Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 06:59, 7 July 2007

Misplaced Pages

Screenshot of Misplaced Pages's multilingual portal
Type of site	Internet encyclopedia project
Available in	188 active editions (252 in total)
Headquarters	Miami, Florida
Owner	Wikimedia Foundation
Created by	Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger
URL	http://www.wikipedia.org/
Commercial	No
Registration	Optional

Misplaced Pages (IPA: /ˌwikiˈpiːdi.ə/, /ˌwikiˈpeːdi.ə/ or /ˌwɪkiˈpiːdi.ə/ (Audio (U.S.)) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project. Misplaced Pages is written collaboratively by volunteers; the vast majority of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the Internet. Misplaced Pages's name is a portmanteau of the words wiki (a type of collaborative website) and encyclopedia. Its primary servers are in Tampa, Florida, with additional servers in Amsterdam and Seoul. Misplaced Pages's English edition was launched on January 15, 2001, as a complement to Nupedia, an expert-written and now defunct encyclopedia.

The project is currently operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization.

Misplaced Pages has approximately 7.5 million articles in 253 languages, 1.865 million of which are in the English edition. This makes it the largest, most extensive, and fastest growing encyclopedia ever compiled. It has steadily risen in popularity since its inception, and currently ranks among the top ten most-visited websites worldwide.

Misplaced Pages's open nature has critics questioning its reliability and accuracy. The site has also been criticized for its susceptibility to vandalism and the addition of false or unverified information, uneven quality, systemic bias and inconsistencies, and for favoring consensus over credentials in its editorial process. Misplaced Pages's content policies and sub-projects set up by contributors seek to address these concerns. Two scholarly studies have concluded that vandalism is generally short-lived and that Misplaced Pages is generally as accurate as other encyclopedias.

Founding

There is some controversy over who founded Misplaced Pages. Jimmy Wales, creator of the Misplaced Pages Foundation, claims to be the sole founder of Misplaced Pages. This is disputed by Larry Sanger, who also claims to be a founder of Misplaced Pages. Misplaced Pages's official personnel page from September 2001 states that Wales and Sanger were the two co-founders, and that there was no editor-in-chief. Wales considers himself to be the sole founder of Misplaced Pages and has told the Boston Globe that "it's preposterous" to call Sanger the co-founder. However, Sanger strongly contests that description. He was identified as a co-founder of Misplaced Pages at least as early as September 2001 and referred to himself that way as early as January 2002.

Authorship and management

Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteers; these include developers, who work on the MediaWiki software, and other trusted users with various permission levels including "steward", "bureaucrat" and "administrator." Administrators are the largest group of specially privileged users, and have the ability to delete (remove) pages, lock articles from being changed, and deter users from editing. Misplaced Pages is funded through the Wikimedia Foundation. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $321,000 USD, with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget. The Wikimedia Foundation currently relies primarily on private donations, and holds regular fundraisers; the January 2007 fundraiser raised just over $1 million.

Software and hardware

The operation of Misplaced Pages depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database. The software incorporates modern programming features, such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Misplaced Pages ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Misplaced Pages began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Misplaced Pages by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Misplaced Pages shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.

Misplaced Pages runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers in Florida and in four other locations. Misplaced Pages employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running MySQL, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the Apache HTTP Server, and seven Squid cache servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world.

Page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Squid caching servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Misplaced Pages. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Two larger clusters in the Netherlands and Korea now handle much of Misplaced Pages's traffic load.

Language editions

Misplaced Pages has been described as "an effort to create and distribute a 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". There are presently 252 language editions of Misplaced Pages; of these, the top 14 have over 100,000 articles and the top 136 have over 1,000 articles.

Since Misplaced Pages is web-based and therefore worldwide, contributors of a same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (this is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts about spelling or points of view. The English subdomain (en.wikipedia.org) receives approximately 51% of Misplaced Pages's cumulative traffic, with the remaining 49% split among the other languages (Spanish: 15%, Japanese 5%, German: 5%, French: 4%, Polish: 3%, Portuguese: 2%, Arabic: 2%).

Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view," they diverge on some points of policy and practice. It is most notably the case for the use of non-free images.

Coordination and translation

Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its projects (Misplaced Pages and others). For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Misplaced Pages and maintain a list of articles every Misplaced Pages should have. The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, foodstuffs, and mathematics. As for the rest, it is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small townships of the United States might only be available in English.

Multilingual editors of sufficient fluency are encouraged to translate articles manually; automated translation of articles is explicitly disallowed. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions. Articles available in more than one language may offer "InterWiki" links, usually in their left margin, which link to the counterpart articles in other editions. Images and other non-verbal media are shared among the various language editions through the Wikimedia Commons repository. Beyond translations, some multingual efforts are also realised thanks to the Multilingual coordination.

Reliability and bias

Misplaced Pages appeals to the authority of peer-reviewed publications rather than the personal authority of experts. Misplaced Pages does not require that its contributors give their legal names or provide other information to establish their identity. Although some contributors are authorities in their field, Misplaced Pages requires that even their contributions be supported by published sources.

Misplaced Pages tries to address the problem of systemic bias, and to deal with zealous editors who seek to influence the presentation of an article in a biased way, by insisting on a neutral point of view. The English-language Misplaced Pages has introduced a scale against which the quality of articles is judged; other editions have also adopted this. Roughly 1200 articles have passed a rigorous set of criteria to reach the highest rank, "featured article" status; such articles are intended to provide thorough, well-written coverage of their topic, supported by many references to peer-reviewed publications.

Academic evaluation

Some studies suggest that Misplaced Pages provides a good starting point for research, but sometimes suffers from significant omissions and inaccuracies. On the other hand, an investigation by Nature comparing Misplaced Pages to the Encyclopædia Britannica suggested a comparable level of accuracy in its natural science articles. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. disagreed and described this study as "fatally flawed", to which Nature later responded, stating that its study was perfectly neutral. Other studies have concluded that Misplaced Pages's coverage of history is significantly broader and deeper than that of Encarta, while being just as accurate, and that obvious vandalism is usually reverted quickly.

In a study of Misplaced Pages as a community, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in wiki software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.

In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that some of the professors at Harvard University do include Misplaced Pages in their syllabus, but that there is a split in their perception of using Misplaced Pages.

In June 2007, former president of the American Library Association Michael Gorman condemned Misplaced Pages, along with Google, for contributing to the creation of a generation of “intellectual sluggards”. He also stated that academics who endorse the use of wikipedia are “the intel­lectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything,” He also stated that “a generation of intellectual sluggards incapable of moving beyond the internet” was being produced at universities. He complains that the web-based sources are discouraging students from learning from the more rare texts which are either found only on paper or are on subscription-only web sites. In the same article Jenny Fry (a research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute) commented on the academics who cite Misplaced Pages that:

“You cannot say children are intellectually lazy because they are using the internet when academics are using search engines in their research,” she said. “The difference is that they have more experience of being critical about what is retrieved and whether it is authoritative. Children need to be told how to use the internet in a critical and appropriate way.”

Criticism and controversy

Misplaced Pages has been accused of exhibiting systemic bias and inconsistency; critics argue that Misplaced Pages's open nature, and favouring consensus over credentials in its editorial process, makes it unauthoritative, and that a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable. Some commentators suggest that Misplaced Pages is usually reliable, but that it is not always clear how much. The project's preference for consensus over credentials has been labeled "anti-elitism". Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia. Many university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources; some specifically prohibit Misplaced Pages citations. Co-founder Jimmy Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. Technology writer Bill Thompson commented that the debate was possibly "symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today."

Concerns have also been raised regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, and that it is vulnerable to vandalism and Internet trolls. For example, false information was introduced into the biography of John Seigenthaler, Sr. and remained undetected for four months.

Misplaced Pages's community has been described as "cult-like," although not always with entirely negative connotations, and criticised for failing to accommodate inexperienced users. The addition of political spin to articles by organizations including the U.S. House of Representatives and special interest groups has been noted, and organizations such as Microsoft have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles. Misplaced Pages has been parodied by its critics, notably by Stephen Colbert in The Colbert Report.

In 2007, the Misplaced Pages article on then-Montana senator Conrad Burns was edited by his own staff, causing political scandal among his constituents.

Misplaced Pages's content policies and sub-projects set up by contributors seek to address these concerns. Several scholarly studies have concluded that vandalism is generally short-lived, and that Misplaced Pages is roughly as accurate as other online encyclopedias.

Due to Misplaced Pages's openness, it is a prime target for trolls who, with intent, add misleading, sometimes biased information to articles or delete or reword neutral in tone information from articles, occasionally, carry on a seemingly never ending conversation in article discussion rooms, and draw undue attention to themselves.

Misplaced Pages has also caused concern according to Entertainment Tonight over incidents such as the murder-suicide of Chris Benoit, in which the death of Benoit's wife Nancy was reported on the site before the incident occurred, leading to a police investigation.

Awards

Misplaced Pages won two major awards in May 2004. The first was a Golden globe for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a US$10,000 (£5,035.16) eBay account and an invitation to present at the Piracy Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category. Misplaced Pages was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In September 2004, the Japanese Misplaced Pages was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project.

In a 2006 Multiscope research study, the Dutch Misplaced Pages was rated the third best Dutch language site, after Google and Gmail, with a score of 8.1. On 26 January 2007, Misplaced Pages was also awarded the fifth highest brand ranking by the readers of, receiving 15% of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?" Founder Jimmy Wales was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by TIME Magazine in 2006. In 2006, the Russian Misplaced Pages won the "Science and education" category of the "Runet Prize" (Russian: Премия Рунета) award, supervised by the Russian government agency FAPMC.

In the media

See also: History of Misplaced Pages

Misplaced Pages's content has been mirrored and forked by many sites including database dumps. There is even a free downloadable DVD version developed by Linterweb which contains "1964 + articles". Misplaced Pages's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases. The Canadian Parliament website refers to Misplaced Pages's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for Civil Marriage Act. The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal Courts and the World Intellectual Property Office — though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case. Misplaced Pages has also been used as a source in journalism, sometimes without attribution; several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Misplaced Pages.

With increased usage and awareness, there have been an increasing number of references to Misplaced Pages in popular culture. Many parody Misplaced Pages's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Uncyclopedia is the largest such website; its Main Page claims that it is the "content-💕 that anyone can edit," parodying the English Misplaced Pages's welcome message on its Main Page.

In the episode "Wikiality" of The Colbert Report, host Stephen Colbert instigated his viewers to vandalize articles in humorous ways, once doing so on the Misplaced Pages article on elephants. On the May 24, 2007 broadcast, the guest was Jimmy Wales, the co-founder of Misplaced Pages. Stephen Colbert referred to Misplaced Pages as a "battlefield for information", a tool that "brings democracy to information," and moves away from the original views of the "elite who study things and got to say what is or is not real." During the interview, Stephen Colbert issued a challenge to Wales by showing a phrase on the screen "Librarians are hiding something." - a phrase that Jimmy Wales could not see, with the implication that Wales was powerless to stop a critical mass of individuals from editing a page according to the dictates of one influential individual, as Stephen put it, when "groupthink being brought to information can be controlled and manipulated in wonderful ways." Jimmy Wales' response was that "the interesting thing about your show is that Wikipedians watch it." Almost immediately, the Misplaced Pages entry for "librarian" was protected from vandalism, and edits to other pages were rapidly undone. References were also made in the discussion to "Albert Einstein was an alpaca farmer" and "oxygen being a poison", as Colbert challenges the audience to edit these Misplaced Pages entries, and editing Spanish Misplaced Pages to say "Learn English". In another episode, when discussing Misplaced Pages, Colbert urged his viewers (even going so far as to offer a small monetary incentive) to edit the page on reality to read "reality has become a commodity".

"Weird Al" Yankovic's character in his video 'White & Nerdy' is seen vandalising the entry for the Atlantic record label with the exclamation "You suck!," after they rescinded permission for a parody.

In a recent episode of American Dad (entitled Black Mystery Month), protagonists Stan Smith and Steve Smith fail to reveal to the world that George Washington Carver was not the person who invented peanut butter, then create a Misplaced Pages page entitled "The Truth About Peanut Butter" to inform the world, citing that it is the one place you can put crazy information out with no evidence and still have millions of people believe it to be true.

In "The Negotiation" episode of The Office, Michael prints out a list of negotiation tactics and praises Misplaced Pages, calling it "the best thing ever." However, his comment that, "anyone anywhere in the world can edit it, so you know you're getting the best information possible," can be seen as sarcasm on the part of the show's writers.

On page 132 of the August 2007 magazine of PC PRO, a UK computer magazine contained a several-page article benchmarking Misplaced Pages against other more traditional publications. PC PRO believed Misplaced Pages had exceeded expectations in terms of accuracy, vandal prevention tools, and depth of coverage. Indeed some deliberate attempts of tampering with existing articles by PC PRO (as published in the August 2007 magazine) were corrected in the main by voluntary Misplaced Pages contributors within hours.

In the July 2007 issue of National Geographic Magazine, Misplaced Pages gained praise in an article titled “Swarm Theory.” The writer of the article Peter Miller discusses how colonies of ants, flights of birds, swarms bees and schools of fish all have amazing abilities to coordinate all their activities despite having no single leader. Regarding bees, Miller notes that a colony of bees have no single leader in the hive (not even the queen, whose only function is to lay eggs) yet they have a communication system that seek a diversity of options, encourages free competition among ideas, and uses an effective mechanism to narrow choices. In essence, each member of the group is smarter by being part of a group. Miller writes, “Almost any group that follows the bees’ rules will make itself smarter.’’

Miller relates this phenomenon to humans and cites Misplaced Pages as one example. “Misplaced Pages, a free collaborative encyclopedia has also proved to be a big success, with millions of articles in more than 200 languages about everything under the sun, each which can be contributed by anyone or edited by anyone.” Miller, however, writes that collective intelligence is successful only if individual members act responsibly, “A group won’t be smart if its members imitate one another, slavishly follow fads, or wait for someone to tell them what to do.”

Related projects

A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Misplaced Pages was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from over 1 million contributors in the UK, and covering the geography, art and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user-interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project have now been emulated on a website. One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was also created by the BBC. The h2g2 encyclopedia was relatively light-hearted, focusing on articles which were both witty and informative. Both of these projects had similarities with Misplaced Pages, but neither gave full editorial freedom to public users.

Misplaced Pages has also spawned several sister projects. The first, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki", created in October 2002, detailed the September 11, 2001 attacks; this project was closed in October 2006. Wiktionary, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002; Wikiquote, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects.

A similar non-wiki project, the GNUpedia project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, free-software figure Richard Stallman, has lent his support to Misplaced Pages.

Other websites centered on collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Misplaced Pages. Some, such as Susning.nu, Enciclopedia Libre, and WikiZnanie likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional peer review, such as the expert-written Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, h2g2 and Everything2.

Another wiki project, the Conservapedia, is based on the Misplaced Pages software platform (Mediawiki), and it draws from the basic principles of the Misplaced Pages, but it is intended to address what is perceived and denounced as Misplaced Pages's liberal bias. This is achieved by restricting the users who are allowed to edit articles.

Also, a satirical parody of Misplaced Pages, Uncyclopedia, was created in 2005. Designed to be the complete opposite of Misplaced Pages, most of the articles are either fictional or parodied to such an extent that almost little or no original factual accuracy remains.

Jimmy Wales, the de facto leader of Misplaced Pages, said in an interview in regard to the online encyclopedia Citizendium which is overviewed by experts in their respective fields: "We welcome a diversity of efforts. If Larry's project is able to produce good work, we will benefit from it by copying it back into Misplaced Pages."

See also

• Congressional staffer edits to Misplaced Pages
• List of encyclopedias
• List of Wikipedias
• List of wikis
• Open content
• User-generated content
• Misplaced Pages community

References

1. ^ "List of Wikipedias". Meta-Wiki. 2007-01-24. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
2. ^ Jonathan Sidener. "Everyone's Encyclopedia". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 2006-10-15.Peter Meyers (2001-09-20). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-10-15.Sanger, Larry. "What Misplaced Pages is and why it matters". Retrieved 2006-04-12.
3. ^ "Five-year traffic statistics for wikipedia.org". Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
4. "Three-month traffic [[statistics]] for wikipedia.org". Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2007-01-29. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
5. ^ Simon Waldman (2004-10-26). "Who knows?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-02-11. Cite error: The named reference "Who" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
6. ^ Ahrens, Frank (2006-07-09). "Death by Misplaced Pages: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
7. ^ Larry Sanger, "Why Misplaced Pages Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism", Kuro5hin, December 31 2004.
8. ^ Danah Boyd (2005-01-04). "Academia and Misplaced Pages". Many-to-Many. Retrieved 2007-02-11. Cite error: The named reference "AcademiaAndWikipedia" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
9. ^ "List of policies and guidelines". English Misplaced Pages. Retrieved 2007-01-31. Cite error: The named reference "PoliciesAndGuidelines" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
10. "Misplaced Pages:WikiProject". English Misplaced Pages. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
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15. Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Sanger says he co-started Misplaced Pages". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-04-14. The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Misplaced Pages, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim does not seem particularly controversial - Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, is not happy about it.
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77. "Colbert Causes Chaos on Misplaced Pages". Newsvine. August 1 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
78. Stephen Colbert. Colbert Nation. Comedy Central. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
79. "Weird Al Yankovic," Herald Sun, October 5 2006. Retrieved on 2007-01-25.
80. Miller, Peter: “Swarm Theory”, National Geographic Magazine July, 2007
81. Web-based emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface and data from the Community Disc (contributions from the general public) -- most articles can be accessed using the interactive map
82. "sep11memories.org/". Retrieved 2007-02-06.
83. First edit to the wiki In Memoriam: September 11 wiki (October 28, 2002)
84. "In Memoriam",In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki (October 31 2006)
85. "Announcement of Wiktionary's creation", December 12 2002. Retrieved on 2007-02-02.
86. "Our projects", Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-01-24
87. Richard Stallman (1999). "The 💕 Project". Free Software Foundation.
88. Frith, Holden (March 26, 2007). "Misplaced Pages founder launches rival online encyclopedia". The Times. Retrieved 2007-06-27. Misplaced Pages's de facto leader, Jimmy Wales, stood by the site's format. — Holden Frith.
89. Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Misplaced Pages founder forks Misplaced Pages, More experts, less fiddling?". The Register. Retrieved 2007-06-27. Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits. — Andrew Orlowski.
90. Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Misplaced Pages Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site". LinuxInsider. Retrieved 2007-06-27.

External links

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2. Part 2

• Misplaced Pages - multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions of the project)
• Misplaced Pages at the Open Directory Project
• CBC News: I, editor
• Help Edit Misplaced Pages A wikiHow article.

Template:Link FA ru-sib:Википеддя

• Internet history
• Web 2.0
• Misplaced Pages
• 💕s
• Online encyclopedias
• General encyclopedias
• Wikis
• 2001 establishments
• Wikimedia projects