Israeli doctors call for Gaza hospitals to be bombed". Middle East Eye. 5 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
155. "US al-Shifa hospital allegations seek to save face: Peace advocate". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 November 2023.

• 2023 in the Gaza Strip
• 2023 in Israel
• 2023 in military history
• November 2023 events in Asia
• Military operations of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
• Attacks on hospitals during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
• Health disasters in the Middle East
• History of Gaza City