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Child abuse is the physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment or neglect of children by parents, guardians, or others. While most child abuse happens in the child's home, large numbers of cases of child abuse have been identified within some organizations involving children, such as churches, schools, child care businesses, and in particular native residential schools, or in government agencies. It also sometimes occurs almost anywhere (eg kidnappings, random murders etc.

According to a recent UNICEF report on child well-being the United States and the United Kingdom ranked lowest among rich nations with respect to the well being of their children. This study also found that child neglect and child abuse are far more common in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present.

There are many forms of abuse and neglect and many governments have developed their own legal definition of what constitutes child maltreatment for the purposes of removing a child and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. In the United States, the Federal Government puts out a full definition of child abuse and neglect and creates a summary of each State definition. To view, go to Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect: Summary of State Laws that is part of the 2005 State Statute series by the Child Welfare Information Gateway.

Effects of child abuse

Child abuse in its various forms has numerous effects and consequences, both tangible and intangible, upon society, those mistreated, and those entrusted with the responsibility of its detection, prevention and treatment.

Effects on the child and development

The U.S. National Adoption Center found that 52% of adoptable children (meaning those children in U.S. foster care) freed for adoption had symptoms of attachment disorder. A study by Dante Cicchetti found that 80% of abused and maltreated infants exhibited attachment disorder symptoms (disorganized subtype). Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

Children with histories of maltreatment, such as physical and psychological neglect and physical abuse are at risk of developing severe psychiatric problems. These children are likely to develop reactive attachment disorder. These children may be described as experiencing trauma-attachment problems. The trauma experienced is the result of abuse or neglect, inflicted by a primary caregiver, which disrupts the normal development of secure attachment. Such children are at risk of developing a disorganized attachment. Disorganized attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms, as well as anxiety, depressive, and acting-out symptoms.

Causes of child abuse

There are many causes of child abuse. Many child abusers were themselves victims of abuse. Mental illness is another common factor, with many abusers have personality disorder or other severe forms of mental illness. Psychosocial factors also play a role.

Parental choices and other unforeseen circumstances that place families under extraordinary stress ― for instance, poverty, divorce, sickness, disability, lack of parental skills is often associated to child maltreatment. Many of these factors may contribute to family stress that can result in child abuse or neglect. Understanding the root causes of abuse can help better determine the best methods of prevention and treatment. There are four primary categories as to why people harm their children. Intergenerational transmission of violence, social stress, social isolation and low community involvement, and family structure.

Prevention

Given these possible causes, most professionals agree that there are three levels of prevention services; primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.

Primary prevention

Primary prevention consists of activities that are targeted at the community level. These activities are meant to impact families prior to any allegations of abuse and neglect. Primary prevention services include public education activities, parent education classes that are open to anyone in the community, and family support programs. Primary prevention can be difficult to measure because you are attempting to impact something before it happens, an unknown variable.

Secondary prevention

Secondary prevention consists of activities targeted to families that have one or more risk factors including families with substance abuse, teen parents, parents of special need children, single parents, and low income families. Secondary prevention services include parent education classes targeted for high risk parents, respite care for parents of a child with a disability, or home visiting programs for new parents.

Tertiary prevention

Tertiary prevention consists of activities targeted to families that have confirmed or unconfirmed child abuse and neglect reports. These families have already demonstrated the need for intervention, with or without court supervision. Prevention supporters consider 'tertiary prevention' synonymous with treatment and entirely different from prevention through family support.

Treatment

Treatment for those experiencing Complex post-traumatic stress disorder, which is caused by early chronic maltreatment, should address each dimension. Often treatment must be multi-modal. Children who have experienced complex trauma caused by chronic maltreatment can be treated effectively with Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy. In addition Cognitive Behavioral Therapy interventions, education, EMDR and other approaches can be effectively used.

Child abuse prevention organizations

Childhelp USA

Founded in 1959 by Sara O'Meara and Yvonne Fedderson, Childhelp USA is one of the largest and oldest national nonprofit organizations dedicated to the prevention of child abuse, neglect as well as to the treatment of its victims in the United States. Childhelp's programs, which directly serve abused children and their families, focus on meeting the children's physical, emotional, educational and spiritual needs. In 2005, O'Meara and Fedderson were both nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.

ISPCAN (International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect)

The International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, founded in 1977, is the only multidisciplinary international organization that brings together a worldwide cross-section of committed professionals to work towards the prevention and treatment of child abuse, neglect and exploitation globally. www.ispcan.org

Children of the Underground

Founded in the early 1980s by Faye Yager, the organization was dedicated to help mothers or fathers whose spouses had sexually abused their children. The organization was especially important in the many cases where the legal system was incapable or wrongly administrered justice. In many cases, as have come to the attention of the media, the judges and the legal system often fail to punish sexual molestors and/or fail to restrict the molestor from obtaining custody of the abused child. Ms. Yager organization gained notoriety for her courageous attempts at helping these parents escape or stop their spouses from having access to their endangered child and putting the molestor behind bars. Although this organization no longer exists, it was one of the first organizations to attempt this and gained international support and media attention.

Thursday's Child

Founded in 1982, Thursday's Child's hotline, 1 800 USA KIDS remains the only child abuse hotline listing with toll-free 800 directory. Its website also maintains the only complete list of state child abuse reporting numbers on the Internet.

Reporting of child abuse

Authorities

Depending on the country, the agencies responsible for investigating child abuse are either managed nationally, regionally, or locally. These agencies may be called Child Protective Services (CPS), Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), or by other similar names. In the U.S., these agencies are usually listed in the state government section of the telephone book under "Children" or "Health" or "Human Services". In a few instances in the U.S., some of the functions of these agencies are outsourced to private individuals or companies.

People who investigate claims of child abuse may be called a "children's social worker" (CSW) or a case worker.

Reporting abuse and neglect in Australia

Child abuse and neglect is the subject of mandatory reporting in most Australian jurisdictions. Usually professional people such as doctors, nurses and teachers are bound to report strong evidence of abuse or neglect. State authorities, such as the Child Protection Unit of the Department of Human Services (Victoria), have statutory authority to investigate and deal with child abuse.

A document from Child Protection and Family Services, in Melbourne states: "The service system is facing escalating and changing demand pressures and we are increasingly aware of growing client complexity. Too many children, young people and families are coming back into the child protection system on a repeat basis with services making little impact on their issues. The analysis confirms this and identifies the need for a strategic rethink if we are to achieve better outcomes for vulnerable children, young people and their families. " Integrated Strategy for Child Protection and Placement Services

Reporting Abuse in the UK

All professionals who work with children, such as teachers, health professionals and so forth are required by professional codes of conduct to report to social services (or the police as appropriate) any 'concern' (neglect, physical, sexual or emotional abuse) regarding a child's welfare. The police and social services operate a multi-agency approach in cases of serious abuse. This system started in the 1960s following the death of Maria Colwell, but was insufficiently effective and a number of notorious cases over the years have resulted in several major overhauls of the system, the most recent being following the death of Victoria Climbie in 2000. Social Service departments, organised regionally, are required to investigate reports of abuse, keep records and take appropriate action to protect children. This can range from the provision of advice and support to families through to immediate removal under an Emergency Protection Order, and Care proceedings which may result in permanent placement of the child outside the family. In care proceedings the welfare of the child is paramount and all

Notable incidents of child abuse

See also

• Attachment disorder
• Adoption
• Attachment theory
• Child sacrifice
• Child sexual abuse
• Child Welfare
• Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
• Dissociative identity disorder
• Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy
• Emotional dysregulation
• Foster care
• Emotional abuse

References

1. Abuse at Native Residential Schools
2. "Getting Away with Murder—Of children" and "Missed Clues—Lost Lives : TORONTO STAR, 1998"]
3. Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1995). Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants’ attachments to their caregivers. In D. Cicchetti& V. Carlson (Eds), Child Maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 135-157). NY: Cambridge University Press.
4. Gauthier, L., Stollak, G., Messe, L., & Arnoff, J. (1996). Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning. Child Abuse and Neglect 20, 549-559
5. Malinosky-Rummell, R. & Hansen, D.J. (1993) Long term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychological Bulletin 114, 68-69
6. ^ Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999) Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press
7. Greenberg, M. (1999). Attachment and Psychopathology in Childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.). Handbook of Attachment (pp.469-496). NY: Guilford Press
8. Solomon, J. & George, C. (Eds.) (1999). Attachment Disorganization. NY: Guilford Press
9. Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990) Parents’ Unresolved Traumatic Experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Ciccehetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp161-184). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
10. Carlson, E.A. (1988). A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment. Child Development 69, 1107-1128
11. Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64, 64-73
12. Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development 64, 572-585
13. Becker-Weidman, A., & Shell, D., (Eds.) (2005) Creating Capacity For Attachment, Wood 'N' Barnes, OK. ISBN 1-885473-72-9
14. Becker-Weidman, A., (2006). Treatment for Children with Trauma-Attachment Disorders: Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. Vol. 13 #1, April 2006.

On the history of child abuse and attempts to protect children, see Linda Gordon, "Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence," NY, Penguin, 1988, and Champaign, IL., Univ. of Illinois Press, 2003.

External links

• The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study is an ongoing study of the long-term damage abuse during childhood causes to adult health. The study is conducted by Robert F. Anda, MD, MS, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Vincent J. Felitti, MD, of Kaiser Permanente.
• Help for Adult Victims Of Child Abuse (HAVOCA) Provides support, friendship and advice for any adult who's life has been affected by childhood abuse.
• More than Survival is a blog dedicated to adult victims of child abuse.
• Preventing Child Abuse from The Directory of Children's Issues. Summer 2006.
• Executive Summary of the Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse & Neglect (US Department of Health and Human Services)
• The History of Child Abuse from The Journal of Psychohistory 25 (3) Winter 1998
• Child Abuse Types, Signs, Symptoms, Causes and Help
• Child Abuse: Statistics, Research, and Resources
• http://www.nspcc.org.uk/inform/publications/downloads/childmaltreatmentintheukexecsummary_pdf_gf25453.pdf NSPCC report on child maltreatment in the UK (November 2000)]
• Preventing Child Abuse Internet Safety FAQ
• The Safeguarding Children Partnership, a UK charity dedicated to child protection training.
• http://www.afterfostercare.ca - Canadians affected by foster care helping each other.
• Maltreatment and the Developing Child.
• Child Abuse and the Handicapped Child
• Counseling Abused Children
• Teaching the Abused Migrant Child: What's a Teacher To Do?
• A site containing child abuse editorials...
• Classroom Strategies for Teaching Migrant Children about Child Abuse
• Therapeutic Child Protection Work
• National Association to Protect Children
• DCFWatch - a non profit organization monitoring civil rights abuses by U.S. Child Protection Agencies
• National Coalition for Child Protection Reform
• 'What to do if You're Worried a Child is Being Abused', leaflet published by the UK Department of Health
• Childhelp USA's National Child Abuse Website
• Stepchildren of the state - A Swedish association for fosterchildren and statehomechildren
• Resources on Children Exposed to Domestic Violence a form of child abuse in many jurisdictions
• Liberated From Abuse Sexual Abuse Education
• Maltreatment and the Developing Child by Dr. Bruce Perry

• Information on the evaluation and treatment of maltreated/abused children.
• Singer, Songwriter, Actor Paul Williams has set up a page with information and links for those who are in abuse relationships or know of someone who may be
• Prevent Child Abuse America
• National Association for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (Australia)
• Alice Miller's website about Child Mistreatment, Child Abuse in 3 languages

• Child abuse