| Revision as of 14:43, 22 August 2010 editYacht Dance (talk | contribs)30 editsm Preview was previously nothing but feminist propaganda← Previous edit | Revision as of 16:48, 22 August 2010 edit undoAnomieBOT (talk | contribs)Bots6,561,057 edits Rescuing orphaned refs ("books.google.com" from rev 380321698)Next edit → | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
| ==History of antifeminism== | ==History of antifeminism== | ||
| In the nineteenth century, the centerpiece of antifeminism was opposition to women's suffrage. Opponents of women's entry into institutions of higher learning argued that education was too great a physical burden on women. In ''Sex and Education'' (1973), Harvard professor Edward Clarke predicted that if women went to college, their brains would grow bigger and heavier, and their wombs would atrophy. He based his prediction on the observation that college-educated women had fewer children than non-college-educated women. Other antifeminists opposed women's entry into the labor force, or their right to join unions, to sit on juries, or to obtain birth control and control of their sexuality.<ref name="books.google.com"/> | In the nineteenth century, the centerpiece of antifeminism was opposition to women's suffrage. Opponents of women's entry into institutions of higher learning argued that education was too great a physical burden on women. In ''Sex and Education'' (1973), Harvard professor Edward Clarke predicted that if women went to college, their brains would grow bigger and heavier, and their wombs would atrophy. He based his prediction on the observation that college-educated women had fewer children than non-college-educated women. Other antifeminists opposed women's entry into the labor force, or their right to join unions, to sit on juries, or to obtain birth control and control of their sexuality.<ref name="books.google.com">http://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA35&dq=michael+kimmel+anti+feminism&hl=en&ei=H-RVTKTjLJ7bsAawjrHiAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> | ||
| == Antifeminist stances == | == Antifeminist stances == | ||
Revision as of 16:48, 22 August 2010
For the Japanese band, see Anti Feminism.
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
No issues specified. Please specify issues, or remove this template. (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
.svg)
Antifeminism is opposition to feminist ideology and its sexist manifestation into misandry.
Definitions
According to Michael Kimmel the term antifeminism means
opposition to women's equality. Antifeminists oppose women's entry into the public sphere, the re-organization of the private sphere, women's control of their bodies, and women's rights generally. Often this is justified by recourse to religious and cultural norms, and sometimes it is justified in the name of "saving" masculinity from pollution and invasion. Antifeminism often promotes a frightened or nostalgic retreat to traditional gender arrangements, supported ideologically by religious or pseudoscientific notions of "natural law." Antifeminists typically accept the traditional gender division of labor as natural and inevitable, perhaps also divinely sanctioned.
Michael Flood argues that antifeminism denies one or more of three general principles of feminism:
- The social arrangements among men and women are neither natural nor divinely determined.
- The social arrangements among men and women favor men.
- There are collective actions that can and should be taken to transform these arrangements into more just and equitable arrangements.
History of antifeminism
In the nineteenth century, the centerpiece of antifeminism was opposition to women's suffrage. Opponents of women's entry into institutions of higher learning argued that education was too great a physical burden on women. In Sex and Education (1973), Harvard professor Edward Clarke predicted that if women went to college, their brains would grow bigger and heavier, and their wombs would atrophy. He based his prediction on the observation that college-educated women had fewer children than non-college-educated women. Other antifeminists opposed women's entry into the labor force, or their right to join unions, to sit on juries, or to obtain birth control and control of their sexuality.
Antifeminist stances
Many antifeminist proponents say the feminist movement has achieved its aims and now seeks higher status for women than for men.
Others consider a change of women's roles a destructive force that endangers the family. For example, Paul Gottfried describes this antifeminist position:
Serious conservative scholars like Allan Carlson and F. Carolyn Graglia have maintained that the change of women’s role, from being primarily mothers to self-defined professionals, has been a social disaster that continues to take its toll on the family. Rather than being the culminating point of Western Christian gentility, the movement of women into commerce and politics may be seen as exactly the opposite, the descent by increasingly disconnected individuals into social chaos.
Antifeminist writer Jim Kalb describes the stance thus:
To be antifeminist is simply to accept that men and women differ and rely on each other to be different, and to view the differences as among the things constituting human life that should be reflected where appropriate in social attitudes and institutions. By feminist standards all societies have been thoroughly sexist. It follows that to be antifeminist is only to abandon the bigotry of a present-day ideology that sees traditional relations between the sexes as simply a matter of domination and submission, and to accept the validity of the ways in which human beings have actually dealt with sex, children, family life and so on. Antifeminism is thus nothing more than the rejection of one of the narrow and destructive fantasies of an age in which such things have been responsible for destruction and murder on an unprecedented scale.
Antifeminists often criticise the misandric policies of Western governments, including anti-male discrimination in the areas of reproductive rights, child custody, alimony, and property division in divorce, pointing to statistical figures. They also object to affirmative action/ positive discrimination, against men in the form of quotas in the areas of employment, education, politics, and healthcare.
Antifeminists sometimes point to an increase in divorce and family breakdown and attribute as its cause the influence of feminism. They also cite that crime, teenage pregnancy, and drug abuse are higher among children of fatherless homes, considering that 66-80% (depending on the source) of divorces are initiated by women and that single mothers are accountable for 49% of all child abuse cases.
Furthermore, antifeminists argue that feminist organizations and researchers frequently use fake statistical data and research, pointing out a number of cases where such incidents have occurred.
Antifeminists say that feminists impose tremendous pressure on traditional women by denigrating the role of a traditional housewife, instead promoting the business woman, woman leader models, as well encouraging women into competitive environments, where they may not be able to perform as well as males, if only for purely physical reasons.
Antifeminists point out cases when feminist policies and regulations are detrimental to female self-esteem. For example, women sometimes receive "special treatment" in the form of gender norming, which is lowering physical fitness requirements for women in some professions such as military and rescue services. Women who are hired are expected to handle less physically demanding tasks, which may reduce effectiveness of a unit. These policies make it impossible to refuse hiring women.
Rejecting the label
Feminists such as Camille Paglia, Christina Hoff Sommers, Jean Bethke Elshtain and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese have been labeled "antifeminists", or holders of antifeminist views, by other feminists because of their positions regarding oppression and lines of thought within feminism (which Sommers has controversially defined as gender feminism). Authors Patai and Koertge argue that by labeling these women "anti-feminists", the intention is to silence them and prevent any debate on the state of feminism. It represents "an enormous extension of women's power, allowing any sort of criticism of either women or feminist ideas to fall under the watchful eye of their ideological guardians.".
Other feminists such as media critic Jennifer Pozner claim that Paglia, Sommers, Elshtain and Fox-Genovese use the feminist label as a ruse. In describing what she believes is a method of "so-called rebel feminists" who use "Leftist lingo to gain rebellious credibility in a supposedly politically correct culture," she identifies what she argues is a contradiction: " ecome vocally indignant at refusal to tolerate 'dissenting feminist voice'" and then "o directly to the media. Do not pass up the college lecture circuit. Do not turn down close to $200K in Right Wing grants" and wait "for the money to come rolling in." She goes on to further counter claims of silencing debate or criticism: "Use your role as 'rebel feminist' to denounce every feminist concern other than women's economic advancement." and "(...) substantiate your claims by using faulty research methods and superficial interviews. Rarely contact the authors, activists and psychologists you libel."
Antifeminist organizations
As of 2008 the most successful antifeminist organization in the US is STOP ERA, now known as Eagle Forum, founded by Phyllis Schlafly in October 1972. Schlafly successfully mobilised thousands of people to block the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment in the USA. It was Schlafly too who forged links between STOP ERA and other conservative organizations, as well as single-issue groups against abortion, pornography, gun control, and unions. By integrating STOP ERA with the thus-dubbed New Right she was able to leverage a wider range of technological, organizational and political resources, successfully targeting pro-feminist candidates for defeat.
Outside the United States, organized antifeminist groups have been conspicuously less successful. In Australia, Babette Francis has led Endeavour Forum (formerly "Women Who Want to be Women") for over twenty-five years, but has failed to halt ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), as well as the eventual introduction of medical abortion in Australia, and the successive liberalization of laws related to abortion in Australia within every state and territory . REAL Women of Canada has similarly failed to halt same sex marriage and decriminalization of abortion in Canada, while Britain has never had an organized antifeminist group of its own, and New Zealand's "Women for Life" ceased to exist in 2004.
See also
Further reading
Literature about antifeminism
- Redefining the New Woman, 1920-1963 (Antifeminism in America: A Collection of Readings from the Literature of the Opponents to U.S. Feminism, 1848 to the Present), Howard-Zophy
- Un-American Womanhood: Antiradicalism, Antifeminism, and the First Red Scare, Kim E. Nielsen
- Andrea Dworkin, Right-Wing Women: The Politics of Domesticated Females (1983; ISBN 0-399-50671-3).
- Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (1992; ISBN 0-385-42507-4)
- Kampwirth, Karen. 2006. “Resisting the Feminist Threat: Antifeminist Politics in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua” NWSA Journal. Vol. 18, No 2. (Summer). pp. 73–100.
- Kampwirth, Karen. 2003. “Arnoldo Alemán Takes on the NGOs: Antifeminism and the New Populism in Nicaragua” Latin American Politics and Society. Vol. 45. No. 2. (Summer) 2003. pp. 133–158.
- Kampwirth, Karen. 1998. "Feminism, Antifeminism, and Electoral Politics in Post-War Nicaragua and El Salvador" Political Science Quarterly Vol. 113, No. 2. (Summer) pp. 259–279.
- Cynthia D. Kinnard, Antifeminism in American Thought: An Annotated Bibliography (Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1986, ISBN 0-8161-8122-5)
- Laura Kipnis, The Female Thing: Dirt, Sex, Envy, Vulnerability (Pantheon, 2006).
- Jane J. Mansbridge: Why We Lost the ERA, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986
- Schreiber, Ronnee (2008). Righting Feminism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533181-3.
- G. Swanson, Antifeminism in America: A Historical Reader (2000) ISBN 0-8153-3437-0
Antifeminist literature
- Helen Andelin, Fascinating Womanhood (2007) ISBN 0553384279
- Alan J. Barron, The Death of Eve: Women, Liberation, Disintegration (1986) ISBN 0949667366
- Alan Carlson, The Family in America: Searching for Social Harmony in the Industrial Age (2003) ISBN 0765805367
- Alan Carlson, Family Questions: Reflections on the American Social Crisis (1991) ISBN 1560005556
- Gilbert K. Chesterton, Brave New Family (1990; essay collection) ISBN 089870314X
- Thomas Fleming, The Politics of Human Nature (1988) ISBN 1-56000-693-5
- Maggie Gallagher, The Abolition of Marriage: How We Destroy Lasting Love (1996) ISBN 0895264641
- George Gilder, Men and Marriage (1992) ISBN 0882894447
- Steven Goldberg, Why Men Rule: A Theory of Male Dominance (1993; originally published 1971) ISBN 0812692373
- Steven Goldberg, The Inevitability of Patriarchy (1977) ISBN 0812692373
- F. Carolyn Graglia, Domestic Tranquility: A Brief Against Feminism (1998) ISBN 0965320863
- Mary A. Kassian, The Feminist Mistake (2005) ISBN 1581345704
- Linda Kelly, Disabusing the Definition of Domestic Abuse: How Women Batter Men and the Role of the Feminist State (2003)
- Myron Magnet, Modern Sex: Liberation and Its Discontents (2001) ISBN 1566633842
- Paul Nathanson and Katherine Young Spreading Misandry: The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture (2001) ISBN 0773522727
- Paul Nathanson and Katherine Young, Legalizing Misandry: From Public Shame to Systemic Discrimination Against Men (2006) ISBN 0773528628
- John Piper and Wayne A. Grudem, Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood (1991) ISBN 0891075860
- Mary Pride, The Way Home: Beyond Feminism, Back to Reality (1985) ISBN 0891073450
- Phyllis Schlafly, The Power of the Positive Woman (1977) ISBN 0-87000-373-9
- Phyllis Schlafly, Feminist Fantasies (2003) ISBN 1890626465
- Howard Schwartz, The Revolt of the Primitive: An Inquiry into the Roots of Political Correctness (2003) ISBN 0765805375
- Lionel Tiger, The Decline of Males (2000) ISBN 0312263112
- Esther Vilar, The Manipulated Man (1972) ISBN 0953096424
- Danielle Crittenden, What Our Mothers Didn't Tell Us (2000) ISBN 0-684-85959-9
- Midge Decter, The New Chastity and Other Arguments Against Women's Liberation (1974) ISBN 0-399-50307-2
- Thomas Ellis, The Rantings of a Single Male (2005) ISBN 0-9762613-1-6
- Thomas Fleming, The Politics of Human Nature (1988) ISBN 1-56000-693-5
- Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Feminism is Not the Story of My Life (1996) ISBN 0-385-46790-7
- George Gilder, Men and Marriage (1992) ISBN 0-88289-444-7
- F. Carolyn Graglia, Domestic Tranquility: A Brief Against Feminism (1998) ISBN 0-9653208-6-3
- Richard T. Hise, The War Against Men (2004) ISBN 1-930859-61-9
- Domestic Violence: The 12 Things You Aren't Supposed to Know; Thomas P. James, Aventine Press, 2003, ISBN 1-59330-122-7
- Gertrude Himmelfarb, The De-moralization Of Society (1996) ISBN 0-679-76490-9
- Christina Hoff-Sommers, The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism is Harming Our Young Men (2001) ISBN 0-684-84957-7
- Christina Hoff-Sommers, Who Stole Feminism? (1995) ISBN 0-684-80156-6
- Mary A. Kassian, The Feminist Mistake (2005) ISBN 1-58134-570-4
- Linda Kelly, Disabusing the Definition of Domestic Abuse: How Women Batter Men and the Role of the Feminist State (2003)
- The Lipstick Proviso: Women, Sex & Power in the Real World; Karen Lehrman, 1997, ISBN 0-385-47481-4
- Myron Magnet, Modern Sex: Liberation and Its Discontents (2001) ISBN 1-56663-384-2
- Harvey C. Mansfield, Manliness (2006) ISBN 0-300-10664-5
- Diane Medved and Dan Quayle, The American Family: Discovering the Values That Make Us Strong (1997) ISBN 0-06-092810-7
- Kate O'Beirne, Women Who Make the World Worse (2005) ISBN 1-59523-009-2
- John Piper and Wayne A. Grudem, Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood (1991) ISBN 0-89107-586-0
- Professing Feminism: Cautionary Tales from the Strange World of Women's Studies; Daphne Patai and Noreta Koertge, 1995, ISBN 0-465-09827-4
- Erin Pizzey, Prone to Violence (Hamlyn, 1982; ISBN 0-600-20551-7)
- Mary Pride, The Way Home: Beyond Feminism, Back to Reality (1985) ISBN 0-89107-345-0
- Phyllis Schlafly, Feminist Fantasies (2003) ISBN 1-890626-46-5
- Howard Schwartz, The Revolt of the Primitive: An Inquiry into the Roots of Political Correctness (2003) ISBN 0-7658-0537-5
- Philip Gordon Wylie, A Generation of Vipers (1942) ISBN 1-56478-146-1
References
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA35&dq=michael+kimmel+anti+feminism&hl=en&ei=H-RVTKTjLJ7bsAawjrHiAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
- http://books.google.com/books?id=EUON2SYps-QC&pg=PA21&dq=Michael+Flood+anti-feminism&hl=en&ei=0udVTMOWL86osAbnxuXhAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Wattenberg, B (1994). "Has Feminism Gone Too Far?". MenWeb. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
- Pizzey, Erin (1999). "How The Women's Movement Taught Women to Hate Men". Fathers for Life. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
- Janice Shaw Crouse (2006). "What Friedan Wrought". Concerned Women for America. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
- Gottfried, Paul (2001). "The Trouble With Feminism". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
- Jim Kalb (2004). "Anti-Feminist Page". Retrieved 2006-09-30.
- Data and studies supporting the need for equal parenting, Patrick & Lynn Kempen
- "The Consequences of Fatherlessness". fathers.com. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
- A study of child abuse in Lansing. Michigan. Joan Ditson and Sharon Shay in Child Abuse and Neglect, Volume 8. 1984.
- The M.O.M. Squad Capers, Carey Roberts
- Feminist Takeover of the U.N. is an Issue of National Security, David R. Usher
- "Women in Combat", The Center for Military Readiness
- Judith Stacey, Is Academic Feminism an Oxymoron?, Signs, Vol. 25, No. 4, Feminisms at a Millennium. (Summer, 2000), pp. 1189-1194
- Elizabeth Kamarck Minnich, Review: 'Feminist Attacks on Feminisms: Patriarchy's Prodigal Daughters', Feminist Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1. (Spring, 1998), pp. 159-175
- BITCHfest: Ten Years of Cultural Criticism from the Pages of Bitch Magazine,by Margaret Cho (Foreword), Lisa Jervis (Editor), Andi Zeisler (Editor), 2006
- Patai and Koertge, Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies, (2003)
- OrganizeNow.net
- ^ Tierney, Helen (1999). Women's Studies Encyclopedia. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. p. 95.
External links
- How Not to Criticize Feminist Epistemology, by Elizabeth Anderson, review of "Scrutinizing Feminist Epistemology" concluding " failure by its own evaluative standards of civility and avoiding gross error, tribalism, cynicism, and political correctness."
| Feminism | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History |
| ||||||
| Movements and ideologies |
| ||||||
| Concepts |
| ||||||
| Theory |
| ||||||
| By country |
| ||||||
| Lists |
| ||||||
| Masculism | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts |
| ||||||||||
| Movements |
| ||||||||||
| People | |||||||||||
| Remembrance days |
| ||||||||||
| Issues |
| ||||||||||