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[[File:Finno-Permic_Languages0.png|thumb|The contemporary Finno-Permic speaking nations{{glossary}} [[File:Finno-Permic_Languages0.png|thumb|The Finnic nations identified by language:{{glossary}}
{{term|Western Finns}}
{{defn|Pinks: ]}}
{{defn|Pinks: ] <!--(Laplanders)-->}}
{{defn|Blues: ]}} {{defn|Blues: ]}}
{{term|Eastern Finns}}
{{defn|Yellows: ]}}
{{defn|Reds: ]}} {{defn|Yellows and red: ]}}
{{defn|Browns: ]}}{{end glossary}}]] {{defn|Browns: ]}}{{end glossary}}]]
⚫ The '''Finnic''' or '''Fennic peoples''', sometimes simply called '''Finns''', are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the Finnic<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Finno-Ugric languages|year=2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/207644/Finno-Ugric-languages}}</ref> (now commonly '']'') language family, and which are thought to have originated in the region of the ]. The largest Finnic peoples by population are the ] (6 million), the ] (1 million), the ] (800,000), the ] (570,000), the ] (550,000), the ] (330,000) and the ] (100,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Materials/pril2_dok2.xlsx |title=Национальный состав населения по '''субъектам Российской Федерации''' |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208222034/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Materials/pril2_dok2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
The '''Finnic''' or '''Fennic peoples''', sometimes simply called '''Finns''', are the nations who speak languages related to the ], and which are thought to have originated in the region of the ].


The scope of the term ''Finnic peoples'' varies by context. It often refers to the ], which include the ] speaking peoples of ], ], ] and northwestern ]. It may also include other ], especially the ] (the ] and the ]) and the ] (or Perm Finns; the ] and the ]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldina |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Goldina |first2=Rimma |year=2018 |title=On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries |journal=Estonian Journal of Archaeology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=163–180 |doi=10.3176/arch.2018.2.04 |s2cid=166188106 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lallukka |first=Seppo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiQIAQAAMAAJ&q=Finnic+peoples |title=The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |year=1990 |isbn=951-41-0616-4 |location= |page= |pages= |chapter= |quote= |authorlink=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Waldman |first=Carl |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofeu0002wald/ |title=Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=9781438129181 |location= |pages=517,537,813,933 |chapter=The languages of Europe |authorlink=}}</ref> Sometimes the Indigenous ] peoples of the northern Fennoscandia are also included.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_w0y6/page/230/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780521243049 |editor-last=Sinor |editor-first=Denis |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |page=230 |contribution=The peoples of the Russian forest belt |orig-year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=http://archive.org/details/oneeuropemanynat0000mina |title=One Europe, many nations : a historical dictionary of European national groups |date=2000 |publisher=Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-313-30984-7}}</ref> These four groups, the Baltic Finns, Volga Finns, Permians and the Sámi, speak languages traditionally classified as Finnic or ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Finno-Ugric languages|year=2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/207644/Finno-Ugric-languages}}</ref> The scope of the terms ''Finn'' and ''Finnic'' varies by context. Before the 19th century, it only referred to the ]. During the 19th century, fueled by romantic movements, its meaning expanded<ref>Björn Colliander (1965) ''Introduction to Uralic languages'' p.8</ref> and it can nowadays also refer to the ], which includes the Finns of Finland, Estonia, ] and northwestern Russia, or to the ''Western Finns'', which may be synonymous but may add the Sami of northern ]. The broadest sense in the contemporary usage, and the one used in this article, includes three groups:<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=230 |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780521243049 |editor-last=Sinor |editor-first=Denis |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |page=230 |contribution=The peoples of the Russian forest belt |orig-year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=9781438129181 |location= |pages=888 |chapter=The languages of Europe |access-date=17 November 2021 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419074209/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA888 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |url-status=live |authorlink=}}</ref> the Baltic Finns, the Sami, and the ''Eastern Finns'' of central Russia: the ] and the ]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldina |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Goldina |first2=Rimma |year=2018 |title=On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries |journal=Estonian Journal of Archaeology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=163–180 |doi=10.3176/arch.2018.2.04 |s2cid=166188106 |doi-access=free}}</ref> including the Finnic peoples of the four ] of ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lallukka |first=Seppo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiQIAQAAMAAJ&q=Finnic+peoples |title=The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |year=1990 |isbn=951-41-0616-4 |location= |page= |pages= |chapter= |quote= |authorlink=}}</ref> In the 19th century, the ] were also considered to be a branch of Eastern Finns (as "Ugrian Finns"),<ref>''The Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th edition, '''1894''', .</ref><ref>Art Leete, '''', Folklore vol. 12., December 1999</ref> but such terminology is not in use anymore.


Linguistically, the situation is more complex: in particular, the unity of the Volga Finnic languages is disputed, and because of this the Permians are sometimes counted as Volga Finns and sometimes not. The distinction is a linguistic one, however, and varies between linguistic reconstructions.{{cn|date=January 2024}} The Finnic peoples are sometimes called '']'', uniting them with the ], or ''Uralic'', uniting them also with the ]. These linguistic connections were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.suri.ee/r/index-eng.html|title=Uralic peoples|website=www.suri.ee|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909234942/http://www.suri.ee/r/index-eng.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the terms ''Finn'', ''Finnic'' and ''Finnish'' obtained even broader connotations, and were sometimes used synonymously with ''Finno-Ugric'' to include also the ] and the ] as "Ugrian Finns".<ref>''The Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th edition, '''1894''', .</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Finland|short=1}}</ref><ref>Art Leete, '''', Folklore vol. 12., December 1999</ref> The ] were also sometimes included.<ref name="races">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/58/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last1=Dillingham|first1=William Paul|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=Washington, Government Printing Office|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=58-61}}</ref> Even broader usages based on hypothetical and now generally rejected language families such as ] were also suggested. Such schemes classified e.g. ] as 'Finns'.<ref name="races"/> Such usage is not common anymore, and Finno-Ugric peoples and the Samoyeds together are typically called ] instead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uralic peoples |url=http://www.suri.ee/r/index-eng.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909234942/http://www.suri.ee/r/index-eng.html |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=www.suri.ee}}</ref>

⚫ The largest Finnic peoples by population are the ] (6 million), the ] (1 million), the ] (800,000), the ] (570,000), the ] (550,000), the ] (330,000) and the ] (100,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Materials/pril2_dok2.xlsx |title=Национальный состав населения по '''субъектам Российской Федерации''' |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208222034/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Materials/pril2_dok2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>


Finnic peoples migrated westward from very approximately the Volga area into northwestern Russia and (first the Sami and then the Baltic Finns) into Scandinavia, though scholars dispute the timing. The ancestors of the Perm Finns moved north and east to the ] and ] rivers. Those Finnic peoples who remained in the ] began to divide into their current diversity by the sixth century, and had coalesced into their current nations by the sixteenth.{{cn|date=December 2023}} Finnic peoples migrated westward from very approximately the Volga area into northwestern Russia and (first the Sami and then the Baltic Finns) into Scandinavia, though scholars dispute the timing. The ancestors of the Perm Finns moved north and east to the ] and ] rivers. Those Finnic peoples who remained in the ] began to divide into their current diversity by the sixth century, and had coalesced into their current nations by the sixteenth.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

Revision as of 10:03, 17 January 2024

Historical-linguistic group of people who speak Finnic languages Not to be confused with Finns or Baltic Finnic peoples.

The Finnic nations identified by language:
Western Finns
Pinks: Sami
Blues: Baltic Finns
Eastern Finns
Yellows and red: Volga Finns
Browns: Perm Finns

The Finnic or Fennic peoples, sometimes simply called Finns, are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the Finnic (now commonly Finno-Permic) language family, and which are thought to have originated in the region of the Volga River. The largest Finnic peoples by population are the Finns (6 million), the Estonians (1 million), the Mordvins (800,000), the Mari (570,000), the Udmurts (550,000), the Komis (330,000) and the Sami (100,000).

The scope of the terms Finn and Finnic varies by context. Before the 19th century, it only referred to the Finns of Finland. During the 19th century, fueled by romantic movements, its meaning expanded and it can nowadays also refer to the Baltic Finns, which includes the Finns of Finland, Estonia, Karelia and northwestern Russia, or to the Western Finns, which may be synonymous but may add the Sami of northern Fennoscandia. The broadest sense in the contemporary usage, and the one used in this article, includes three groups: the Baltic Finns, the Sami, and the Eastern Finns of central Russia: the Volga Finns and the Perm Finns including the Finnic peoples of the four central-Russian republics of Komi, Mari El, Mordovia and Udmurtia. In the 19th century, the Ugrians were also considered to be a branch of Eastern Finns (as "Ugrian Finns"), but such terminology is not in use anymore.

Linguistically, the situation is more complex: in particular, the unity of the Volga Finnic languages is disputed, and because of this the Permians are sometimes counted as Volga Finns and sometimes not. The distinction is a linguistic one, however, and varies between linguistic reconstructions. The Finnic peoples are sometimes called Finno-Ugric, uniting them with the Hungarians, or Uralic, uniting them also with the Samoyeds. These linguistic connections were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.

Finnic peoples migrated westward from very approximately the Volga area into northwestern Russia and (first the Sami and then the Baltic Finns) into Scandinavia, though scholars dispute the timing. The ancestors of the Perm Finns moved north and east to the Kama and Vychegda rivers. Those Finnic peoples who remained in the Volga basin began to divide into their current diversity by the sixth century, and had coalesced into their current nations by the sixteenth.

Etymology

The name "Finn(ic)" is an ancient exonym with scarce historical references and therefore rather questionable etymology. Its probable cognates, like Fenni, Phinnoi, Finnum, and Skrithfinni / Scridefinnum appear in a few written texts starting from about two millennia ago in association with peoples of northern Europe. The first known use of this name to refer to the people of what is now Finland is in the 10th-century Old English poem "Widsith". Among the first written sources possibly designating western Finland as the "land of Finns" are also two rune stones in Sweden: one in Norrtälje Municipality, with the inscription finlont (U 582), and the other in Gotland, with the inscription finlandi (G 319 M), dating from the 11th century.

It has been suggested that the non-Uralic ethnonym "Finn" is of Germanic language origin and related to such words as finthan (Old High German) 'find', 'notice'; fanthian (Old High German) 'check', 'try'; and fendo (Old High German) and vende (Middle High German) 'pedestrian', 'wanderer'. It may thus have originated from an Old Norse word for hunter-gatherer, finn (plural finnar), which is believed to have been applied during the first millennium CE to the (pre–reindeer herding) Sami, and perhaps to other hunter-gatherers of Scandinavia. It was reportedly still used with this meaning in Norway in the 20th century. Thus there is Finnmark in Norway, which can be understood as "Sami country", but also Finnveden in Sweden, in an area that is not known to have been Finnic-speaking. The name was also applied to what is now Finland, which at the time was inhabited by "Sami" hunter-gatherers.

The Icelandic Eddas and Norse sagas (11th to 14th centuries), some of the oldest written sources probably originating from the closest proximity, use words like finnr and finnas inconsistently. However, most of the time they seem to mean northern dwellers with a mobile life style.

Other etymological interpretations associate the ethnonym "Finns" with fen in a more toponymical approach. Yet another theory postulates that the words finn and kven are cognates.

See also

References

  1. "Finno-Ugric languages". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013.
  2. "Национальный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  3. Björn Colliander (1965) Introduction to Uralic languages p.8
  4. Golden, Peter B. (1994) . "The peoples of the Russian forest belt". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780521243049.
  5. "The languages of Europe". Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing. 2006. p. 888. ISBN 9781438129181. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  6. Goldina, Ekaterina; Goldina, Rimma (2018). "On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries". Estonian Journal of Archaeology. 22 (2): 163–180. doi:10.3176/arch.2018.2.04. S2CID 166188106.
  7. Lallukka, Seppo (1990). The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. ISBN 951-41-0616-4.
  8. The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th edition, 1894, vol. IX p. 191.
  9. Art Leete, Ways of Describing Nenets and Khanty "Character" in 19th Century Russian Ethnographic Literature, Folklore vol. 12., December 1999
  10. "Uralic peoples". www.suri.ee. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  11. "Archived copy". vesta.narc.fi. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. "Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura". Sgr.fi. Archived from the original on 8 July 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  13. Rygh, Oluf (1924). Norske gaardnavne: Finmarkens amt (in Norwegian) (18 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 1–7.
  14. Lamnidis, T. C.; Majander, K.; Jeong, C.; et al. (2018).
  15. Kallio, Petri (4 January 1998). "Suomi(ttavia etymologioita)". Virittäjä (in Finnish). 102 (4): 613. ISSN 2242-8828.
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