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Revision as of 02:15, 19 February 2024

Polish science fiction author, futurologist (1921–2006)

Stanisław Lem
Lem in 1966Lem in 1966
BornStanisław Herman Lem
12 September 1921
Lwów, Poland
Died27 March 2006(2006-03-27) (aged 84)
Kraków, Poland
OccupationWriter
Period1946–2005
GenreHard science fiction, philosophy, satire, futurology
SpouseBarbara Leśniak (1953–2006; his death; 1 child)
Signature
Philosophy career
Notable workFull list
School
Main interests
Website
lem.pl

Stanisław Herman Lem (Polish: [staˈɲiswaf ˈlɛm] ; 12 September 1921 – 27 March 2006) was a Polish writer of science fiction and essays on various subjects, including philosophy, futurology, and literary criticism. Many of his science fiction stories are of satirical and humorous character. Lem's books have been translated into more than 50 languages and have sold more than 45 million copies. Worldwide, he is best known as the author of the 1961 novel Solaris. In 1976 Theodore Sturgeon wrote that Lem was the most widely read science fiction writer in the world.

Lem is the author of the fundamental philosophical work Summa Technologiae, in which he anticipated the creation of virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and also developed the ideas of human autoevolution, the creation of artificial worlds, and many others. Lem's science fiction works explore philosophical themes through speculations on technology, the nature of intelligence, the impossibility of communication with and understanding of alien intelligence, despair about human limitations, and humanity's place in the universe. His essays and philosophical books cover these and many other topics.

Translating his works is difficult due to Lem's elaborate neologisms and idiomatic wordplay. The Polish Parliament declared 2021 Stanisław Lem Year.

Life

Early life

House No. 4 on Bohdan Lepky Street in Lviv, where, according to his autobiography Highcastle, Lem spent his childhood

Lem was born in 1921 in Lwów, interwar Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine). According to his own account, he was actually born on 13 September, but the date was changed to the 12th on his birth certificate because of superstition. He was the son of Sabina née Woller (1892–1979) and Samuel Lem (1879–1954), a wealthy laryngologist and former physician in the Austro-Hungarian Army, and first cousin to Polish poet Marian Hemar (Lem's father's sister's son). In later years Lem sometimes claimed to have been raised Roman Catholic, but he went to Jewish religious lessons during his school years. He later became an atheist "for moral reasons ... the world appears to me to be put together in such a painful way that I prefer to believe that it was not created ... intentionally". In later years he would call himself both an agnostic and an atheist.

After the 1939 Soviet occupation of western Ukraine and Belarus, he was not allowed to study at Lwow Polytechnic as he wished because of his "bourgeois origin", and only due to his father's connections he was accepted to study medicine at Lwów University in 1940. During the subsequent Nazi occupation (1941–1944), Lem's Jewish family avoided placement in the Nazi Lwów Ghetto, surviving with false papers. He would later recall:

During that period, I learned in a very personal, practical way that I was no "Aryan". I knew that my ancestors were Jews, but I knew nothing of the Mosaic faith and, regrettably, nothing at all of Jewish culture. So it was, strictly speaking, only the Nazi legislation that brought home to me the realization that I had Jewish blood in my veins.

During that time, Lem earned a living as a car mechanic and welder, and occasionally stole munitions from storehouses (to which he had access as an employee of a German company) to pass them on to the Polish resistance.

In 1945, Lwow was annexed into the Soviet Ukraine, and the family, along with many other Polish citizens, was resettled to Kraków, where Lem, at his father's insistence, took up medical studies at the Jagiellonian University. He did not take his final examinations on purpose, to avoid the career of military doctor, which he suspected could have become lifelong. After receiving absolutorium (Latin term for the evidence of completion of the studies without diploma), he did an obligatory monthly work at a hospital, at a maternity ward, where he assisted at a number of childbirths and a caesarean section. Lem said that the sight of blood was one of the reasons he decided to drop medicine.

Rise to fame

Stanisław Lem and toy cosmonaut, 1966

Lem started his literary work in 1946 with a number of publications in different genres, including poetry, as well as his first science fiction novel, The Man from Mars (Człowiek z Marsa), serialized in Nowy Świat Przygód [pl] (New World of Adventures). Between 1948 and 1950 Lem was working as a scientific research assistant at the Jagiellonian University, and published a number of short stories, poems, reviews, etc., particularly at Tygodnik Powszechny. In 1951, he published his first book, The Astronauts (Astronauci). In 1953 he met and married (civil marriage) Barbara Leśniak, a medical student. Their church marriage ceremony was performed in February 1954. In 1954, he published a short story anthology, Sezam i inne opowiadania [pl] . The following year, 1955, saw the publication of another science fiction novel, The Magellanic Cloud (Obłok Magellana).

During the era of Stalinism in Poland, which had begun in the late 1940s, all published works had to be directly approved by the communist state. Thus The Astronauts was not, in fact, the first novel Lem finished, just the first that made it past the state censors. Going by the date of the finished manuscript, Lem's first book was a partly autobiographical novel Hospital of the Transfiguration (Szpital Przemienienia), finished in 1948. It would be published seven years later, in 1955, as a part of the trilogy Czas nieutracony (Time Not Lost). The experience of trying to push Czas nieutracony through the censors was one of the major reasons Lem decided to focus on the less-censored genre of science fiction. Nonetheless, most of Lem's works published in the 1950s also contain—forced upon him by the censors and editors—various elements of socialist realism as well as of the "glorious future of communism". Lem later criticized several of his early pieces as compromised by the ideological pressure.

Lem became truly productive after 1956, when the de-Stalinization period in the Soviet Union led to the "Polish October", when Poland experienced an increase in freedom of speech. Between 1956 and 1968, Lem authored seventeen books. His writing over the next three decades or so was split between science fiction and essays about science and culture.

In 1957, he published his first non-fiction, philosophical book, Dialogues, as well as a science fiction anthology, The Star Diaries (Dzienniki gwiazdowe), collecting short stories about one of his most popular characters, Ijon Tichy. 1959 saw the publication of three books: Eden, The Investigation (Śledztwo) and the short story anthology An Invasion from Aldebaran (Inwazja z Aldebarana). 1961 saw the novels: Memoirs Found in a Bathtub (Pamiętnik znaleziony w wannie), Solaris, and Return from the Stars (Powrót z gwiazd), with Solaris being among his top works. This was followed by a collection of his essays and non-fiction prose, Wejście na orbitę (1962), and a short story anthology Noc księżycowa (1963). In 1964, Lem published a large work on the border of philosophy and sociology of science and futurology, Summa Technologiae, as well as a novel, The Invincible (Niezwyciężony).

Lem signing in Kraków, 30 October 2005

1965 saw the publication of The Cyberiad (Cyberiada) and of a short story anthology, The Hunt (Polowanie [pl]). 1966 is the year of Highcastle (Polish title: Wysoki Zamek), followed in 1968 by His Master's Voice (Głos Pana) and Tales of Pirx the Pilot (Opowieści o pilocie Pirxie). Highcastle was another of Lem's autobiographical works, and touched upon a theme that usually was not favored by the censors: Lem's youth in the pre-war, then-Polish, Lviv. 1968 and 1970 saw two more non-fiction treatises, The Philosophy of Chance (Filozofia przypadku) and Science Fiction and Futurology (Fantastyka i futurologia). Ijon Tichy returned in 1971's The Futurological Congress Kongres futurologiczny; in the same year Lem released a genre-mixing experiment, Doskonała próżnia, a collection of reviews of non-existent books. In 1973 a similar work, Imaginary Magnitude (Wielkość urojona), was published. In 1976, Lem published two novels: Maska (The Mask) and Katar (translated as The Chain of Chance). In 1980, he published another set of reviews of non-existent works, Prowokacja. The following year sees another Tichy novel, Wizja lokalna, and Golem XIV. Later in that decade, Lem published Pokój na Ziemi (1984) and Fiasco (1986), his last science fiction novel.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Lem cautiously supported the Polish dissident movement, and started publishing essays in Paris-based Kultura. In 1982, with martial law in Poland declared, Lem moved to West Berlin, where he became a fellow of the Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin (Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin). After that, he settled in Vienna. He returned to Poland in 1988.

Final years

From the late 1980s onwards, he tended to concentrate on philosophical texts and essays, published in Polish magazines (Tygodnik Powszechny, Odra, Przegląd, and others). They were later collected in a number of anthologies.

In early 1980s literary critic and historian Stanisław Bereś conducted a lengthy interview with Lem, which was published in book format in 1987 as Rozmowy ze Stanisławem Lemem (Conversations with Stanisław Lem). That edition was subject to censorship. A revised, complete edition was published in 2002 as Tako rzecze… Lem (Thus spoke... Lem).

In the early 1990s, Lem met with the literary critic and scholar Peter Swirski for a series of extensive interviews, published together with other critical materials and translations as A Stanislaw Lem Reader (1997). In these interviews Lem speaks about a range of issues he rarely discussed previously. The book also includes Swirski's translation of Lem's retrospective essay "Thirty Years Later", devoted to Lem's nonfictional treatise Summa Technologiae. During later interviews in 2005, Lem expressed his disappointment with the genre of science fiction, and his general pessimism regarding technical progress. He viewed the human body as unsuitable for space travel, held that information technology drowns people in a glut of low-quality information, and considered truly intelligent robots as both undesirable and impossible to construct.

Writings

Main articles: List of works by Stanisław Lem and their adaptations and List of works about Stanisław Lem

Science fiction

Lem's prose shows a mastery of numerous genres and themes.

Recurring themes

One of Lem's major recurring themes, beginning from his very first novel, The Man from Mars, was the impossibility of communication between profoundly alien beings, which may have no common ground with human intelligence, and humans. The best known example is the living planetary ocean in Lem's novel Solaris. Other examples include intelligent swarms of mechanical insect-like micromachines (in The Invincible), and strangely ordered societies of more human-like beings in Fiasco and Eden, describing the failure of the first contact.

Another key recurring theme is the shortcomings of humans. In His Master's Voice, Lem describes the failure of humanity's intelligence to decipher and truly comprehend an apparent message from space. Two overlapping arcs of short stories, Fables for Robots (Bajki Robotów, translated in the collection Mortal Engines), and The Cyberiad (Cyberiada) provide a commentary on humanity in the form of a series of grotesque, humorous, fairytale-like short stories about a mechanical universe inhabited by robots (who have occasional contact with biological "slimies" and human "palefaces"). Lem also underlines the uncertainties of evolution, including that it might not progress upwards in intelligence.

Other writings

Śledztwo and Katar are crime novels (the latter without a murderer); Pamiętnik... is a psychological drama inspired by Kafka. Doskonała próżnia and Wielkość urojona are collections of reviews of and introductions to non-existent books. Similarly, Prowokacja purports to review a (non-existing) Holocaust-themed work.

Essays

Dialogs and Summa Technologiae (1964) are Lem's two most famous philosophical texts. The Summa is notable for being a unique analysis of prospective social, cybernetic, and biological advances; in this work, Lem discusses philosophical implications of technologies that were completely in the realm of science fiction at the time, but are gaining importance today—for instance, virtual reality and nanotechnology.

Views in later life

Lem's criticism of most science fiction surfaced in literary and philosophical essays Science Fiction and Futurology and interviews. In the 1990s, Lem forswore science fiction and returned to futurological prognostications, most notably those expressed in Okamgnienie [pl] .

Lem said that since the success of Solidarność, and the collapse of the Soviet empire, he felt his wild dreams about the future could no longer compare with reality.

He became increasingly critical of modern technology in his later life, criticizing inventions such as the Internet, which he said "makes it easier to hurt our neighbors."

Relationship with American science fiction

SFWA

Lem was awarded an honorary membership in the Science Fiction Writers of America (SFWA) in 1973. SFWA honorary membership is given to people who do not meet the publishing criteria for joining the regular membership, but who would be welcomed as members had their work appeared in the qualifying English-language publications. Lem never had a high opinion of American science fiction, describing it as ill-thought-out, poorly written, and interested more in making money than in ideas or new literary forms. After his eventual American publication, when he became eligible for regular membership, his honorary membership was rescinded. This formal action was interpreted by some of the SFWA members as a rebuke for his stance, and it seems that Lem interpreted it as such. Lem was invited to stay on with the organization with a regular membership, but he declined. After many members (including Ursula K. Le Guin, who quit her membership and then refused the Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Diary of the Rose) protested against Lem's treatment by the SFWA, a member offered to pay his dues. Lem never accepted the offer.

Philip K. Dick

Lem singled out only one American science fiction writer for praise, Philip K. Dick, in a 1984 English-language anthology of his critical essays, Microworlds: Writings on Science Fiction and Fantasy. Lem had initially held a low opinion of Philip K. Dick (as he did for the bulk of American science fiction) and would later say that this was due to a limited familiarity with Dick's work, since Western literature was hard to come by in Communist Poland.

Dick alleged that Stanisław Lem was probably a false name used by a composite committee operating on orders of the Communist party to gain control over public opinion, and wrote a letter to the FBI to that effect. There were several attempts to explain Dick's act. Lem was responsible for the Polish translation of Dick's work Ubik in 1972, and when Dick felt monetarily short-changed by the publisher, he held Lem personally responsible (see Microworlds). Also it was suggested that Dick was under the influence of strong medications, including opioids, and may have experienced a "slight disconnect from reality" some time before writing the letter. A "defensive patriotism" of Dick against Lem's attacks on American science fiction may have played some role as well. Lem would later mention Philip Dick in his monograph Science Fiction and Futurology.

Significance

Writing

First Polish editions of books by Lem

Lem is one of the most highly acclaimed science fiction writers, hailed by critics as equal to such classic authors as H. G. Wells and Olaf Stapledon. In 1976, Theodore Sturgeon wrote that Lem was the most widely read science fiction writer in the world. In Poland, in the 1960s and 1970s, Lem remained under the radar of mainstream critics, who dismissed him as a "mass market", low-brow, youth-oriented writer; such dismissal might have given him a form of invisibility from censorship. His works were widely translated abroad, appearing in over 40 languages and have sold over 45 million copies. As of 2020, about 1.5 million copies were sold in Poland after his death, with the annual numbers of 100,000 matching the new bestsellers.

Franz Rottensteiner, Lem's former agent abroad, had this to say about Lem's reception on international markets:

With , Lem is the most successful author in modern Polish fiction; nevertheless his commercial success in the world is limited, and the bulk of his large editions was due to the special publishing conditions in the Communist countries: Poland, the Soviet Union, and the German Democratic Republic). Only in West Germany was Lem really a critical and a commercial success in recent years interest in him has waned. Lem is the only writer of European books have been translated into English, and kept in print in the USA. Lem's critical success in English is due mostly to the excellent translations of Michael Kandel.

Influence

Will Wright's popular city-planning game SimCity was partly inspired by Lem's short story The Seventh Sally.

The video game Stellaris is highly inspired by his works, as its creators said at the start of 2021, designated the "Year of Lem".

A major character in the film Planet 51, an alien Lem, was named by screenwriter Joe Stillman after Stanisław Lem. Since the film was intended to be a parody of American pulp science fiction shot in Eastern Europe, Stillman thought that it would be hilarious to hint at the writer whose works have nothing to do with little green men.

Film critics have noted the influence of Andrei Tarkovsky's cinematic adaptation of Solaris on later science fiction films such as Event Horizon (1997) and Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010).

Adaptations of Lem's works

Solaris was made into a film in 1968 by Russian director Boris Nirenburg, a film in 1972 by Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky—which won a Special Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1972—and an American film in 2002 by Steven Soderbergh.

A number of other dramatic and musical adaptations of his work exist, such as adaptations of The Astronauts (First Spaceship on Venus, 1960) and The Magellan Nebula (Ikarie XB-1, 1963). Lem himself was, however, critical of most of the screen adaptations, with the sole exception of Przekładaniec in 1968 by Andrzej Wajda. In 2013, the Israeli–Polish co-production The Congress was released, inspired by Lem's novel The Futurological Congress.

In 2018 with the directing of György Pálfi a film adaptation of His Master's Voice was made with the same title.

Honors

Main article: List of honors bestowed on Stanisław Lem

Awards

Recognition and remembrance

Political views

Lem's early works were socialist realist, possibly to satisfy state censorship, and in his later years he was critical of this aspect of them. In 1982, with the onset of the martial law in Poland Lem moved to Berlin for studies and next year he moved for several years (1983–1988) to Vienna. However he never showed any wish to relocate permanently in the West. By the standards of the Eastern Bloc, Lem was financially well off for most of his life.

Lem was a critic of capitalism, totalitarianism, and of both Stalinist and Western ideologies.

Lem believed there were no absolutes; "I should wish, as do most men, that immutable truths existed, that not all would be eroded by the impact of historical time, that there were some essential propositions, be it only in the field of human values, the basic values, etc. In brief, I long for the absolute. But at the same time I am firmly convinced that there are no absolutes, that everything is historical, and that you cannot get away from history."

Lem was concerned that if the human race attained prosperity and comfort this would lead it to passiveness and degeneration.

Personal life

Stanisław Lem's grave at the Salwator Cemetery, Kraków

Lem was a polyglot: he knew Polish, Latin (from medical school), German, French, English, Russian and Ukrainian. Lem claimed that his IQ was tested at high school as 180.

Lem was married to Barbara (née Leśniak) Lem until his death. She died on 27 April 2016. Their only son, Tomasz Lem [pl], was born in 1968. He studied physics and mathematics at the University of Vienna, and graduated with a degree in physics from Princeton University. Tomasz wrote a memoir about his father, Awantury na tle powszechnego ciążenia (Tantrums on the Background of the Universal Gravitation), which contain numerous personal details about Lem. The book jacket says Tomasz works as a translator and has a daughter, Anna.

As of 1984, Lem's writing pattern was to get up a short time before five in the morning and start writing soon after, for 5 or 6 hours before taking a break.

Lem was an aggressive driver. He loved sweets (especially halva and chocolate-covered marzipan), and did not give them up even when, toward the end of his life, he fell ill with diabetes. In the mid-80s due to health problems he stopped smoking. Coffee often featured in Lem's writing and interviews.

Stanisław Lem died from a heart failure in the hospital of the Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków on 27 March 2006 at the age of 84. He was buried at Salwator Cemetery, Sector W, Row 4, grave 17 (Template:Lang-pl).

In November 2021, Agnieszka Gajewska's biography of Lem, Holocaust and the Stars, was translated into English by Katarzyna Gucio and published by Routledge. It discussed aspects of Lem's life, such as being forced to wear the yellow badge and being struck for not removing his hat in the presence of Germans, as required of Jews at the time.

Lem loved movies and greatly enjoyed artistic cinema (especially the movies of Luis Buñuel). He also liked King Kong, James Bond, Star Wars and Star Trek movies but he remained mostly displeased by movies which were based upon his own stories. The only notable exceptions are Voyage to the End of the Universe (1963) (which didn't credit Lem as writer of the original book "The Magellanic Cloud") and Layer Cake (1968) (which was based upon his short story "Do You Exist, Mr Jones?").

Bibliography

A list of works by Stanisław Lem and their subsequent adaptations in other media:

Main article: List of works by Stanisław Lem and their adaptations

A list of books and monographs about Stanisław Lem:

Main article: Bibliography of Stanisław Lem

Explanatory notes

  1. Samuel Lem changed his last name from Lehm (meaning "loam", "clay" in German/Yiddish) to Lem in 1904.
  2. Lech Keller suggests a slightly different reason why Lem did not pursue the diploma: since his father was a functionary of Sanitary Department of the infamous UB (Ministry of Public Security), he would have probably been assigned to the hospital subordinated to UB, probably to the same department his father served. Keller further remarks that it was well-known that UB doctors were used to "restore the conditions" of the interrogated dissidents. See Lech Keller, "Przyczynek do biografii Stanisława Lema" (retrieved 16 February 2020), Acta Polonica Monashiensis (Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) Volume 3 Number 2, R&S Press, Melbourne, Victoria, 2019, pp. 94, 107

Citations

  1. ^ Agnieszka Gajewska (2016). Zagłada i gwiazdy. Przeszłość w prozie Stanisława Lema. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. ISBN 978-83-232-3047-2.
  2. "Stanislaw Lem – Obituaries". The Independent. 31 March 2006. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  3. ^ Rob Jan. "Stanislaw Lem 1921–2006. Obituary by Rob Jan". ZERO-G AUSTRALIAN RADIO and lem.pl. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
  4. ^ "Technik: Visionär ohne Illusionen". Die Zeit. 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.. Part essay, part interview with Lem by Die Zeit newspaper
  5. ^ "Sci-fi king Stanisław Lem is still considered master of his genre". Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  6. ^ Theodore Sturgeon: "Introduction". Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) to Roadside Picnic by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, New York 1976
  7. ^ "Sejm wybrał patronów roku 2021". www.sejm.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  8. Wojciech Orliński (2017). Lem. Życie nie z tej ziemi. Wydawnictwo Czarne/Agora SA. p. 37. ISBN 978-83-8049-552-4.
  9. Agnieszka Gajewska, Zagłada i gwiazdy Przeszłość w prozie Stanisława Lema. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań, 2016, ISBN 978-83-232-3047-2
  10. Jerzy Jarzȩbski (1986). Zufall und Ordnung: zum Werk Stanlisław Lems (in German). Suhrkamp. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-518-37790-1. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  11. ^ Tomasz FIAŁKOWSKI. "Stanisław Lem czyli życie spełnione" (in Polish). solaris.lem.pl. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  12. "Lem's FAQ". Archived from the original on 25 June 2007.
  13. "The religion of Stanislaw Lem, science fiction writer". adherents.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  14. "An Interview with Stanislaw Lem". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) by Peter Engel. Missouri Review Volume 7, Number 2, 1984.
  15. Noack, Hans-Joachim (15 January 1996). "Jeder Irrwitz ist denkbar Science-fiction-Autor Lem über Nutzen und Risiken der Antimaterie (engl: Each madness is conceivable Science-fiction author Lem about the benefits and risks of anti-matter)". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  16. В. Шуткевич, СТАНИСЛАВ ЛЕМ: ГЛУПОСТЬ КАК ДВИЖУЩАЯ СИЛА ИСТОРИИ Archived 16 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ("Stanislaw Lem: Stupidity as a Driving Force of History", an interview), Комсомольская правда, 26 February 1991, p. 3.
  17. ^ "Lem about Himself". Stanislaw Lem homepage. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
  18. Stanisław Lem (January 1984). "Chance and Order". The New Yorker 59 / 30. pp. 88–98.
  19. Stanisław Lem, Mein Leben Archived 22 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine ("My Life"), Berlin, 1983.
  20. E. Tuzow-Lubański, "Spotkanie ze Stanisławem Lemem", Przegląd Polski, 9 May 1996, pp. 1, 15. (fragment Archived 27 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine) Quote: "W 1948 r. zrobiłem absolutorium z medycyny. I wtedy okazało się, że jak się kończy medycynę i dostaje dyplom, to trzeba iść do wojska jako lekarz – i nie na rok czy dwa, ale na zawsze"
  21. "Jestem Casanovą nauki" In: Marek Oramus, Bogowie Lema, Kurpisz Publishing House, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 978-83-89738-92-9.
  22. ^ Jerzy Jarzębski. Lem, Stanisław (in Polish). 'PWN. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  23. "One hundred years ago today, Stanisław Lem was born. He would go on to become one of the world's greatest sci-fi writers". Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  24. Stanisław Lem, Mein Leben Archived 22 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine ("My Life"), Berlin, 1983
  25. "Stanisław Lem – biografia, wiersze, utwory". poezja.org. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  26. ^ Lem, Stanislaw. SFE. 25 October 2014. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  27. Stanisław Lem (2000). Memoirs of a Space Traveler: Further Reminiscences of Ijon Tichy. Northwestern University Press. p. Back cover blurb. ISBN 978-0-8101-1732-7. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016. endures as one of Lem's most popular characters
  28. Orliński, Wojciech (1 July 2002). "Tako rzecze...Lem, Bereś, Stanisław". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  29. Auch Hosenträger sind intelligent Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Wissen, 1/2005; Im Ramschladen der Phantasie Archived 16 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Zeit Wissen, 3/2005. (in German)
  30. "Stanisław Lem | Polish author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  31. David Langford (2005). The Sex Column and Other Misprints, a collection of essays from SFX magazine. Wildside Press LLC. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-930997-78-3. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  32. Gary Westfahl (2005). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  33. "you cannot conceive of your neighbors from the stars in any connection other than a civilizational one," p91, Golem XIV, Imaginary Magnitude
  34. "the obstinacy of your antropocentrism," p55, Golem XIV, Imaginary Magnitude
  35. "Cyberiada". Lem's official website. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  36. "uncertain zigzags of the evolutionary game", p. 85, Golem XIV, Imaginary Magnitude
  37. ""Folha de S.Paulo" – interview with Lem". Stanislaw Lem's homepage. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  38. ""Folha de S.Paulo"". Stanislaw Lem The Official Site. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  39. Christopher Priest, Introduction, The Cyberiad: Fables for the Cybernetic AgeLem
  40. ""Shargh" daily newspaper interview". Stanislaw Lem. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  41. ^ "Stanislaw Lem – Frequently Asked Questions. SWFA, quoted on Lem's homepage". Stanislaw Lem. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
  42. "The Lem Affair (Continued)". Science Fiction Studies, # 14 = Volume 5, Part 1 = March 1978. 1978. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
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  92. "A Holocaust Survivor's Hardboiled Science Fiction". The New Yorker. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  93. Gajewska, Agnieszka; Gucio, Katarzyna (2021). Holocaust and the Stars: The Past in the Prose of Stanislaw Lem. Taylor & Francis Limited. ISBN 978-0-367-42873-0.
  94. https://culture.pl/en/article/the-many-masks-faces-of-stanislaw-lem {{"As a viewer, Lem preferred artistic cinema, especially the films of Luis Buñuel. The writer’s favourite pop culture pictures included several King Kong movies, the James Bond series, Star Wars, as well as the TV series Star Trek. The latter, however, he did criticise for disregarding the basic laws of physics."}}
  95. "20 Literary Adaptations Disavowed by Their Original Authors". 27 February 2018.
  96. "DIPLOMARBEIT. Titel der Diplomarbeit. Ikarie XB1 und die Entwicklung des Science-Fiction- Films. Verfasst von. Eliška Cikán".

Further reading

Library resources about
Stanisław Lem
By Stanisław Lem
  • Jameson, Fredric. "The Unknowability Thesis." In Archaeologies of the Future: This Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions. London and New York: Verso, 2005.
  • Suvin, Darko. "Three World Paradigms for SF: Asimov, Yefremov, Lem." Pacific Quarterly (Moana): An International Review of Arts and Ideas 4.(1979): 271–283.

External links

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Recipients of the Austrian State Prize for European Literature
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