Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 06:55, 4 May 2010

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Steven Emerson
Emerson at a convention in June 2008
Occupation	Journalist; Author; Executive Director of the Investigative Project on Terrorism (IPT)
Nationality	U.S.
Alma mater	Brown University (B.A., 1976; M.A., 1977)
Subject	National security, terrorism, and Islamic extremism
Notable works	Jihad in America
Notable awards	1994 George Polk Award for best television documentary; top prize for best investigative report from Investigative Reporters and Editors

Steven Emerson, is an American journalist and author, who writes about national security, terrorism, and Islamic extremism.

Emerson is the author of six books, and co-author of two more. His television documentary Jihad in America won the 1994 George Polk Award for best Television Documentary, and top prize for best investigative reporting from Investigative Reporters and Editors. He is also the Executive Director of the Investigative Project on Terrorism (IPT), a data-gathering center on Islamist groups. Emerson frequently testifies before Congressional committees on al-Qaeda, Hamas, Hezbollah, Islamic Jihad, and other terrorist organizations.

Education and early career

Emerson received a Bachelors of Arts from Brown University in 1976, and a Master of Arts in sociology in 1977.

He went to Washington, D.C., in 1977 with the intention of putting off his law school studies for a year. He worked on staff as an investigator for the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee until 1982, and as an executive assistant to Democratic Senator Frank Church of Idaho.

Journalist and commentator

Emerson was a freelance writer for The New Republic, for whom he wrote a series of articles in 1982 on the influence of Saudi Arabia on U.S. corporations, law firms, public-relations outfits, and educational institutions. In their pursuit of large contracts with Saudi Arabia, he argued, U.S. businesses became unofficial, unregistered lobbyists for Saudi interests.

He expanded this material in 1985 in his first book, The American House of Saud: The Secret Petrodollar Connection.

U.S. News and World Report and CNN

From 1986 to 1989 he worked for U.S. News and World Report as a senior editor specializing in national security issues. In 1988, he published Secret Warriors: Inside the Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era, a strongly critical review of Ronald Reagan-era efforts to strengthen U.S. covert capabilities. Reviewing the book, The New York Times wrote: "Among the grace notes of Mr. Emerson's fine book are many small, well-told stories".

In 1990, he co-authored The Fall of Pan Am 103: Inside the Lockerbie Investigation, which argued for the alternate theory that Iran was behind the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. Reviewing the book, The New York Times wrote: "Mr. Emerson and Mr. Duffy have put together a surpassing account of the investigation to date, rich with drama and studded with the sort of anecdotal details that give the story the appearance of depth and weight." The newspaper listed it as an "editors' choice" on their Best Sellers List, and cited it as a "notable book of the year".

In 1990, he joined CNN as an investigative correspondent and continued to write about terrorism. In 1991, he published Terrorist: The Inside Story of the Highest-Ranking Iraqi Terrorist Ever to Defect to the West, detailing how Iraq spread and increased its terror network in the 1980s with U.S. support.

Jihad in America

Emerson left CNN in 1993 to work on a documentary, Terrorists Among Us: Jihad in America, for the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). The documentary, filmed between 1988 and 1993 at rallies in half a dozen U.S. cities as he posed as an inquisitive journalist exploring the tenets of Islam, exposed clandestine operations of Islamist groups in the U.S. It aired as a Frontline TV broadcast in November 1994.

In the documentary, he stood in front of the Twin Towers and warned:

"The survivors of the explosion at the World Trade Center in 1993 are still suffering from the trauma, but as far as everyone else is concerned, all this was a spectacular news event that is over. Is it indeed over? The answer is: apparently not. A network of Muslim extremists is committed to a jihad against America. Their ultimate aim is to establish a Muslim empire."

Emerson noted at the outset that "the overwhelming majority of Muslims are not members of militant groups." But the message of the documentary was that seemingly respectable Muslim organizations have ties with militants who preach violence against moderate Muslims, as well as against Christians and Jews, and that charitable contributions to those organizations make their way to extremists. He documented meetings in American hotels at which Muslims called for a holy war, raised funds for terror organizations, and predicted that terror would ultimately come to the U.S. He also filmed Muslim-American youth training with weapons in summer camps, and interviewed supporters of terror who operated under the cover of charitable organizations.

He showed videos of Muslim fundamentalist speakers such as Abdullah Azzam in Brooklyn urging his audience to wage jihad in America (which Azzam explains "means fighting only, fighting with the sword"), Fayiz Azzam (a cousin of Abdullah) telling an Atlanta audience:

"Blood must flow. There must be widows; there must be orphans, hands and limbs must be severed, and limbs and blood must be spread everywhere in order that Allah's religion can stand on its feet",

and Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman in Detroit (later convicted of conspiring to blow up several New York City landmarks, and sentenced to life in prison) calling for jihad against the infidel. Sheik Mohammed Al-Asi of Chicago said: "If the Americans are placing their forces in the Persian Gulf, we should be creating another war front for the Americans in the Muslim world," and at a November 1993 Hamas rally in New Jersey hundreds chanted: "We buy paradise with the blood of the Jews."

Near the program's end, Emerson prophetically said: "As the activities of Muslim radicals expand in the United States, future attacks seem inevitable. Combating these groups within the boundaries of the Constitution will be the greatest challenge to law enforcement since the war on organized crime."

The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), a Muslim organization in Washington complained that PBS denied requests by Arab and Muslim journalists to screen the program before its showing, and that Emerson was promoting "a wild theory about an Islamic terrorist network in America." The New York Times opined that CAIR's concerns "prove understandable (which is not to say the pressure to change or cancel the documentary was justified), since 'Jihad in America' is likely to awaken viewers' unease over what some some Muslim groups here may be up to".

After the film aired in South Africa, Emerson said that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) informed him that a South African Muslim group had dispatched a team to the U.S. to assassinate him. According to Slate, people who visit his Washington, D.C., office are blindfolded en route, and employees call it "the bat cave."

He received the 1994 George Polk Award for best Television Documentary. He also received the top prize for best investigative report from the Investigative Reporters and Editors Organization (IRE).

Emerson elaborated on this subject in his 2006 book, Jihad Incorporated: A Guide to Militant Islam in the U.S.

Voiced concerns

It was Emerson's 1994 documentary Jihad in America that first linked Sami Al-Arian to the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ). When in February 2003 the U.S. indicted Al-Arian, accusing him of being the North American leader of PIJ and financing and helping support suicide bombings, The New York Times noted that Emerson "has complained about Mr. Al-Arian's activities in the United States for nearly a decade." In 2006, Al-Arian pleaded guilty to conspiracy to help a "specially designated terrorist" organization, PIJ, and was sentenced to 57 months in prison, after a jury deadlocked on 9 charges (8 of which the government agreed to drop as part of the plea bargain) and acquitted him on another 8. Al-Arian said that he knew of the terrorist group's violent acts, though no evidence was admitted at trial showing that he was involved with violent acts.

In testimony on March 19, 1996, to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Emerson described the Holy Land Foundation as "the main fund-raising arm for Hamas in the United States." In 2007, federal prosecutors brought charges against Holy Land for funding Hamas and other Islamic terrorist organizations. In 2009, the founders of Holy Land were given life sentences for "funneling $12 million to Hamas."

In early 1997, Emerson told the Middle East Quarterly that the threat of terrorism "is greater now than before the World Trade Center bombing as the numbers of these groups and their members expands. In fact, I would say that the infrastructure now exists to carry off twenty simultaneous World Trade Center-type bombings across the United States."

On February 24, 1998, Emerson testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee: "The foreign terrorist threat in the United States is one of the most important issues we face.... We now face distinct possibilities of mass civilian murder the likes of which have not been seen since World War II." And just a few months before 9/11, he wrote on May 31, 2001: "Al-Qaeda is ... planning new attacks on the US.... learned, for example, how to destroy large buildings.... Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups ... have silently declared war on the US; in turn, we must fight them as we would in a war."

In January 2001 it was reported that Emerson pointed out that the U.S. had missed clues that would have allowed it to focus on al-Qaeda early on. One of the men convicted in the World Trade Center bombing, Ahmad Ajaj, returned to the U.S. from Pakistan in 1992 with a bomb manual later seized by the U.S. An English translation of the document, entered into evidence in the World Trade Center trial, said that the manual was dated 1982, that it had been published in Amman, Jordan, and that it carried a heading on the front and succeeding pages: "The Basic Rule". But those were all errors, as Emerson pointed out. The heading said "al-Qaeda"—which translates as "The Base". In addition, the document was published in 1989, a year after al-Qaeda was founded, and the place of publication was Afghanistan, not Jordan.

The Investigative Project

Emerson is also the founder and Executive Director of The Investigative Project, a large intelligence archive on Islamist groups around the world. He started the Project in 1995, after the broadcast of Jihad in America. Since September 2001, Emerson has testified before committees of both houses of Congress many times on terrorist funding and on the operational structures of groups including al-Qaeda, Hamas, Hezbollah, and Islamic Jihad. He has also given interviews debunking 9/11 conspiracy theories, and is a contributing expert to the Counterterrorism Blog.

Emerson has been referred to by The New York Times as "an expert on intelligence", and by the New York Post as "the nation's foremost journalistic expert on terrorism".

Richard Clarke, former head of counter-terrorism for the United States National Security Council, said of Emerson:

"I think of Steve as the Paul Revere of terrorism ... We'd always learn things we weren’t hearing from the FBI or CIA, things which almost always proved to be true."

In March 2004, Newsweek ran an article entitled "How Clarke 'Outsourced' Terror Intel; the Former Counterterrorism Chief Tapped a Private Researcher to Develop Intelligence on Al-Qaeda. The Disclosure Sheds New Light on White House Frustrations with the FBI". The article detailed the high level of reliance Clarke placed on Emerson's information, in lieu of that of the FBI.

Criticism

Gloria Cooper of the Columbia Journalism Review gave a "dart" to Emerson and co-author Brian Duffy for their "want of professional manners", saying a number of passages in their The Fall of Pan Am 103 bore "a striking resemblance, in both substance and style" to reports in the Syracuse Post-Standard.

Adrienne Edgar, writing in the New York Times Book Review described Emerson and Cristina del Sesto's 1991 book Terrorist, as "marred by factual errors (such as mistranslations of Arabic names)" and marked by "a pervasive anti-Arab and anti-Palestinian bias." Emerson and del Sesto responded: "We defy anyone to point to any passages that suggest such bias.... these characterizations of the book are wild figments of Ms. Edgar's political imagination."

In a 1995 editorial in The Nation, Robert I. Friedman accused Emerson of "creating mass hysteria against American Arabs."

In the wake of the bombing of the Oklahoma City Federal Building, Emerson said, in what a The Boston Globe article termed a "shrill prediction", that it bore the "trait" of "Middle Eastern terrorists" because it "tried to kill as many as possible." Emerson responded to criticism of his comment by saying that he was referring only to a fanatical minority in the Islamic community, and pointed out that he was one of many experts interviewed after the bombing who concluded that there were similarities between Oklahoma City and Middle Eastern terrorism.

A review by Michael Wines in The New York Times of The Fall of Pan Am 103, while noting that the authors were "respected journalists" and "not to be lightly dismissed," and that they "talked to 250 people, including senior law enforcement and intelligence officials in seven nations", opined that charges of Iranian complicity were presented "without much substantiation". Wines went on to say that: "They build a convincing circumstantial case against Iran and its terrorist agents."

A 1999 article in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram Weekly criticized the detention of two Saudi airplane passengers who mistakenly tried to open the cockpit door of the plane they were on, thinking it was the bathroom. The newspaper claimed Emerson was the cause of the "Islamaphobia" that led to the authorities' overreaction, as he had "turned denigrating Islam into a full-time job."

Emerson was also criticized in a 2002 review of American Jihad in Salon by Eric Boehlert. Boehlert called Emerson a "heavy-handed scaremonger who fails to grasp – or deliberately blurs – the most rudimentary distinctions between different radical groups." Boehlert also criticizes Emerson for saying that Ghazi Ibrahim abu Mezer, a Palestinian immigrant who planned to blow up a Brooklyn, N.Y., subway station, was a member of Hamas when James Kallstrom, head of the New York FBI office, said that he wasn't. A Chicago Tribune article, however, notes that while Kallstrom did indeed say there was no connection, the AP reported that a federal law enforcement source said that both suspects were linked to Hamas.

Boehlert also criticized Emerson for suggesting that Katherine Smith, a 49-year-old Tennessee motor vehicles inspector who died when her car exploded was the victim of assassination even though authorities denied this. Boehlert quotes a former director of counterterrorism for the CIA Vincent Cannistraro who said of Emerson's thesis:

"He's trying to say people who move to this country and set up charities and think tanks and are associated with Hamas and Islamic Jihad and Hezbollah, that there's some kind of connection between them and Sept. 11, that there's a liaison or support network. He doesn't know what he's talking about."

Philip Jenkins, in his 2003 book, Images of terror: what we can and can't know about terrorism responded that certain groups criticize Emerson in order to silence and delegitimize his views.

Media and testimony

Books

• (1985), The American House of Saud: The Secret Petrodollar Connection, Franklin Watts, ISBN 0-531-09778-1
• (1988), Secret Warriors: Inside the Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era, Putnam, ISBN 0-399-13360-7
• (1990) The Fall of Pan Am 103: Inside the Lockerbie Investigation, with Brian Duffy, Putnam, ISBN 0-399-13521-9
• (1991), Terrorist: The Inside Story of the Highest-Ranking Iraqi Terrorist Ever to Defect to the West, Random House; ISBN 0-679-73701-4
• (1995), The worldwide Jihad movement: Militant Islam targets the West (Policy forum), Institute of the World Jewish Congress
• (2002), American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us, Free Press; 2003 paperback edition, ISBN 0-7432-3435-9
• (2006), Jihad Incorporated: A Guide to Militant Islam in the US, Prometheus Books, ISBN 1-59102-453-6
• (2006), Al-Qaeda in Europe: the new battleground of international jihad, with Lorenzo Vidino, Prometheus Books

Chapters

• (1997) Terrorism in the United States, Vol. 69, # 1, "The Other Fundamentalists", Editor Frank McGuckin, H.W. Wilson Co., ISBN 0-8242-0914-1
• (1998) The future of terrorism: violence in the new millennium, "Terrorism in America: The Threat of Militant Islamic Fundamentalism," Editor Harvey W. Kushner, SAGE, ISBN 0-7619-0869-2

Documentaries

• (1994), Terrorists Among Us: Jihad in America
• (2005), Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West
• (2007), Radical Islam: Terror in Its Own Words

Select articles

• "Stymied Warriors", The New York Times Magazine, November 13, 1988
• "Where Have All His Spies Gone?", The New York Times, August 12, 1990
• "Get Ready for Twenty World Trade Center Bombings", Middle East Quarterly, Vol. IV, Number 2, interview with Emerson, June 1997
• "Rolling Back the Forces of Terror", with Daniel Pipes, The Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2001
• "Radical Outreach; Bush coddles American apologists for radical Islam", The New Republic, June 28, 2007
• "Paper of CAIR; Glossing over Hamas ties", National Review, February 8, 2008
• "Deals With Devils; Israel's Awful Terrorist Pacts", The New York Post, July 16, 2008
• "Radicals in our Prisons; How to Stop the Muslim Extremists Recruiting Inmates to Terrorism", The New York Post, May 23, 2009
• "Screening must include religion, ethnicity", CNN, January 5, 2010

Select testimony

• "Terrorism in Buenos Aires, Panama, London", U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations and Human Rights, August 1, 1994
• "Africa and the Middle East, The Expanding Threat of Terrorism", U.S. House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Africa, April 6, 1995
• "Hamas, the PLO, and Terrorist Attacks Against Israel", U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations, March 12, 1996
• "Foreign Terrorists in America: Five Years After the WTC Bombing", U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Government Information, February 24, 1998
• "The Operations of Terrorist Networks in the US and Canada", U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims, January 26, 2000
• "Classified Information to Prevent the Presence of Terrorists", U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, May 23, 2000
• "The MO of Terrorist Networks in the United States", U.S. House of Representatives Government Reform Committee, Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations, October 11, 2001
• "Preserving Our Freedoms While Defending Against Terrorism", U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, December 4, 2001
• "Fundraising Methods and Procedures for Terrorist Organizations", U.S. House of Representatives Financial Services Committee, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, February 12, 2002
• "Terrorism, Al-Qaeda, and the Muslim World", National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, July 9, 2003
• "Money Laundering and Terror Financing Issues in the Middle East", U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, July 13, 2005
• "Saudi Arabia: Friend or Foe in the War on Terror", U.S. Senate Committee on Judiciary, November 8, 2005
• "The Homeland Security Implications of Radicalization", U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment, September 20, 2006
• "Assessing the Fight Against Al-Qaeda", U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, April 9, 2008
• "State Department Outreach with Islamist Groups," U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade, July 31, 2008

See also

• Jarret Brachman
• Rita Katz
• Evan Kohlmann

References

1. "Biography", Steveemerson.com.
2. ^ Landau, Benny (December 26, 2009). "Foresight, hindsight". Haaretz. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
3. ''Saudi Arabia : friend or foe in the war on terror?: Senate Judiciary Committee hearing'', DIANE Publishing, ISBN 1-4223-2373-0, November 8, 2004, accessed January 29, 2010. Books.google.com. November 8, 2005. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
4. ^ Emerson, Steven. Secret Warriors: Inside the Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1988 (see bio on back flap).
5. ""How Saudis manipulated to win the sale of AWACS, ''The Miami News'', Feb 17, 1982, accessed January 28, 2010". News.google.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
6. "Mink, Eric, "Fitting 'Iran-Contra' Into U.S. History," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 30, 1989, accessed January 28, 2010". Nl.newsbank.com. January 30, 1989. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
7. Powers, Thomas (June 26, 1988). "Powers, Thomas, "Solderies of Misfortune," ''The New York Times'', June 26, 1988, accessed January 28, 2010". Nytimes.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
8. Wines, Michael, "On the Trail of the Terrorists," The New York Times, April 29, 1990, accessed January 28, 2010
9. ""Best Sellers", ''The New York Times'', May 6, 1990, accessed January 28, 2010". Nytimes.com. May 6, 1990. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
10. ""Notable Books of the Year," ''The New York Times'', December 2, 1990, accessed January 28, 2010". Nytimes.com. December 2, 1990. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
11. "''Terrorism today'', Christopher C. Harmon, Routledge, 2000, ISBN 0714649988, accessed January 29, 2010". Books.google.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
12. "Gabriel, Brigitte, "Because they hate: a survivor of Islamic terror warns America," Macmillan, 2006, ISBN 0312358377, accessed January 29, 2010". Books.google.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
13. Goodman, Walter (November 21, 1994). "Goodman, Walter, "Television Review; In 'Jihad in America,' Food for Uneasiness," ''The New York Times'', November 21, 1994, accessed January 21, 2010". Nytimes.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
14. "Emerson, Steven, "Islamic Extremists Are Active in U.S.," ''The New York Times'', February 18, 1995, accessed January 29, 2010". Nytimes.com. February 18, 1995. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
15. Mink, Eric, "Was 'Jihad' Extremely Prophetic?," The New York Daily News, April 21, 1995, accessed January 28, 2010
16. Goodman, Walter (November 21, 1994). "Goodman, Walter, "Television Review; In 'Jihad in America,' Food for Uneasiness," ''The New York Times'', November 21, 1994, accessed January 21, 2010". Nytimes.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
17. Plotz, David (March 14, 2003). "''The Slate field guide to Iraq Pundits''". Slate.msn.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
18. "George Polk Award". Brooklyn.liu.edu. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
19. Perez, Richard (March 7, 1995). "Perez-Pena, Richard, "Report on Nicotine Levels Wins Polk Award," ''The New York Times'', March 7, 1995, accessed January 28, 2010". Nytimes.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
20. Steven Emerson's biography at speakers' bureau Web site.
21. Jihad Incorporated, interview with Steve Emerson, FrontPageMagazine, October 16, 2006
22. "Silvestrini, Elaine, "Al-Arian To Be Deported", ''The Tampa Tribune'', April 15, 2006, accessed January 20, 2010". Tampatrib.com. April 15, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
23. Lichtblau, Eric (February 21, 2003). "Lichtblau, Eric, and Miller, Judith, "Indictment Ties U.S. Professor and 8 Others to Terror Group," ''The New York Times'', February 21, 2003, accessed January 29, 2010". Nytimes.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
24. ^ MegLaughlin, In his plea deal, what did Sami Al-Arian admit to?, St. Petersburg Times, April 23, 2006.
25. "Defending Judith Miller, II", The New York Sun, September 30, 2004, accessed January 29, 2010
26. "Holy Land founders get life sentences", JTA, May 28, 2009, accessed January 29, 2010]
27. Pipes, Daniel, "U.S. Failure; The tactical blame falls on the U.S. government," National Review, September 11, 2001, accessed January 28, 2010
28. "''Let Freedom Ring: Winning the War of Liberty Over Liberalism'', Sean Hannity, HarperCollins, 2004, ISBN 0060735651, accessed January 29, 2010". Books.google.com. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
29. Jacoby, Jeff, "Steven Emerson and the NPR Blacklist," Jewish World Review, February 8, 2002, accessed January 20, 2010
30. "Holy Warriors; A Network of Terror; One Man and a Global Web of Violence," ''The New York Times'', January 14, 2001, accessed January 29, 2010". Nytimes.com. January 14, 2001. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
31. Steven Emerson, Counterterrorism Blog.
32. Martin Tolchin and Richard Halloran, "Washington Talk Briefing; Undercover Talk," The New York Times, June 1, 1988, accessed January 28, 2010
33. Oppenheim, Noah, "Extremism and Its Apologists," The .
34. Brown Alumni Magazine, November–December 2002.
35. "Terror Watch: How Clarke 'Outsourced' Terror Intel; the Former Counterterrorism Chief Tapped a Private Researcher to Develop Intelligence on Al-Qaeda. The Disclosure Sheds New Light on White House Frustrations with the FBI", Newsweek, March 31, 2004, accessed January 29, 2010
36. Gloria Cooper (1990). "Darts and Laurels". Columbia Journalism Review. 29 (2): 14. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
37. Adrienne Edgar (May 19, 1991). "A Defector's Story". New York Times.
38. Steven Emerson, Cristina Del Sesto (June 16, 1991). "A Defector's Story - Letter". New York Times.
39. Robert I. Friedman (May 15, 1995). "One Man's Jihad (Editorial)". The Nation. 260 (19). reprinted in "Counterproductive Counterterrorism: How Anti-Islamic Rhetoric is Impeding America's Homeland Security" (pdf). Muslim Public Affairs Council. December, 2004. p. 18. Retrieved 2010-05-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
41. Bender, Penny. "Penny Bender Fuchs, American Journalism Review ''Jumping to Conclusions in Oklahoma City?'' June 1995". Ajr.org. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
42. "Michael Wines, ''NY Times Books'', '' On the Trail of the Terrorists'', April 29, 1990". New York Times. April 29, 1990. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
43. Atia, Tarek, "Mistaken identities, part X," Al-Ahram Weekly, November 25 – December 1, 1999, accessed January 29, 2010
44. Azadeh Moaveni (2002). "Could Suicide Bombings Happen Here?". Time Magazine.
45. Joseph P.Fried (1998). "Palestinian Gets Life Sentence For Planning to Bomb Subway". New York Times.
46. ^ "Books | Terrorists under the bed". Salon.com. March 5, 2002. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
47. Hamas Denies Backing Any N.Y. Bombing Plot Chicago Tribune August 03, 1997
48. Philip Jenkins (2003). Images of terror: what we can and can't know about terrorism. NY: Aldine De Gruyter. p. 60. ISBN 0-202-30679-8.