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Revision as of 13:59, 20 December 2024 editJähmefyysikko (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users7,018 edits I guess "simply" is here to make a point that the word has other usesTags: Reverted 2017 wikitext editor← Previous edit Revision as of 14:49, 20 December 2024 edit undoJähmefyysikko (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users7,018 edits Actually, here's what a rewrite wouldTags: Reverted Visual editNext edit →
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{{defn|Yellows and red: ]}} {{defn|Yellows and red: ]}}
{{defn|Browns: ]}}{{end glossary}}]] {{defn|Browns: ]}}{{end glossary}}]]
The term '''Finnic peoples''' (or '''Finns''') varies in meaning depending on the context. It may refer to the ] of ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Finnic peoples |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Finnic-peoples |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905230715/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Finnic-peoples |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=] |publisher=]}}</ref> In Russian academic literature, the term sometimes includes two groups, the Baltic Finns and the ], a group of Finno-Ugric peoples living near the ]. The contemporary Volga Finns include the ] and the ] (] and ]), who reside in the ] of ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Patrušev |first=Valerij |title=The Early History of the Finno-Ugric Peoples of European Russia |date=2000 |publisher=Societas Historiae Fenno-Ugricae |isbn=978-951-97040-3-6 |publication-place=Oulu |page=7}}</ref>
The '''Finnic peoples''', sometimes called simply '''Finns''' or '''Finno-Permians''', are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the ] (also called ''Finnic'') language family.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Finno-Ugric languages|year=2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/207644/Finno-Ugric-languages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://archive.org/details/golden_202303/page/33/mode/2up |title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |year=1992 |location=Wiesbaden |pages=33{{endash}}34}}</ref> The largest Finnic peoples by population are the ] (6 million), the ] (1 million), the ] (800,000), the ] (570,000), the ] (550,000), the ] (330,000) and the ] (100,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Materials/pril2_dok2.xlsx |title=Национальный состав населения по '''субъектам Российской Федерации''' |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208222034/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Materials/pril2_dok2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>


The scope of the terms "Finn" and "Finnic" varies by context. They can refer to the ] of ], ], ] and ]. The broadest sense in the contemporary usage includes the four groups speaking the Finno-Permic languages:<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=230 |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780521243049 |editor-last=Sinor |editor-first=Denis |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |page=230 |contribution=The peoples of the Russian forest belt |orig-year=1990}}</ref> the Baltic Finns, the Sámi of northern ], and the ] and ] of Russia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldina |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Goldina |first2=Rimma |year=2018 |title=On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries |journal=Estonian Journal of Archaeology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=163–180 |doi=10.3176/arch.2018.2.04 |s2cid=166188106 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The last two include the ] of the ] and the four ] of ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lallukka |first=Seppo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiQIAQAAMAAJ&q=Finnic+peoples |title=The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |year=1990 |isbn=951-41-0616-4 |location= |page= |pages= |chapter= |quote= |authorlink=}}</ref> In older literature, "Finns" sometimes refers to all Finno-Ugric peoples.<ref>{{cite EB9 |wstitle= Finland |volume= IX |last= Keltie |first= John Scott |author-link= John Scott Keltie |pages=216-220|quote=see page 219, para Ethnology and Language.—The term Finns has a wider application than Finland, being, with its adjective Finnic or Finno-Ugric or Ugro-Finnic......&.... (5) The Ugrian Finns include the Voguls.....|short=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Russia}}</ref> In its broadest contemporary sense, the term includes the four groups speaking the languages traditionally classified in the ] (also called ''Finnic'') language family:<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2013 |title=Finno-Ugric languages |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/207644/Finno-Ugric-languages}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=230 |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780521243049 |editor-last=Sinor |editor-first=Denis |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |page=230 |contribution=The peoples of the Russian forest belt |orig-year=1990}}</ref> the Baltic Finns and the Volga Finns, the Sámi of northern ], and the ] of Russia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldina |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Goldina |first2=Rimma |year=2018 |title=On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries |journal=Estonian Journal of Archaeology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=163–180 |doi=10.3176/arch.2018.2.04 |s2cid=166188106 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Permians include the ] and the ], who mostly live in the ], the former ] and the republic of ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lallukka |first=Seppo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiQIAQAAMAAJ&q=Finnic+peoples |title=The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |year=1990 |isbn=951-41-0616-4 |location= |page= |pages= |chapter= |quote= |authorlink=}}</ref> In older literature, "Finns" sometimes referred to all Finno-Ugric peoples.<ref>{{cite EB9 |wstitle= Finland |volume= IX |last= Keltie |first= John Scott |author-link= John Scott Keltie |pages=216-220|quote=see page 219, para Ethnology and Language.—The term Finns has a wider application than Finland, being, with its adjective Finnic or Finno-Ugric or Ugro-Finnic......&.... (5) The Ugrian Finns include the Voguls.....|short=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Russia}}</ref>


The largest Finnic peoples by population are the ] (6 million), the ] (1 million), the ] (800,000), the ] (570,000), the ] (550,000), the ] (330,000) and the ] (100,000).<ref>{{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения по '''субъектам Российской Федерации''' |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Materials/pril2_dok2.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208222034/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Materials/pril2_dok2.xlsx |archive-date=8 December 2012 |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref>
⚫ The Finnic peoples are sometimes called '']'', uniting them with the ], or ''Uralic'', uniting them also with the ]. These linguistic connections were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.suri.ee/r/index-eng.html|title=Uralic peoples|website=www.suri.ee|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909234942/http://www.suri.ee/r/index-eng.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

⚫ The Finnic peoples are sometimes grouped with the ] as '']'', or with the ] under the broader term ''Uralic''. These linguistic connections were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.suri.ee/r/index-eng.html|title=Uralic peoples|website=www.suri.ee|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909234942/http://www.suri.ee/r/index-eng.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Etymology == == Etymology ==

Revision as of 14:49, 20 December 2024

Various groups of Finno-Ugric peoples Not to be confused with Finns or Baltic Finnic peoples.

The Finnic nations identified by language (west to east):
Pinks: Sámi
Blues: Baltic Finns
Yellows and red: Volga Finns
Browns: Permians

The term Finnic peoples (or Finns) varies in meaning depending on the context. It may refer to the Baltic Finns of Finland, Scandinavia, Estonia and Northwest Russia. In Russian academic literature, the term sometimes includes two groups, the Baltic Finns and the Volga Finns, a group of Finno-Ugric peoples living near the Volga River. The contemporary Volga Finns include the Mari and the Mordovians (Erzyas and Mokshas), who reside in the Russian republics of Mari El and Mordovia.

In its broadest contemporary sense, the term includes the four groups speaking the languages traditionally classified in the Finno-Permic (also called Finnic) language family: the Baltic Finns and the Volga Finns, the Sámi of northern Fennoscandia, and the Permians of Russia. The Permians include the Komi and the Udmurts, who mostly live in the Komi Republic, the former Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug and the republic of Udmurtia. In older literature, "Finns" sometimes referred to all Finno-Ugric peoples.

The largest Finnic peoples by population are the Finns (6 million), the Estonians (1 million), the Mordvins (800,000), the Mari (570,000), the Udmurts (550,000), the Komis (330,000) and the Sámi (100,000).

The Finnic peoples are sometimes grouped with the Ugrians as Finno-Ugric, or with the Samoyeds under the broader term Uralic. These linguistic connections were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.

Etymology

Main article: Finn (ethnonym)

The name "Finn(ic)" is an ancient exonym with scarce historical references and therefore rather questionable etymology. Its probable cognates, like Fenni, Phinnoi, Finnum, and Skrithfinni / Scridefinnum appear in a few written texts starting from about two millennia ago in association with peoples of northern Europe. The first known use of this name to refer to the people of what is now Finland is in the 10th-century Old English poem "Widsith". Among the first written sources possibly designating western Finland as the "land of Finns" are also two rune stones in Sweden: one in Norrtälje Municipality, with the inscription finlont (U 582), and the other in Gotland, with the inscription finlandi (G 319 M), dating from the 11th century.

It has been suggested that the non-Uralic ethnonym "Finn" is of Germanic language origin and related to such words as finthan (Old High German) 'find', 'notice'; fanthian (Old High German) 'check', 'try'; and fendo (Old High German) and vende (Middle High German) 'pedestrian', 'wanderer'. It may thus have originated from an Old Norse word for hunter-gatherer, finn (plural finnar), which is believed to have been applied during the first millennium CE to the (pre–reindeer herding) Sami, and perhaps to other hunter-gatherers of Scandinavia. It was still used with this meaning in Norway in the early 20th century, but is now considered derogatory. Thus there is Finnmark in Norway, which can be understood as "Sami country", but also Finnveden in Sweden, in an area that is not known to have been Finnic-speaking. The name was also applied to what is now Finland, which at the time was inhabited by "Sami" hunter-gatherers.

The Icelandic Eddas and Norse sagas (11th to 14th centuries), some of the oldest written sources probably originating from the closest proximity, use words like finnr and finnas inconsistently. However, most of the time, they seem to mean northern dwellers with a mobile life style.

Other etymological interpretations associate the ethnonym "Finns" with fen in a more toponymical approach. Yet another theory postulates that the words finn and kven are cognates.

See also

References

  1. "Finnic peoples". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  2. Patrušev, Valerij (2000). The Early History of the Finno-Ugric Peoples of European Russia. Oulu: Societas Historiae Fenno-Ugricae. p. 7. ISBN 978-951-97040-3-6.
  3. "Finno-Ugric languages". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013.
  4. Golden, Peter B. (1994) . "The peoples of the Russian forest belt". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780521243049.
  5. Goldina, Ekaterina; Goldina, Rimma (2018). "On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries". Estonian Journal of Archaeology. 22 (2): 163–180. doi:10.3176/arch.2018.2.04. S2CID 166188106.
  6. Lallukka, Seppo (1990). The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. ISBN 951-41-0616-4.
  7. Keltie, John Scott (1879). "Finland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. IX (9th ed.). pp. 216–220. see page 219, para Ethnology and Language.—The term Finns has a wider application than Finland, being, with its adjective Finnic or Finno-Ugric or Ugro-Finnic......&.... (5) The Ugrian Finns include the Voguls.....
  8. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Russia" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  9. "Национальный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  10. "Uralic peoples". www.suri.ee. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  11. "Archived copy". vesta.narc.fi. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. "Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura". Sgr.fi. Archived from the original on 8 July 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  13. Rygh, Oluf (1924). Norske gaardnavne: Finmarkens amt (in Norwegian) (18 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 1–7.
  14. Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel (26 January 2023), "finner (samer)", Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 24 January 2024
  15. Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Majander, Kerttu; Jeong, Choongwon; Salmela, Elina; Wessman, Anna; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Khartanovich, Valery; Balanovsky, Oleg; Ongyerth, Matthias; Weihmann, Antje; Sajantila, Antti; Kelso, Janet; Pääbo, Svante; Onkamo, Päivi; Haak, Wolfgang (27 November 2018). "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 5018. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.5018L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6258758. PMID 30479341.
  16. Kallio, Petri (4 January 1998). "Suomi(ttavia etymologioita)". Virittäjä (in Finnish). 102 (4): 613. ISSN 2242-8828.
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