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Republic of Korea대한민국 大韓民國 Daehan Minguk
Flag Coat of arms of South Korea Coat of arms
Motto: 홍익인간(弘益人間) 널리 인간을 이롭게 하라 ("Benefit all mankind")
Anthem: Aegukga (애국가; 愛國歌) Patriotic Hymn
Capitaland largest city	Seoul
Official languages	Korean
Demonym(s)	South Korean, Korean
Government	Presidential republic
• President	Roh Moo-Hyun
• Prime Minister	Han Duck-soo
Establishment
• Liberation declared	March 1 1919 (de jure)
• Liberation	August 15 1945
• First Republic	August 151948
• United Nations Recognition	December 12 1948
Area
• Total	99,646 km (38,474 sq mi) (108th)
• Water (%)	0.3
Population
• February 2007 estimate	49,024,737 (25th)
• Density	480/km (1,243.2/sq mi) (19th)
GDP (PPP)	2006 estimate
• Total	$1.196 trillion (11th)
• Per capita	$24,500 (34th)
HDI (2006)	0.912 Error: Invalid HDI value (26th)
Currency	Won (KRW)
Time zone	UTC+9 (Korea Standard Time)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+9 (not observed)
Calling code	82
ISO 3166 code	KR
Internet TLD	.kr
Cell phone system CDMA Domestic power supply 220V/60 Hz, CEE 7/7 sockets

South Korea, officially known as the Republic of Korea (ROK) (Korean: 대한민국, IPA: [tɛː.han.min.ɡuk̚], listen) is an East Asian country on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. To the north, it is bordered by North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), with which it was united until 1945. To the west, across the Yellow Sea, lies China (People's Republic of China) and to the southeast, across the Korea Strait, lies Japan.

Korea traces its founding to 2333 BCE by Dangun Wanggeom. Archaeological research shows that Koreans occupied the peninsula since the Lower Paleolithic period with territories expanding as far as mainland China and eastern Russia during the Gojoseon period. Korea's history has been turbulent throughout with the last emperor of Korea dating back to the age of the Korean Empire. Since the establishment of the modern republic in 1948, South Korea struggled with the aftermath of the Japanese control (1910-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and decades of authoritarian governments, undergoing five major constitutional changes. While the government officially embraced Western-style democracy from its founding, presidential elections suffered from rampant irregularities. It was not until 1987 that direct and fair presidential elections were held, largely prompted by popular demonstrations.

South Korea had one of the fastest economic development in the world since the 1960s and is now the 3rd largest economy in Asia and the 12th largest economy in the world. The country's GDP per capita increased from only $143 (#160 poorest) in 1963 to a record-breaking $11,400 (#41 wealthest) in 1995 to $24,500 (#33 wealthest) in 2006. Many developing nations refer to this progress as the "Miracle on the Han River", using South Korea's success story as a role model. South Korea is both part of the CIA and IMF list of advanced economies and is a Next Eleven country, forming the G20 Industrial Nations.

South Korea is one of the world's most technologically and scientifically advanced countries; it is the only country in the world having nationwide 100Mbps Broadband Internet Access, Full HDTV Broadcasting, DMB, WiBro and 3rd Generation HSDPA. It is currently the most wired nation in the world, with 90 per cent of homes connected to cheap broadband internet. South Korea is a global leader in electronics, computers, digital displays, semiconductor devices, mobile phones and hightech gadgets, headed by the two chaebols, Samsung and LG. South Korea also has the world's 3rd biggest steel producer, POSCO and is the 5th largest car manufacturing nation, headed by Hyundai Kia Automotive Group. South Korea is the world's largest shipbuilder, lead by several multinational corporations such as Hyundai Heavy Industries and Samsung Heavy Industries. Other important industries of South Korea include robotics and biotechnology, with the world's second humanoid robot, EveR-1 and the world's first cloned dog, Snuppy.

History

Before division

Archeological findings indicate that the Korean peninsula was occupied by humans as early in the Lower Paleolithic period.

Korea began with the legendary founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BCE by Dangun. Gojoseon expanded until it controlled much of the northern Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria. After numerous wars with the Chinese Han Dynasty, Gojoseon disintegrated, leading to the Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea period.

In the early centuries of the Common Era, Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and the Samhan confederacy occupied the peninsula and southern Manchuria. Of the various small states, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla grew to control the peninsula as rival kingdoms.

The Buddhism and other influences from China had profound effects on Korea, which later passed on these, as well as their own advances, to Japan.

The unification of the Three Kingdoms by Silla in 676 CE led to the North-South States period, in which the much of the Korean peninsula was controlled by Unified Silla, while Balhae succeeded northern parts of Goguryeo.

In Unified Silla, poetry and art was encouraged, and Buddhist culture flowered. Relationships between Korea and China remained good during this time. Unified Silla weakened under internal strife, and surrendered to Goryeo in 935. Balhae, Silla's neighbor to the north, was formed as a successor state to Goguryeo. During its height, Balhae controlled most of Manchuria and parts of Russia. It fell to the Khitan in 926 CE.

After the North-South Period, successor states fought for control during the Later Three Kingdoms period. The peninsula was soon united by Wang Geon of Goryeo. Like Silla, Goryeo was a highly cultural state and it created the Jikji in 1377, the world's oldest movable metal printing press.

The Mongol invasions in the 13th century and the Khitan invasion contributed to the weakening of Goryeo. However, Goryeo continued to control the Korean peninsula since the Mongols generously allowed Goryeo to keep its identity. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, Goryeo continued its independence. After severe corruption, Goryeo was replaced by the Joseon Dynasty in 1388 CE by a rebellion by General Yi Seong-gye.

General Yi named his country Joseon (referring to the greatness of Gojoseon) and moved the capital to Seoul. The first 200 years of the Joseon Dynasty was peaceful and saw the creation of hangul by King Sejong the Great in the 14 century CE and the influence of Confucianism.

In the latter of the 16th century CE, Joseon was invaded by the Japanese in the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598). A lack of technology and poor leadership from the government and generals led to destruction of much of the Korean peninsula by the Japanese. However, Admiral Yi's outstanding strategic maneuvering in his naval battles, the rise of irregular armies, and the help of Ming China caused heavy damage to the Japanese army, which soon retreated in 1598 CE.

Today, Admiral Yi is celebrated as one of Korea's greatest heroes and his turtle ships, which were used with great success against the Japanese, are considered the world's first ironclad warships. There is much interest in the turtle ship since there is no hard evidence that the turtle ship did have iron platings.

During the latter part of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname the "Hermit Kingdom". By the late 19th century, the country became the object of colonial designs by the imperial aggressors of Japan and Europe. In 1910 CE, Korea was annexed by Japan and remained occupied until the end of World War II in 1945 CE.

Image:Example.jpg|Caption1

After division

In 1945, Soviet Union and United States troops controlled the northern and southern halves of the country respectively. The two Cold War rivals helped establish governments sympathetic to their own ideologies, leading to Korea's current division into two political entities: North Korea and South Korea.

Despite promises of an independent and unified Korea in the 1943 Cairo Declaration, escalating Cold War antagonism between the United States and Soviet Union eventually led to the establishment of two separate governments: the communist North and the capitalist South. In the North, general Kim Il Sung who led the anti-Japanese guerilla, became president. In the South, Syngman Rhee was brought from America and installed as president. While many Koreans wanted a national election to choose a leader for the whole country, the United States prohibited people in the South to take part in an election organized by the North.

On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded the South which caused the deaths of more than 4 million civilians and soldiers alike, now referred to as the Korean War. Due to the boycott of the United Nations by the Soviet Union at that time, the UN intervened when it became apparent that the superior communist forces would easily take over the entire country. The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, with China sending millions of troops across the border. The war eventually reached a stalemate. The 1953 armistice split the peninsula along the demilitarized zone at about the original demarcation line. No peace treaty was ever signed and therefore the two countries are technically still at war.

In 1960, a student uprising led to the resignation of President Syngman Rhee, whose government had become autocratic and corrupt. A period of profound civil unrest and general political instability followed. General Park Chung-hee led a military coup (the "5.16 coup d'etat") against the weak and ineffectual government the following year. Park took over as president from 1961 until his assassination in 1979, overseeing rapid export-led economic growth as well as severe political repression. Park was criticized as a military dictator, although the Korean economy developed significantly during his tenure.

The year following Park's assassination was marked by considerable political turmoil as the previously repressed opposition leaders all clamored to run for the presidential office. In 1980, General Chun Doo-hwan launched a coup d'etat against the transitional government of Choi Gyu Ha, who was a former prime minister under Park and the interim president. Chun assumed the presidency. His seizure of power triggered national protest asking for democratization, particularly protests in Gwangju, South Cholla province. Chun sent in special forces to violently suppress the city, in what is now known as the Gwangju Massacre. Until 1987, he and his government held Korea under despotic rule. In 1987, Park Jong Chul - a student attending Seoul National University - was tortured to death. The Catholic Priests' Association for Justice revealed that Park was tortured, igniting huge demonstrations all around the country. The demonstrations grew larger when a student from Yonsei University, Lee Han Yeol, was killed by a police-fired tear gas bomb while he was demonstrating against the military government. During the period of resistance that followed, called the Resistance of June, even office workers started participating. Eventually, Chun's party, Democratic Justice Party, and its leader, Roh Tae Woo announced the 6.29 Declaration, which included the direct election of the president.

Despite the previous turmoil, Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics. In 1996, South Korea became a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Despite a severe setback caused by the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the country was able to re-emerge as a major economic power.

In June 2000, as a part of South Korean president Kim Dae Jung's Sunshine Policy of engagement, a North-South summit took place in North Korea's capital Pyongyang. That year, Kim won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work for democracy and human rights and efforts at reconciliation between the two Koreas.

In 2004, South Korea joined the "trillion dollar club" of world economies and, today, its standard of living is 28th in the world.

Government

The government of South Korea is divided into three branches: executive, judicial, and legislative. The executive and legislative branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. Local governments are semi-autonomous, and contain executive and legislative bodies of their own. The judicial branch operates at both the national and local levels.

The South Korean government's structure is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. This document has been revised several times since its first promulgation in 1948 (see History of South Korea). However, it has retained many broad characteristics; with the exception of the short-lived Second Republic of South Korea, the country has always had a presidential system with a relatively independent chief executive.

As with most stable three-branch systems, a careful system of checks and balances is in place. For instance, the judges of the Constitutional Court are partially appointed by the executive, and partially by the legislature. Likewise, when a resolution of impeachment is passed by the legislature, it is sent to the judiciary for a final decision.

Foreign relations

In its foreign relations, South Korea is primarily concerned with North Korea and the neighboring countries of China, Japan, and Russia, as well as its main ally, the United States.

United States

The United States of America was the primary driver in the establishment and initial sustenance of the South Korean government before and after the Korean War. Since the 1990s, the two nations have often been at odds with regard to their policies towards North Korea, and over the rise of anti-American sentiment often expressed toward members of the U.S. military,sometimes violently. Nevertheless, most South Koreans are friendly towards the United States. Korea concluded a Free Trade Agreement agreement with the United States in April 2007.

China

Korea usually had close relations with the Chinese since historic times. Korean independence fighters also worked with Chinese soldiers during the period of Japanese occupation. However, after World War II, the Chinese embraced communism while South Korea became a republic with the help of the United States. The Korean War and its aftermath made the relationship between South Korea and China almost nonexistent. However, South Korea and China established formal diplomatic relations on August 24, 1992. The two countries sought to improve the economy and lifted the trade embargo. Korean and Chinese relations have expanded steadily since 1992.

Japan

South Korea and Japan signed the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea in 1965. However South Korea has heavy Anti-Japanese sentiment due to a number of unsettled Korean-Japanese disputes, many of which stemmed from the period of Japanese occupation. During World War II, more than 100,000 Koreans were forced to serve in the Imperial Japanese Army. Longstanding issues such as Korea under Japanese rule against Korean civilians, the visits by Japanese politicians to the Yasukuni Shrine honoring Japanese soldiers killed at war, including class A war criminals like Tojo Hideki, the re-writing of Japanese textbooks to overlook Japanese aggression during World War II, and the territorial disputes over Liancourt Rocks continue to trouble Korean-Japanese relations. In response to then-Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's repeated visits to the Yasukuni shrine, the President of South Korea Roh Moo-hyun suspended all summit talks between South Korea and Japan. At present, South Korea and Japan's political relations are unstable but thawing progressively.

North Korea

Both North and South Korea continue to officially claim sovereignty over the entire peninsula. With longstanding animosity following the Korean War from 1950-1953, North Korea and South Korea did not sign an official peace agreement until October 4, 2007.

July 17th, 2007 - United Nations inspectors verified the shutdown of 5 North Korean nuclear facilities according to the February 2007 agreement.

On October 4th, 2007 President Roh Moo-Hyun and North Korean leader Kim Jong Il signed an 8-point peace agreement on issues of permanent peace, high-level talks, economic cooperation, renewal of train, highway and air travel, and a joint Olympic cheering squad.

Events such as family reunifications and the Olympic Games, where the two Koreas entered the opening ceremonies together but still competed as separate teams, created a gradual thaw in the North-South relationship (see Sunshine policy). However, the progress was complicated by North Korean missile tests in 1993, 1998 and 2006.

Other nations

South Korea maintains diplomatic relations with approximately 170 countries. The country has also been a member of the United Nations since 1991, when it joined at the same time as North Korea. On January 1, 2007, South Korean Foreign Minister Ban Ki-moon assumed the post of UN Secretary-General. It has also developed links with Association of Southeast Asian Nations as both a member of "ASEAN Plus three" and the East Asia Summit (EAS).

South Korea started negotiations with the European Union about Free Trade Agreement, which is the second largest importer of Korean goods. . The negotiations are ongoing.

Military

The South Korean military today is composed of the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA), Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN), Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF), and Republic of Korea Marine Corps (ROKMC), together with reserve forces. Many of these forces are concentrated near the border with North Korea, near and around the demilitarized zone. All South Korean males are constitutionally required to serve in the military, typically for a period of two years. However, there has been numerous debates about shortening the length of the military services, and even dismissing the requirement itself. The government recently allowed some male students who earned university bachelor's degree to dismiss the military requirements to let them to further study and research on their fields.

From time to time, South Korea has sent its troops overseas to assist American forces. It has participated in every major conflict the United States has been involved in the past 50 years. South Korea dispatched 320,000 troops to fight alongside American and South Vietnamese soldiers in the Vietnam War, with a peak strength of 50,000. Most recently, South Korea sent 3,300 troops in the form of the Zaytun Division to help re-building in northern Iraq, and is the largest contributor after the U.S. and Britain.

The United States has stationed a substantial contingent of troops in the ROK since the Korean War to defend South Korea in case of an attack from North Korea. There are also approximately 28,000 US soldiers stationed in Korea, most of them serving one year unaccompanied tours. The American Troops are stationed in bases, of which most are camps. They are considered camps not for their lack of buildings or support structure but in order to represent a lack of permanence for the ROK Government.

A still functioning UN Command controls all forces in South Korea, including the US forces and the entire Korean military.

(See List of United States Army installations in South Korea and USFK for more information on these military bases.)

The Republic of Korea is ranked the 12th in military strength. Currently, its navy is working towards a blue-water navy. It has recently equipped its King Sejong the Great class destroyer with the Aegis Combat System. South Korea is only one of 6 other navies that use the Aegis Combat System.

Administrative divisions

See also Special cities of Korea and Provinces of Korea

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Geography and climate

South Korea occupies the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula, which extends some 680 miles (1,100 km) from the Asian mainland. This mountainous peninsula is flanked by the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east. Its southern tip lies on the Korea Strait and the East China Sea. The country's total area is 38,462.49 square miles (99,617.39 km).

South Korea can be divided into four general regions: an eastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains; a western region of broad coastal plains, river basins, and rolling hills; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys; and a southeastern region dominated by the broad basin of the Nakdong River.

South Korea's land is mountainous, and most of it is not arable. Lowlands, located primarily in the west and southeast, constitute only 30% of the total land area.

About three thousand islands, mostly small and uninhabited, lie off the western and southern coasts of South Korea. Jeju Island is located about 100 kilometers (about 60 mi) off the southern coast of South Korea. It is the country's largest island, with an area of 1,845 square kilometers (712 sq mi). Jeju is also the site of South Korea's highest point: Halla-san, an extinct volcano, reaches 1,950 meters (6,398 ft) above sea level. Other islands of South Korea include Ulleungdo and Liancourt Rocks, which is South Korea's farthest claimed territory to the east and Marado, which is the ROK's southernmost point. However, Liancourt Rocks is one of many disputes with Japan. Ulleungdo is inhabited.

The local climate is relatively temperate, with precipitation heavier in summer during a short rainy season called jangma, and winters that can be bitterly cold. In Seoul, the average January temperature range is -7 °C to 1 °C (19 °F to 33 °F), and the average July temperature range is 22 °C to 29 °C (71 °F to 83 °F). Winter temperatures are higher along the southern coast and considerably lower in the mountainous interior. Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months of June through September. The southern coast is subject to late summer typhoons that bring strong winds and heavy rains. The average annual precipitation varies from 1,370 millimeters (54 inches) in Seoul to 1,470 millimeters (58 inches) in Busan.

Environment

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South Korea can be a downright dirty place. In 1997 South Korea, like most countries, signed the Kyoto Protocol. Unfortunately, South Korea was classified as a “developing country” and with that, wasn’t required to reduce cardon dioxide emissions. Seoul’s air does not fall within the safety limits for each of the major pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and dangerous levels of suspended particulate matter emitted from vehicles, which lodge deep in the lungs. South Korea is the 12th largest economy in the world, the 10th largest producer of carbon dioxide and the 4th largest producer of the greenhouse gas CFC.

Korea’s two largest consumer electronic manufactures, Samsung Electronics and LG Electronics, were given poor marks (both 4 out of 10) from Greenpeace because of their total lack of environmental responsibility. More specifically, the companies lack a comprehensive product take back program, recycling program and their galactic usage of toxic materials such as PVC and BFR.

Economy

South Korea is a major international economic power; it has the twelth largest economy in the world and the third largest in Asia, behind Japan and China. Its largest trading partner and export market today is China. South Korea has achieved rapid economic growth through exports of manufactured goods, and is one of the Four Asian Tigers. Major industries in South Korea today are automobiles, semiconductor, electronics, shipbuilding, and steel.

In the 1950s, South Korea was one of the poorest countries in Asia. This was partly due to the destruction of much of the country's infrastructure during the Korean War; however, the primary cause was that it didn't open up to the world and embrace new ideas and technology until the 1950's. Because of this, Korea has been called "The Hermit Kingdom" After the war, South Korea became heavily dependent on U.S. aid.

Following the military coup led by General Park Chung-hee in 1962, South Korea embarked on a series of ambitious five-year plans for economic development similar to the macro-economic schemes of the Soviet Union. Emphasis shifted to foreign trade with the normalization of relations with Japan in 1965, which resulted in a boom in trade and investment. Rapid expansion, first into light and then heavy industries, so in 1973 Korea became the 34th wealthiest country in the world. Park's government plans for economic development greatly boosted the Korean economy.

This growth is often called the "Miracle on the Han River", the Han River being the main river that runs through the nation's capital and largest city, Seoul. In the 1980s and 1990s, growth continued as South Korea transformed itself from an exporter of mostly textiles and shoes into a major global producer of automobiles, electronics, shipbuilding, steel and, later, high-technology products such as digital monitors, mobile phones, and semiconductors.

The South Korean model of encouraging the growth of large, internationally competitive companies through easy financing and tax incentives led to the dominance of the family-controlled conglomerates. These companies, known as chaebol, flourished under the support of the Park regime. Some such as Hyundai, Samsung, LG and SK Company became global corporations. In 2004, South Korea joined in the trillion dollar club of world economies.

Since the Asian financial crisis of 1997, however, the corporate landscape has changed considerably as a result of massive bankruptcies and government reforms. The crisis exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's economy, including high debt-to-equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. This led to two rounds of financial and industrial restructuring; once in 1997 and again following the collapse of Daewoo in 1999. Daewoo's collapse has been recorded as one of the largest bankruptcies in world history. By 2003, just over one-half of the 30 largest chaebol from 1995 remained.

Between 2003 and 2005, economic growth had slowed to about 4% per year, an enviable figure in much of the rest of the world. A downturn in consumer spending, attributed to massive personal credit card debt, was offset by rapid export growth, primarily to China. In 2005, the government proposed labor reform legislation and a corporate pension scheme to help make the labor market more flexible, and new real estate policies to cool property speculation. In 2006, South Korean economy has recovered its growth rate to 5.1%.

The South Korean economy is characterized by moderate inflation, low unemployment, an export surplus, and fairly equal distribution of income.

At present, the Korean workforce is terribly inefficient. Koreans work more hours than any other country, but Koreans are far from the wealthiest - they are a disappointing 28th. There are many much needed economic and social reforms needed to increase the productivity and effectiveness as a people and as a nation.

Today, there are several strong South Korean industries. South Korea's largest automaker, Hyundai Motor Company and its subsidiary Kia Motors are the 6th largest car group in the world. They had been technologically supported by Mitsubishi Motors during the 1980s and 1990s. Korean carmakers are planning to increase its exports even more when it finishes its FTA with the European Union.

South Korea's shipbuilding industry is also the largest in the world. It became the largest after overtaking Japan in 2004. South Korean shipbuilding is efficient enough that a new $80 million vessel is produced every four working days. In 2006, approximately one in every three new vessels was constructed in Korea. Hyundai Heavy Industries built ships totaling 10.6 million compensated gross tons (CGTs), or 34.6 percent, becoming the first nation to breach the 10 million CGT mark. Other Korean shipbuilding companies are Samsung Heavy Industries and Daewoo Marine Engineering & Construction.

Although South Korean shipmakers are leading in terms of ship orders and production, they are wary of Chinese shipmakers. China is planning to become the world's leader in shipbuilding by 2015. However, South Korean shipbuilders have advantage over Chinese counterparts in terms of advanced value-added shipbuilding technology, which Chinese do not have. Peter Bartholomew, the managing director for Industrial Research & Consulting, a business consulting company, says that the "South Koreans are always working to keep three, four, five steps ahead of the Chinese and Japanese".

Transportation in South Korea is provided by an extensive networks of railways, highways, bus routes, ferry services, and air routes. Buses, taxis, subways, and trains provide comfortable and cheap methods of travel around South Korea. Major cities have subway systems, including the popular Seoul Subway. Korail commuter lines are already linked with Seoul's subway system and several commuter lines connected with Busan and Daegu subway systems are under construction. They have intercity and intracity bus systems. Metropolitan Cities have express bus terminals.

Highways in South Korea are classified into highways (expressways/motorways), national highways, and various classifications below the national level. Korea Highway Corporation operates the toll highways and service amenities en route. South Korea has about 3,000 kilometers of national highways.

Korail provides frequent train service to all major South Korean cities. Two rail lines, Gyeongui and Donghae Bukbu Line, to North Korea are now being reconnected. The Korean high-speed railway system, KTX, provides high-speed service along Gyeongbu and Honam Line. KTX had been built with France and Japan technological cooperation, but government intentionally had made it non-public.

The main international airport is Incheon International Airport. South Korea has eight international airports and seven domestic airports. South Korea's major international air carriers are Korean Air and Asiana Airlines. About 71 international passenger and cargo airlines operate frequent flight services between Korea and all over the world.

Education

The modern Korean school system consists of 6 years in elementary school, 3 years in middle school, and 3 years in high school. Most public middle school and high school students have to wear uniforms. Although South Korean students often rank high on international comparative tests, the education system is sometimes criticized for its emphasis on passive learning and memorization. In stark contrast to the quality of the primary education, Korean universities are ranked poorly in international rankings. Korea's top university, Seoul National University, was ranked a mere 164th in the world by Jiao Tong University for 2007. Because of the lack of higher level education, studying abroad has become the norm. For every foreign student who comes to Korea for university, 18 Koreans leave to study abroad.

Demographics

Most South Koreans live in urban areas, due to rapid migration from the countryside during the country's rapid economic expansion in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The capital city of Seoul is also the country's largest city and chief industrial center. It had 10.3 million inhabitants in 2006, making Seoul one of the most populated single cities in the world. Other major cities include Busan (3.65 million), Incheon (2.63 million), Daegu (2.53 million), Daejeon (1.46 million), Gwangju (1.41 million) and Ulsan (1.10 million).

The population has also been shaped by international migration. Following the division of the Korean peninsula after World War II, about four million people from North Korea crossed the border to South Korea. This trend of net entry reversed over the next forty years due to emigration, especially to the United States and Canada. However, South Korea's burgeoning economy and democracy in the early and mid-1990s slowed the high emigration rates typical of the previous decades. The current population of South Korea is roughly 48,850,000.

Although small, the percentage of non-Koreans has been slowing increasing. Officially, as of summer of 2007, there is just over 1 million foreigners living in Korea. That number includes foreign residents, students, tourists and illegal aliens. Among them, 104,749 people were married to Koreans, 404,051 were working here and 225,273 were illegal aliens.

Korean farmers have a hard time finding a wife because of their location and occupation, few young women want this life style. Farmers are forced to look abroad to find their wife, most from the much poorer South East Asia. For the year 2006, 41% of the marriages amongst the farmers were to foreign nationals. The problem is that many Koreans view people of darker skin (such as South East Asia) as inferior. "Koreans commonly use terms, such as “pure blood,” and “mixed-blood,” to refer to their perceived racial superiority." The net result is disastrous: Many of the foreign wives have suffered dearly with verbal abuse, physical abuse and even murder from their Korean husbands.

There are 31,000 U.S. military personnel.

As of 2005, approximately 22 million or 46.5% of the South Korean population express no religious preference. Of the remainder, 13.7 million are Christian (of which 8.6 million profess to be Protestants and 5.1 million to be Catholics), 10.7 million are Buddhist, and less than half a million belong to various minor religions including Jeungsando and Wonbuddhism. The largest Christian church in South Korea, Yoido Full Gospel Church, is located in Seoul and has approximately 780,000 members (2003 estimate). Including Yoido Full Gospel, 11 of the world's 12 largest churches are located in Seoul (see Korean Christianity). South Korea is also the second largest missionary sending nation on earth, after the U.S. Islam in Korea is estimated to be at 45,000 in addition to some 100,000 foreign workers from Muslim countries.

Culture

South Korea shares its traditional culture with North Korea, but the two Koreas have developed distinct contemporary forms of culture since the peninsula was divided in 1945. The South Korean Ministry of Culture and Tourism actively encourages the traditional arts, as well as modern forms, through funding and education programs.

"Korean society in general makes a great distinction between one's inner circle of family, friends and business colleagues, and outsiders. One should always treat one's inner circle with complete respect and courtesy, while one treats strangers with indifference. Korea is not an egalitarian society; one is either of a higher or a lower status than other people. How do foreigners fit into this scheme? The simple answer is - they don't. Foreigners are completely off the scope." - U.S. State Department

Korean forms of metalwork, sculpture, painting, and ceramics flourished throughout the Korean peninsula. In modern times, Western and particularly the US influences have been strongest. In the aftermath of Japanese occupation all Japanese cultural exports were banned from Korea until 1999. However, trading between the two countries have grown, although there is still strong anti-Japanese sentiment in South Korea.

Recently, Korean pop culture has become popular in Asia and beyond, earning the name Hallyu or "Korean Wave." In Japan, with Korean singers like BoA and TVfXQ(DBSK) and television dramas like Daejanggeum and Winter Sonata have found success. Recent Korean films such as Oldboy and Oasis have also received international acclaim.

The contemporary culture of South Korea is heavily dominated by technology, including feature-rich cell phones and pervasive online gaming. South Korea today has the highest penetration of high-speed internet access to households in the world. In South Korea, computer games take on a sport-like presentation. The professional leagues are televised with announcers, professional players and major corporate sponsors.

However, the country still retains centuries-old customs and traditions, such as its unique cuisine, ancestor worship, and some Confucianism ideals. Foods like Rice, Bulgogi (BBQ beef) and Kimchi (fermented vegetables)are still staples of the Korean diet.

Sports

Taekwondo, a popular martial art, originated in Korea. In the 1950's and 60's, modern rules were standardized, and Taekwondo became an official Olympic sport in 2000. Taekwondo in the military is an integral part in the Korean land forces. Other Korean martial arts include subak and taekkyeon.

Baseball was first introduced to Korea in 1905 and has since become the most popular spectator sport in South Korea. The first South Korean professional sports league was the Korea Baseball Association, established in 1982. During the 2006 World Baseball Classic, South Korea reached the semi-finals.

Other known sports in South Korea include basketball, football, golf, tennis and ice hockey. Women's golf is especially strong, with 45 South Koreans playing in the U.S. LPGA Tour, including Se Ri Pak.

In 1988, South Korea hosted the Summer Olympics in Seoul for the first time. South Korea's Olympic teams have performed strongly in archery, shooting, table tennis, short track speed skating, handball, taekwondo, and football. South Korea has also hosted the Asian Games in 1986 and 2002. Recently, Pyeongchang County was a finalist for the 2014 Winter Olympics, but lost to Sochi, Russia.

The 2002 FIFA World Cup was jointly hosted by South Korea and Japan, and South Korea became the first Asian team to reach the semi-finals. The Korea Republic national football team, also known as the "Taeguk Warriors", qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany for their sixth consecutive World Cup.

In 2007, South Korea hosted a cycling competition called Tour de Korea. It was the first international cycling competition in South Korea in 10 years. In 2010 South Korea will host their first Formula 1 race to be staged at Korean International Circuit in Yeongam County about 240 miles (390 km) south of Seoul.

International rankings

Notes

1. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html#Econ
2. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html#Econ
3. http://www.nationmaster.com/time.php?stat=eco_gdp_percap-economy-gdp-per-capita&country=ks-korea-south
4. http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history.htm
5. "Yayoi Period History Summary," BookRags.com; Jared Diamond, "Japanese Roots," Discover 19:6 (June 1998); Thayer Watkins, "The Genetic Origins of the Japanese"; "Shinto - History to 1900," Encyclopædia Britannica; "The Yayoi period (c. 250 BC–c. AD 250)," Encyclopædia Britannica.
6. "Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism," Seoul Times, June 18, 2006; "Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan," Asia Society Museum; "Kanji," JapanGuide.com; "Pottery," MSN Encarta; "History of Japan," JapanVisitor.com.
7. Delmer M. Brown (ed.), ed. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); George Sansom, A History of Japan to 1334, Stanford University Press, 1958. p. 47. ISBN 0-8047-0523-2
8. From Paekche to Origin of Yamato
9. World's oldest printed Doc
10. "South Korea". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2006-09-16.
11. "Korean President Kim-Dae Jung Receives the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize". UCLA Center for East Asian Studies. Retrieved 2006-09-16.
12. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_gdp_ppp_percap-economy-gdp-ppp-per-capita
13. A Brief History of the US-Korea Relations Prior to 1945
14. freekorea.us - OFK Archive: Anti-Americanism in Korea–The Statistical Record
19. A Brief History of the US-Korea Relations Prior to 1945. 　"While less than 100 Koreans in America enlisted in the US military during World War II, more than 100,000 Koreans served in the Japanese army as officers and soldiers. There were two Korean Lt. Generals in the Japanese Army: a Chosun prince, whose rank was honorary and who commanded no troops; and Lt. Gen. Hong Sa-Ik, who was a professional military man from the old Chosun army."
21. Reuters. "FACTBOX - North, South Korea pledge peace, prosperity". Retrieved 2007-10-4. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
22. CNN. "U.N. verifies closure of North Korean nuclear facilities". Retrieved 2007-07-18. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
23. Reuters. "FACTBOX - North, South Korea pledge peace, prosperity". Retrieved 2007-10-4. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
25. http://www.globalfirepower.com/country_detail.asp?country_id=21
26. The estimated area rises steadily from year to year, possibly due to land reclamation. "행정구역(구시군)별 국토적". Korea Statistical Information Service. Retrieved 2006-03-27.
27. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2880973
28. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2876231
29. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2876231
30. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2880973
31. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/env_cfc_con_percap-environment-cfc-consumption-per-capita
32. http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/green-guide-to-electronics-se.pdf
33. Trade Policy Outlook for Second-term Bush Administration
34. "Working in South Korea". College Journal (Wall Street Journal). Retrieved 2006-09-16.
35. http://en.wikipedia.org/Hermit_kingdom_(Korea)
36. "North Korean History". Michigan State University (Windows on Asia). Retrieved 2006-09-16.
37. Cumings (1997), 305-307; Nahm (1996), p. 448.
38. http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/EconDev.html
39. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_gdp_per_cap_in_197-economy-gdp-per-capita-1973
40. See Cumings 1997, chapter 6.
41. "Korea, South". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
42. KOIS (2003), pp. 238-239.
44. 18 out of 30, according to "Country Studies: South Korea". The Economist. 2003-04-10. Retrieved 2006-04-06.
45. "GDP - Rank order - Real Growth Rate". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
46. "Anti-Speculation Measures". Hankooki Ilbo. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
47. "Field Listing - Inflation Rate - (consumer prices)". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
48. "Field Listing - Unemployment Rate". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
49. "Field Listing - Exports". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
50. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_gdp_ppp_percap-economy-gdp-ppp-per-capita
57. http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm
58. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2880672
59. "South Korea". CIA Country Studies. Retrieved 2006-04-22.
60. "World City Populations". Retrieved 2006-04-04.
61. Populations for all cities as of 2005, "By city and province". NSO Database. Retrieved 2006-04-22.
62. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2880037
63. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2880519
64. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2877453
65. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2880037
66. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2880519
67. US military figures as of 2005, from (Excel file) Tim Kane Global U.S. Troop Deployment, 1950-2003
68. According to figures compiled by the South Korean National Statistical Office. "인구,가구/시도별 종교인구/시도별 종교인구 (2005년 인구총조사)". NSO online KOSIS database. Retrieved 2006-08-23. This should not be confused with other figures which report only the percentage of the religious population that are Buddhist, Christian, etc.
69. "Korean Christian missionaries". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
70. Islam takes root and blooms
71. "Associated Organizations". MCT Website. Retrieved 2006-04-11. See also "Mission and Goal". Korea Cultural Administration website. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
72. http://travel.state.gov/travel/living/teaching/teaching_1240.html
73. Winter Sonata: Wiseman, Paul. "Korea's romantic hero holds Japan in thrall". USA Today December 9. Retrieved 2006-04-11. {{cite web}}: Text "2004" ignored (help) Daejanggeum: BoA:
74. However, according to the 2006 Face of the Web survey by Ipsos, Japan now leads Korea in internet connections per capita. "Ipsos press release". Retrieved 2006-04-03.
75. KOIS (2003), p.632.

References

• Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's place in the sun. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-31681-5.
• KOIS (Korea Overseas Information Service) (2003). Handbook of Korea, 11th ed. Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-212-8.
• Nahm, Andrew C. (1996). Korea: A history of the Korean people (2nd ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-070-2.
• Yang, Sung Chul (1999). The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-105-9.
• Yonhap News Agency (2004). Korea Annual 2004. Seoul: Author. ISBN 89-7433-070-9.
• Dennis Hart (2003). From Tradition to Consumption: Constructing a Capitalist Culture in South Korea. Seoul: Author. ISBN 89-88095-44-8.
• Michael Breen (2004). The Koreans: Who They Are, What They Want, Where Their Future Lies . St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312326092.

External links

• Korea.net: Gateway to Korea
• Korea National Statistical Office
• South Korea in Encyclopædia Britannica
• "South Korea". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
• A Country Study: South Korea in the Library of Congress
• Template:Wikitravel
• Template:Dmoz
• Template:Yahoo directory
• Galbijim Wiki, including non-encyclopedic content for Korea
• Main cities of South Korea, satellite views and geographical coordinates
• Free online phrasebook includes mp3s and pdfs

Template:Korea-related topics

Template:Link FA

• South Korea
• Divided regions
• Constitutional republics