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| ===Death toll=== | ===Death toll=== | ||
| According to the ] at least 235 civilians were killed on 14 August. An additional 43 police officers were killed in the violence, according to the ].<ref name=NYT /> An estimated 900 people were injured and hundreds more were arrested.<ref name=NYT /><ref name=WaPost /> According to the '']'', those figures were likely to rise as more information became available.<ref name=NYT /> The Muslim Brotherhood estimated the death toll at 2,000. Of the dead, 37 were from the town of ].<ref name=WaPost /> Many of the dead appeared to be teenagers.<ref name=NYT /> | According to the ] at least 235 civilians were killed on 14 August. An additional 43 police officers were killed in the violence, according to the ].<ref name=NYT /> An estimated 900 people were injured and hundreds more were arrested.<ref name=NYT /><ref name=WaPost /> According to the '']'', those figures were likely to rise as more information became available.<ref name=NYT /> The Muslim Brotherhood estimated the death toll at 2,000. Of the dead, 37 were from the town of ].<ref name=WaPost /> Many of the dead appeared to be teenagers.<ref name=NYT /> The next morning the death toll was at least 421, including almost 200 at the Cairo and Giza camps, with more than 3,500 wounded, according to the Health Ministry's Mohamed Fathallah.<Ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-14/hundredskilled-in-egypt-violence-fracturing-government.html</ref> | ||
| Among the dead was the daughter of ], a prominent lawmaker. Amongst the three journalists killed on the day were: a ] cameraman named Mick Deane;<ref name=NYT /> '']'' Habiba Ahmed Abd Elaziz, who was 26 and killed near the Rabaah al-Adawiya mosque; and Egyptian journalist Ahmed Abdel Gawad who died as the security forces moved in to the camp.<ref name="aljaz2"/> The over 278 total casualties made 14 August the single deadliest day in Egypt since the ] toppled Morsi's predecessor ].<ref name=WaPost>{{cite news|title=Scores dead in Egypt after security forces launch assault on protesters’ camp|author=Abigail Hauslohner|author2=Sharaf al-Hourani|date=14 August 2013|work=Washington Post|accessdate=14 August 2013|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egyptian-security-forces-move-against-protesters-camps/2013/08/14/bc079750-04a7-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html}}</ref> | Among the dead was the daughter of ], a prominent lawmaker. Amongst the three journalists killed on the day were: a ] cameraman named Mick Deane;<ref name=NYT /> '']'' Habiba Ahmed Abd Elaziz, who was 26 and killed near the Rabaah al-Adawiya mosque; and Egyptian journalist Ahmed Abdel Gawad who died as the security forces moved in to the camp.<ref name="aljaz2"/> The over 278 total casualties made 14 August the single deadliest day in Egypt since the ] toppled Morsi's predecessor ].<ref name=WaPost>{{cite news|title=Scores dead in Egypt after security forces launch assault on protesters’ camp|author=Abigail Hauslohner|author2=Sharaf al-Hourani|date=14 August 2013|work=Washington Post|accessdate=14 August 2013|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egyptian-security-forces-move-against-protesters-camps/2013/08/14/bc079750-04a7-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html}}</ref> | ||
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| ==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
| The violence then spread across the country as people learned what had happened in Cairo and took to the streets in anger. In the ], an angry mob attacked a police station, one of 21 such attacks according to the interior ministry.<ref name=NYT /><ref name=Ahram /> In southern Egypt, between two and seven ] churches were burned to the ground,<ref name=NYT /><ref name=WaPost /> as Christian activists accused Morsi supporters of waging "a war of retaliation against Copts in Egypt."<Ref name="aljaz2"/> According to the government, ] supporters attacked government headquarters in several governorates.<ref name=WaPost /> Supporters of Morsi stages solidarity protests against the crackdown, with clashes reported, in Ismailia, Alexandria, Suez, Assiyut and other places.<Ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/20138147553170355.html</ref> In defiance of the curfew, Morsi supporters vowed to return to the streets to continue their agitation.<Ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013814224835732803.html</ref> Egyptian banks and its stock market were closed through 15 August.<ref name=WaPost /> Rail travel into and out of Cairo was also suspended.<ref name=Ahram /> | The violence then spread across the country as people learned what had happened in Cairo and took to the streets in anger. In the ], an angry mob attacked a police station, one of 21 such attacks according to the interior ministry.<ref name=NYT /><ref name=Ahram /> In southern Egypt, between two and seven ] churches were burned to the ground,<ref name=NYT /><ref name=WaPost /> as Christian activists accused Morsi supporters of waging "a war of retaliation against Copts in Egypt."<Ref name="aljaz2"/> According to the government, ] supporters attacked government headquarters in several governorates.<ref name=WaPost /> Supporters of Morsi stages solidarity protests against the crackdown, with clashes reported, in Ismailia, Alexandria, Suez, Upper Egypt's Assiyut and Aswan and other places.<Ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/20138147553170355.html</ref><Ref>http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920523001223</reF> In defiance of the curfew, Morsi supporters vowed to return to the streets to continue their agitation.<Ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013814224835732803.html</ref> Egyptian banks and its stock market were closed through 15 August.<ref name=WaPost /> Rail travel into and out of Cairo was also suspended.<ref name=Ahram /> | ||
| ==State of emergency, curfew== | ==State of emergency, curfew== | ||
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| ==Reactions== | ==Reactions== | ||
| ;Domestic | ;Domestic | ||
| Interim Vice President ] resigned in protest at the crackdown<ref name=WaPost /> saying his conscience was troubled over the loss of life "particularly as I believe it could have been avoided. It has become too difficult to continue bearing responsibility for decisions I do not agree with and whose consequences I fear."<Ref name="aljaz2"/> el-Beltagy asserted that the people were rise up and fight back to restore democracy saying "the police state has come to an end."<ref name=NYT /> Egyptian state television claimed the camps had been cleared "in a highly civilised way", while the interim government released a statement praising the brave security forces and blaming the Islamists for the loss of life.<ref name=NYT /> The government also called the raids necessary and said police had confiscated guns and other weapons from the protest camps.<ref name=WaPost /><ref name=Ahram /> The government renewed its promise to pursue a military-based solution to Egypt's problems in "a way that strives not to exclude any party."<ref name=NYT /> The Muslim Brotherhood's media office in London issued a statement that read the world "cannot sit back and watch while innocent men, women and children are being indiscriminately slaughtered. The world must stand up to the military junta's crime before it is too late."<Ref>http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2013/08/14/egypt-protest-world-reaction.html</ref> | Interim Vice President ] resigned in protest at the crackdown<ref name=WaPost /> saying his conscience was troubled over the loss of life "particularly as I believe it could have been avoided. It has become too difficult to continue bearing responsibility for decisions I do not agree with and whose consequences I fear."<Ref name="aljaz2"/> Interim Prime Minister ] defended the state's reactions and praised the perpetrators saying that "we found that matters had reached a point that no self respecting state could accept...the spread of anarchy and attacks on hospitals and police stations."<Ref>http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/14/el-beblawi-praises-police-says-egypt-committed-to-elections/</ref><ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/egypt-interim-pm-hazem-el-beblawi-defends-crackdown-on-mursi-supporters/articleshow/21833590.cms</ref> | ||
| el-Beltagy asserted that the people were rise up and fight back to restore democracy saying "the police state has come to an end."<ref name=NYT /> Egyptian state television claimed the camps had been cleared "in a highly civilised way", while the interim government released a statement praising the brave security forces and blaming the Islamists for the loss of life.<ref name=NYT /> The government also called the raids necessary and said police had confiscated guns and other weapons from the protest camps.<ref name=WaPost /><ref name=Ahram /> The government renewed its promise to pursue a military-based solution to Egypt's problems in "a way that strives not to exclude any party."<ref name=NYT /> The Muslim Brotherhood's media office in London issued a statement that read the world "cannot sit back and watch while innocent men, women and children are being indiscriminately slaughtered. The world must stand up to the military junta's crime before it is too late."<Ref>http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2013/08/14/egypt-protest-world-reaction.html</ref> | |||
| Grand ] ] called for "restraint" saying Al-Azhar is committed to seeking a political solution to the situation.<ref name="Ahram"/> The Coptic Church condemned the attacks on its churches and called on the army to restore order.<ref name=Ahram /> The ] called on protestors to exhibit restraint, but said the crackdowns would further complicate the political process. The ] blamed the "the army, interior ministry and the Muslim Brotherhood" for the violence.<ref name=Ahram /> There were also reactions on ].<Ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23700679</ref> | Grand ] ] called for "restraint" saying Al-Azhar is committed to seeking a political solution to the situation.<ref name="Ahram"/> The Coptic Church condemned the attacks on its churches and called on the army to restore order.<ref name=Ahram /> The ] called on protestors to exhibit restraint, but said the crackdowns would further complicate the political process. The ] blamed the "the army, interior ministry and the Muslim Brotherhood" for the violence.<ref name=Ahram /> There were also reactions on ].<Ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23700679</ref> | ||
Revision as of 09:19, 15 August 2013
On 14 August 2013, Egyptian security forces launched an assault against two groups of sit-in protestors supporting former president Mohamed Morsi. Violent retaliation followed in several cities across the country. A national state of emergency was declared in response and curfews instituted in many areas. More than 275 people were confirmed dead, as of 14 August, with the death toll expected to rise significantly.
Background
See also: 2013 Egyptian coup d'état and Political violence in Egypt (2013)Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution and the instability since then, it culminated in the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi in early July 2013, tens of thousands of supporters of Morsi, including entire families, began to then move into protest camps calling for his return to the presidency. The protestors and the interim government remained in standoff for six weeks as internal and external forces urged all parties to work toward a democratic solution. The government threatened a raid of the protest camps on multiple occasions. Allegedly an ultimatum was issued prior to 14 August; however Al-Azhar, Egypt's official Islamic authority, denied that such a warning had been given. Initiatives are trying to resolve the tensions, including foreign-backed efforts by Gulf Arab countries and the U.S.A., failed to yield any positive outcomes before the state's authorities decreed it as a failure and issued the ultimatum.
Clashes
At approximate 7:00 on 14 August 2013, Egyptian security forces moved into two protest camps in Cairo. According to the Interior Ministry, the plan was originally to stop the protests gradually by cutting off supply lines while providing a safe exit for those who elected to leave. However, by 8 a.m. the smaller of the two protest groups had been leveled. The security forces used with armored vehicles, bulldozers, live ammunition, and tear gas against the crowd. Many protestors were shot and at least one was burned alive. Snipers fired upon those who tried to flee the camps. Numerous photos were spread acorss the internet and news channels showing weapons including automatic rifles and thousands of ammunitions found in the tents of the protestors after the unfolding of the sit-ins.
Immediately after the morning raids, the National Alliance to Support Legitimacy, a pro-Morsi group, called on its members to take to the streets "to stop the massacre". Violence quickly spread across Cairo as angered Islamists broke pavement and made Molotov cocktails to throw at the police. Others grabbed whatever they could find to use as makeshift weapons. Protesters blocked important roads, stopping travel. In late morning, Morsi supporters marched toward eastern Cairo before running into police barricades and gunfire. By midday the streets were deserted. In the afternoon, the protestors managed to push the police back to the point where they could get into the hospital. However, snipers continued to fire upon those attempting to enter the hospital. By dusk, the government forces seized control destroying what remained of the protest camp. In the evening , about 20 decayed dead bodies with signs of torture were found under the main stage of the "Rabba Al-adawiya" sit-in and sent to mortuary .
Death toll
According to the Egyptian Health Ministry at least 235 civilians were killed on 14 August. An additional 43 police officers were killed in the violence, according to the Interior Ministry. An estimated 900 people were injured and hundreds more were arrested. According to the New York Times, those figures were likely to rise as more information became available. The Muslim Brotherhood estimated the death toll at 2,000. Of the dead, 37 were from the town of Fayoum. Many of the dead appeared to be teenagers. The next morning the death toll was at least 421, including almost 200 at the Cairo and Giza camps, with more than 3,500 wounded, according to the Health Ministry's Mohamed Fathallah.
Among the dead was the daughter of Mohamed el-Beltagy, a prominent lawmaker. Amongst the three journalists killed on the day were: a Sky News cameraman named Mick Deane; Gulf News Habiba Ahmed Abd Elaziz, who was 26 and killed near the Rabaah al-Adawiya mosque; and Egyptian journalist Ahmed Abdel Gawad who died as the security forces moved in to the camp. The over 278 total casualties made 14 August the single deadliest day in Egypt since the 2011 Egyptian revolution toppled Morsi's predecessor Hosni Mubarak.
Arrests
 | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2013) |
Al Jazeera Arabic's reporter was also arrested.
Aftermath
The violence then spread across the country as people learned what had happened in Cairo and took to the streets in anger. In the Giza Governorate, an angry mob attacked a police station, one of 21 such attacks according to the interior ministry. In southern Egypt, between two and seven Coptic Christian churches were burned to the ground, as Christian activists accused Morsi supporters of waging "a war of retaliation against Copts in Egypt." According to the government, Muslim Brotherhood supporters attacked government headquarters in several governorates. Supporters of Morsi stages solidarity protests against the crackdown, with clashes reported, in Ismailia, Alexandria, Suez, Upper Egypt's Assiyut and Aswan and other places. In defiance of the curfew, Morsi supporters vowed to return to the streets to continue their agitation. Egyptian banks and its stock market were closed through 15 August. Rail travel into and out of Cairo was also suspended.
State of emergency, curfew
The interim government declared a month-long state of emergency beginning at 16:00. By doing so, the right to a trial and due process of the law was suspended. A 19:00 a curfew was also declared in 14 of the 27 governorates (Cairo, Giza, Alexandria, Suez, Ismailia, Assiut, Sohag, Beni Suef, Minya, Beheira, South Sinai, North Sinai, Fayoum). The army promised to enforce the curfew with the "utmost firmness". The curfew would be enforces a month, along with the state of emergency.
Reactions
- Domestic
Interim Vice President Mohamed ElBaradei resigned in protest at the crackdown saying his conscience was troubled over the loss of life "particularly as I believe it could have been avoided. It has become too difficult to continue bearing responsibility for decisions I do not agree with and whose consequences I fear." Interim Prime Minister Hazem el-Beblawi defended the state's reactions and praised the perpetrators saying that "we found that matters had reached a point that no self respecting state could accept...the spread of anarchy and attacks on hospitals and police stations."
el-Beltagy asserted that the people were rise up and fight back to restore democracy saying "the police state has come to an end." Egyptian state television claimed the camps had been cleared "in a highly civilised way", while the interim government released a statement praising the brave security forces and blaming the Islamists for the loss of life. The government also called the raids necessary and said police had confiscated guns and other weapons from the protest camps. The government renewed its promise to pursue a military-based solution to Egypt's problems in "a way that strives not to exclude any party." The Muslim Brotherhood's media office in London issued a statement that read the world "cannot sit back and watch while innocent men, women and children are being indiscriminately slaughtered. The world must stand up to the military junta's crime before it is too late."
Grand imam Ahmed el-Tayeb called for "restraint" saying Al-Azhar is committed to seeking a political solution to the situation. The Coptic Church condemned the attacks on its churches and called on the army to restore order. The al-Nour Party called on protestors to exhibit restraint, but said the crackdowns would further complicate the political process. The April 6 Youth Movement blamed the "the army, interior ministry and the Muslim Brotherhood" for the violence. There were also reactions on social media.
- International
- Supranational bodies
European Union - High Representative for Foreign Policy Catherine Ashton's spokesman Michael Mann said that "the reports of deaths and injuries are extremely worrying. We reiterate that violence won't lead to any solution and we urge the Egyptian authorities to proceed with utmost restraint,"
United Nations - Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's spokesman Martin Nesirky said: "In the aftermath of today's violence, the secretary-general urges all Egyptians to concentrate their efforts on promoting genuinely inclusive reconciliation. it appears that hundreds of people were killed or wounded in clashes between security forces and demonstrators."
- States
Bulgaria - Foreign Minister Kristian Vigenin condemned the "excessive use of force, leading to casualties on both sides". He said that violence "cannot solve the political and social problems accumulated throughout the years".
Canada - Foreign Minister John Baird issued a statement calling for calm and said that he was deeply concerned by the situation, while calling on Egypt to implement reforms to ease tensions. He also said that Canada's stance is that Egypt should have a transparent democratic system and encourages and respects civil society and the all segments of Egyptian society. "We urge both parties to avoid violence, and engage in a meaningful political dialogue for the good of all Egyptians. All Egyptians should show restraint and resolve in the coming days."
France - The foreign ministry released a statement that offered condolences to the families of the violence and read it was "strongly deploring the violence which took place in Cairo during the evacuation operations. "essential this violence ceases, and that a logic of appeasement prevails. France calls on all parties to exercise the utmost restraint and warns against disproportionate use of force."
Germany - Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle said: "We call on all political forces to return immediately to negotiations and avert an escalation of violence. All further bloodshed must be prevented.
Iran - The foreign ministry released a statement that called the events and "massacre" and that "while denouncing the violent clashes and condemning the killing of people, expresses its deep concern regarding the horrible consequences. Undoubtedly the current approach to developments in Egypt strengthens the likelihood of civil war in this great Islamic country."
Ireland - Tanaiste Eamonn Gilmore wrote on Twitter: ""I deplore the loss of life in #Egypt, appeal for the authorities to show restraint and for all involved to refrain from violence."
Italy - Foreign Minister Emma Bonino said: "I am deeply pained at what is going on in Egypt, and at the loss of human life there. I was hoping that the squares where the sit-ins took place would empty out once the parties had reached an agreement, and not through the intervention of the police, which doesn't make it any easier to find a solution to the political crisis. I appeal to all the Egyptian forces to do everything in their power to halt the violence that has erupted there, and to avoid a blood bath. All forces of order must exert the maximum self-control, and everyone must likewise avoid any form of incitement to violence."
Jordan - The Muslim Brotherhood's political arm, the Islamic Action Front, called for renewed protests in support of Morsi and warned Egypt's military that it had fallen into a "conspiracy" hatched by the U.S. and Israel to weaken Muslims and that the military was a "tool for corrupt and tyrant military regimes." It also called on its local supporters to protest outside the Egyptian embassy in Amman.
Libya - A member of the General National Congress' Foreign Affairs Committee, Amna Amtair, said that the committee would meet the next day to take important measures regarding the Egyptian situation, but were postponed from meeting the day itself due to damage done by a renegade group of young Amazigh who broke in the GNC following a demonstration. Muslim Brotherhood's political arm, the Justice and Development Party's, congresswomen in Benghazi, Houda Abdulatif Al-Banani, said that what was happening in Egypt was a coup against democratic legitimacy and was destabilising the effects of the Arab Spring.
Palestine - Hamas expressed disapproval for the "terrible massacre." and called on the military to use "peaceful political solutions" in solving the crisis.
Qatar - The foreign ministry issued a statement that read it "strongly condemns" the violence, called on Egyptian authorities to refrain from security crackdowns on demonstrators and said that the best conflict resolution mechanism was peaceful dialogue. State news agency, QNA, quoted an unnamed foreign ministry official as calling on the Egyptian authorities to "refrain from the security option in dealing with peaceful protests, and to preserve the lives of Egyptians at protest sites."
Spain - A statement by an unnamed branch of government read that the government had "great concern" over the events and that it sent its condolences to the families of those killed. "At this critical moment, it is particularly important that the security forces and the protesters themselves exercise due restraint to avoid the irreversible consequences of violence. The Egyptian people have shown to the whole world their determination to live in peace and democracy. To achieve this aspiration the participation of all political and social forces is needed, without delay, in a national dialogue to make."
Sweden - Foreign Minister Carl Bildt wrote on Twitter that he was concerned about the events: "Obviously many dead. Reports of live ammunition. Risk of violence spreading. Churches attacked. I condemn the killings and the violence in Egypt now. Main responsibility with regime forces. Extremely hard to restore political process."
Tunisia - President Rachid Ghannouchi called the crackdown an "abject crime" and said that he was insolidarity with the Mursi suporters' bid to "recover their freedom and oppose the coup d'etat."
Turkey - President Abdullah Gul said: "An armed intervention against civilian people who stage protests is unacceptable, regardless of its justification." He also compared the incident to the first salvos of the Syrian civil war. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan's office called on "the international community, especially the UN Security Council and Arab League, must act immediately to stop this massacre."
United Kingdom - Foreign Secretary William Hague issued a statement that read: "I am deeply concerned at the escalating violence and unrest in Egypt. I condemn the use of force in clearing protests and call on the security forces to act with restraint."
United States - President Barack Obama "strongly condemned" the violent crackdown on protesters. A spokesperson said the US$1.5billion of aid the United States gives to Egypt annually was under review. White House spokesman Josh Earnest called on the military-backed government to respect the basic human rights and said that the United States strongly opposed the state of emergency. Secretary of State John Kerry called the events were "deplorable" and a "serious blow" to reconciliation efforts.
- Solidarity protests
Hundreds of people protested against the clearing of the protests in Kuwait, chanted slogans against Egyptian General Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi; while an unnamed cleric called on Kuwaitis to demonstrate after Friday prayers outside the U.S. embassy. Other solidarity protests were held in neighbouring Tel Aviv and Gaza, as well as Turkey, Tunisia and Jordan.
- Media
The New York Times called the crackdown the "clearest sign yet that the old Egyptian police state was re-emerging" and added that its reporters saw no evidence of alleged weapon stockpiles in the protest camps. Al Jazeera featured an article entitled "The Egyptian coup and the lessons of Turkey" with the sub-heading that military was backtracking on the democracy that Egyptians had fought for.
References
- ^ David D. Kirpatrick (14 August 2013). "Nearly 300 Killed as Egyptian Forces Storm Camps". New York Times. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ Reem Gehad (15 August 2013). "Crackdown on pro-Morsi sit-ins leaves Egypt in a state of emergency". Ahram Online. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Abigail Hauslohner; Sharaf al-Hourani (14 August 2013). "Scores dead in Egypt after security forces launch assault on protesters' camp". Washington Post. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/201381492232258172.html
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-14/hundredskilled-in-egypt-violence-fracturing-government.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013814224835732803.html
- http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/20138147553170355.html
- http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920523001223
- http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013814224835732803.html
- http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79053/Egypt/Politics-/Updated-Curfew-in--Egypt-governorates-amid-state-o.aspx
- http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/14/el-beblawi-praises-police-says-egypt-committed-to-elections/
- http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/egypt-interim-pm-hazem-el-beblawi-defends-crackdown-on-mursi-supporters/articleshow/21833590.cms
- http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2013/08/14/egypt-protest-world-reaction.html
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23700679
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013814114553219849.html
- "Egypt needs dialogue and national reconciliation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- http://news.ca.msn.com/world/reactions-to-outbreak-of-violence-in-egypt
- ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/14/world/meast/egypt-international-reaction
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23696963
- ^ http://www.smh.com.au/world/the-world-is-watching-global-reactions-to-egyptian-crackdown-on-promursi-camps-20130815-2rxej.html#ixzz2c1VU3VCC
- http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/08/14/little-reaction-in-libya-to-events-in-egypt/
- http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/10243952/Violence-in-Egypt-global-reaction.html
- http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/08/201381310934937401.html
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