C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring): Difference between revisions

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	'''C/2013 A1''' ('''Siding Spring''') is an ] ] discovered on 3 January 2013 by ] at ] using the {{convert\|0.5\|m\|in\|adj=on\|sp=us}} ].<ref name="MPEC2013-A14"/> At the time of discovery ~~the comet~~ was 7.2 ] from the Sun and located in the ] ]. Comet C/2013 A1 probably took millions of years to come from the ]. After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System, the post-perihelion ] (] 2050) is estimated to be roughly 1 million ].<ref name=barycenter/> ] images ~~of the comet~~ by the ] from 8 December 2012 were quickly found.<ref name="MPEC2013-A14"/> On 3 March 2013, ] precovery images from 4 October 2012 were announced that extended the observation arc to 148 days.<ref name="mpc"/>		'''C/2013 A1''' ('''Siding Spring''') is an ] ] discovered on 3 January 2013 by ] at ] using the {{convert\|0.5\|m\|in\|adj=on\|sp=us}} ].<ref name="MPEC2013-A14"/> At the time of discovery it was 7.2 ] from the Sun and located in the ] ]. Comet C/2013 A1 probably took millions of years to come from the ]. After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System, the post-perihelion ] (] 2050) is estimated to be roughly 1 million ].<ref name=barycenter/> ] images by the ] from 8 December 2012 were quickly found.<ref name="MPEC2013-A14"/> On 3 March 2013, ] precovery images from 4 October 2012 were announced that extended the observation arc to 148 days.<ref name="mpc"/>

	== Encounter with Mars ==		== Encounter with Mars ==
	~~The~~ ~~comet~~ will pass extremely close to ] on 19 October 2014, so close that the ] may envelop Mars.<ref name="SD-20131201"/><ref name="NS-20131206"/> Initial ] by ] on 27 February 2013, suggested ~~the~~ ~~comet~~ might pass {{convert\|0.000276\|AU\|km mi\|abbr=on\|lk=off}} from the center~~-point~~ of Mars.<ref name="Elenin0227"/> With an observation arc of 465 days, the ] pass is {{convert\|0.00092\|AU\|km mi\|abbr=on\|lk=on}} from the center-point of Mars and the uncertainty region shows ~~the~~ ~~comet~~ will not come closer than {{convert\|0.00087\|AU\|km mi\|abbr=on\|lk=off}}.<ref name=jpl-close/> For comparison, Mars' outer moon ] orbits 23,500 km from the planet. Due to the uncertainty region, there is a small possibility that ~~the comet~~ will pass Mars as far away as {{convert\|0.00096\|AU\|km mi\|abbr=on\|lk=off}}. ~~The comet~~ will pass Mars at a relative velocity of 56 km/s.<ref name=jpl-close/>		Comet Siding Spring will pass extremely close to ] on 19 October 2014, so close that the ] may envelop Mars.<ref name="SD-20131201"/><ref name="NS-20131206"/> Initial ] by ] on 27 February 2013, suggested that it might pass {{convert\|0.000276\|AU\|km mi\|abbr=on\|lk=off}} from the center of Mars.<ref name="Elenin0227"/> With an observation arc of 465 days, the ] pass is {{convert\|0.00092\|AU\|km mi\|abbr=on\|lk=on}} from the center-point of Mars and the uncertainty region shows that it will not come closer than {{convert\|0.00087\|AU\|km mi\|abbr=on\|lk=off}}.<ref name=jpl-close/> For comparison, Mars's outer moon ] orbits 23,500 km from the planet. Due to the uncertainty region, there is a small possibility that it will pass Mars as far away as {{convert\|0.00096\|AU\|km mi\|abbr=on\|lk=off}}. It will pass Mars at a relative velocity of 56 km/s.<ref name=jpl-close/>
	]		]
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	As seen from Earth, on 19 October 2014 Mars will be in the ] ], and will be 60 degrees from the Sun. Mars and ~~the~~ ~~comet~~ will also be visible to the ]-A spacecraft during the 2014 encounter.<ref name="STEREO-HI2"/> The spacecraft ] and ] will arrive at Mars one month before ~~the~~ ~~comet~~'s closest approach. Already in orbit around Mars are ], ], and ]; all these artificial satellites may be exposed to potentially damaging particles.<ref name='Moorheada-Jan. 2014'> {{cite journal \| title = The meteoroid fluence at Mars due to Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) \| journal = Elsevier B.V: Icarus \| date = January 2014 (online) \| first = Althea V. \| last = Althea V. Moorheada \| coauthors = Paul A. Wiegert, William J. Cooke \| volume = 231 \| pages = 13-21\| id = \| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513005022 \| accessdate = 2014-01-26}}</ref> On the ground are the ] and ] rovers.		As seen from Earth, on 19 October 2014 Mars will be in the ] ], and will be 60 degrees from the Sun. Mars and Comet Siding Spring will also be visible to the ]-A spacecraft during the 2014 encounter.<ref name="STEREO-HI2"/> The spacecraft ] and ] will arrive at Mars one month before Comet Siding Spring's closest approach. Already in orbit around Mars are ], ], and ]; all these artificial satellites may be exposed to potentially damaging particles.<ref name='Moorheada-Jan. 2014'> {{cite journal \| title = The meteoroid fluence at Mars due to Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) \| journal = Elsevier B.V: Icarus \| date = January 2014 (online) \| first = Althea V. \| last = Althea V. Moorheada \| coauthors = Paul A. Wiegert, William J. Cooke \| volume = 231 \| pages = 13-21\| id = \| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513005022 \| accessdate = 2014-01-26}}</ref> On the ground are the ] and ] rovers.

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	It is possible that ~~the~~ ~~comet~~ could create a spectacular ] on Mars or be a threat to the spacecraft in orbit on its closest approach to Mars.<ref name="NS-20131206"/> ~~The comet~~ will have to be extremely close to Mars for its debris to pose any risk. Millimeter-sized grains will be ejected at about {{convert\|1\|m/s\|mph\|0\|abbr=on}}, and would take more than a year to travel 100,000 km from ~~the~~ ~~comet~~.<ref name="Lakdawalla0305"/>		It is possible that Comet Siding Spring could create a spectacular ] on Mars or be a threat to the spacecraft in orbit on its closest approach to Mars.<ref name="NS-20131206"/> It will have to be extremely close to Mars for its debris to pose any risk. Millimeter-sized grains will be ejected at about {{convert\|1\|m/s\|mph\|0\|abbr=on}}, and would take more than a year to travel 100,000 km from Comet Siding Spring.<ref name="Lakdawalla0305"/>

	Estimates for the diameter of the nucleus have varied from {{convert\|1\|to\|50\|km\|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Elenin0225"/><ref name="nasa-26mar"/> The resulting upper limit energy of a hypothetical impact could reach 20 billion ].<ref name="Elenin0225"/><ref name="Bell"/> C/2013 A1 probably has a nucleus comparable in size to ] (~4 km).<ref name="Cerny0303"/> The diameter of such a hypothetical ] would be roughly ten times the diameter of the comet's ].<ref name="Elenin0225"/> Using the older observation arc of 148 days, a ] showed roughly a 1 in 1,250 chance (0.08%) of a Mars impact.<ref name="Elenin0303"/> As of March 2013, the estimated chance of impact was about 1 in 2000.<ref name="nasa-26mar"/> As of April 2013, the odds of a Mars impact were about 1 in 8000.<ref name="CBS2013-04"/> The 8 April 2013 ] ] solution was the first solution to show that the minimum approach by ~~the~~ ~~comet~~ would miss Mars.<ref name=jpl-close/> As of 8 April 2013, the odds of impact were only 1 in 120,000.<ref name="NASA2013-081"/>		Estimates for the diameter of the nucleus have varied from {{convert\|1\|to\|50\|km\|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Elenin0225"/><ref name="nasa-26mar"/> The resulting upper-limit energy of a hypothetical impact could reach 20 billion ].<ref name="Elenin0225"/><ref name="Bell"/> C/2013 A1 probably has a nucleus comparable in size to ] (~4 km).<ref name="Cerny0303"/> The diameter of such a hypothetical ] would be roughly ten times the diameter of the comet's ].<ref name="Elenin0225"/> Using the older observation arc of 148 days, a ] showed roughly a 1 in 1,250 chance (0.08%) of a Mars impact.<ref name="Elenin0303"/> As of March 2013, the estimated chance of impact was about 1 in 2000.<ref name="nasa-26mar"/> As of April 2013, the odds of a Mars impact were about 1 in 8000.<ref name="CBS2013-04"/> The 8 April 2013 ] ] solution was the first solution to show that the minimum approach by Comet Siding Spring would miss Mars.<ref name=jpl-close/> As of 8 April 2013, the odds of impact were only 1 in 120,000.<ref name="NASA2013-081"/>

	== References ==		== References ==

Revision as of 16:11, 29 January 2014

"Comet Siding Spring" redirects here. For a comet discovered in 2007, see C/2007 Q3.

C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
Discovery
Comet Siding Spring as seen by NEOWISE on 16 January 2014.
Discovered by	Siding Spring Observatory 0.5-m Schmidt (E12)
Discovery date	3 January 2013
Orbital characteristics
Epoch	2014-Oct-30 (JD 2456960.5)
Perihelion	1.39875 AU (q)
Eccentricity	1.00046
Orbital period	~1 million yr (Barycentric solution for epoch 2050)
Inclination	129.0°
Next perihelion	25 October 2014

C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) is an Oort cloud comet discovered on 3 January 2013 by Robert H. McNaught at Siding Spring Observatory using the 0.5-meter (20 in) Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope. At the time of discovery it was 7.2 AU from the Sun and located in the constellation Lepus. Comet C/2013 A1 probably took millions of years to come from the Oort cloud. After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System, the post-perihelion orbital period (epoch 2050) is estimated to be roughly 1 million years. Precovery images by the Catalina Sky Survey from 8 December 2012 were quickly found. On 3 March 2013, Pan-STARRS precovery images from 4 October 2012 were announced that extended the observation arc to 148 days.

Encounter with Mars

Comet Siding Spring will pass extremely close to Mars on 19 October 2014, so close that the coma may envelop Mars. Initial observations by Leonid Elenin on 27 February 2013, suggested that it might pass 0.000276 AU (41,300 km; 25,700 mi) from the center of Mars. With an observation arc of 465 days, the nominal pass is 0.00092 AU (138,000 km; 86,000 mi) from the center-point of Mars and the uncertainty region shows that it will not come closer than 0.00087 AU (130,000 km; 81,000 mi). For comparison, Mars's outer moon Deimos orbits 23,500 km from the planet. Due to the uncertainty region, there is a small possibility that it will pass Mars as far away as 0.00096 AU (144,000 km; 89,000 mi). It will pass Mars at a relative velocity of 56 km/s.

Comet Siding Spring encounters Mars on 19 October 2014.

JPL Small-Body Database uncertainty region
for close approach to Mars on 19 October 2014
Observation arc (in days)	Minimum distance (AU)	Nominal distance (AU)	Maximum distance (AU)	Nominal passage time (UT)
44	0	0.0059	0.024	10:26
58	0	0.0025	0.012	15:50
74	0	0.00070	0.0079	21:00
148	0	0.00035	0.0021	19:28
154	0	0.00074	0.0023	18:50
162	0	0.00079	0.0023	18:45
171	0	0.00080	0.0022	18:44
185	0.00006	0.00076	0.0020	18:51
201	0.000068	0.00080	0.0019	18:45
211	0.000209	0.00079	0.0018	18:45
244	0.000098	0.00082	0.0016	18:41
293	0.000252	0.00082	0.0014	18:41
341	0.000443	0.00089	0.0013	18:32
360	0.000546	0.00089	0.0012	18:32
369	0.000607	0.00093	0.0012	18:28
379	0.000595	0.00088	0.0012	18:34
388	0.000690	0.00090	0.0011	18:31
394	0.000775	0.00095	0.0011	18:26
399	0.000801	0.00095	0.0011	18:26
415	0.000853	0.00096	0.0011	18:25
428	0.000868	0.00096	0.0010	18:25
465	0.000875	0.00092	0.0010	18:28

As seen from Earth, on 19 October 2014 Mars will be in the constellation Ophiuchus, and will be 60 degrees from the Sun. Mars and Comet Siding Spring will also be visible to the STEREO-A spacecraft during the 2014 encounter. The spacecraft MAVEN and Mars Orbiter Mission will arrive at Mars one month before Comet Siding Spring's closest approach. Already in orbit around Mars are Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Express, and 2001 Mars Odyssey; all these artificial satellites may be exposed to potentially damaging particles. On the ground are the Curiosity and Opportunity rovers.

Hypothetical comet impact at 56 km/s
into sedimentary rock
Impactor diameter	Kinetic energy	Crater diameter
3 km (1.9 mi)	5.3 million Mt	45 km (28 mi)
5 km (3.1 mi)	24.5 million Mt	71 km (44 mi)
8 km (5.0 mi)	100 million Mt	108 km (67 mi)
15 km (9.3 mi)	660 million Mt	188 km (117 mi)
20 km (12 mi)	1.57 billion Mt	242 km (150 mi)
50 km (31 mi)	24 billion Mt	544 km (338 mi)

It is possible that Comet Siding Spring could create a spectacular meteor shower on Mars or be a threat to the spacecraft in orbit on its closest approach to Mars. It will have to be extremely close to Mars for its debris to pose any risk. Millimeter-sized grains will be ejected at about 1 m/s (2 mph), and would take more than a year to travel 100,000 km from Comet Siding Spring.

Estimates for the diameter of the nucleus have varied from 1 to 50 km (0.62 to 31.07 mi). The resulting upper-limit energy of a hypothetical impact could reach 20 billion megatons. C/2013 A1 probably has a nucleus comparable in size to Comet Hyakutake (~4 km). The diameter of such a hypothetical impact crater would be roughly ten times the diameter of the comet's nucleus. Using the older observation arc of 148 days, a Monte Carlo method showed roughly a 1 in 1,250 chance (0.08%) of a Mars impact. As of March 2013, the estimated chance of impact was about 1 in 2000. As of April 2013, the odds of a Mars impact were about 1 in 8000. The 8 April 2013 JPL 3-sigma solution was the first solution to show that the minimum approach by Comet Siding Spring would miss Mars. As of 8 April 2013, the odds of impact were only 1 in 120,000.

References

^ "MPEC 2013-A14 : COMET C/2013 A1 (SIDING SPRING)". IAU Minor Planet Center. 5 January 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2013. (CK13A010)
"MPEC 2013-U73: Observations and Orbits of Comets". IAU Minor Planet Center. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)". Retrieved 24 April 2013. (Solution using the Solar System Barycenter and barycentric coordinates. Select Ephemeris Type:Elements and Center:@0)
"C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) Orbit". Minor Planet Center. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
Moorhead, Althea; Wiegert, Paul A.; Cooke, William J. (1 December 2013). "The meteoroid fluence at Mars due to comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)". Icarus. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.028. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
^ Grossman, Lisa (6 December 2013). "Fiercest meteor shower on record to hit Mars via comet". New Scientist. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Elenin, Leonid (27 February 2013). "New data concerning the close approach of comet C/2013 A1 to Mars". SpaceObs.org blog (ISON-NM). Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ "JPL Close-Approach Data: C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)". 2014-01-12 last obs (arc=465 days w/503 obs). Retrieved 2013-01-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Thompson, Bill (28 February 2013). "STEREO-A spacecraft has a ring-side seat of "Siding Spring v's Mars" next year". Sungrazing Comets. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Althea V. Moorheada, Althea V. (January 2014 (online)). "The meteoroid fluence at Mars due to Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)". Elsevier B.V: Icarus. 231: 13–21. Retrieved 2014-01-26. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Robert Marcus, H. Jay Melosh, and Gareth Collins (2010). "Earth Impact Effects Program". Imperial College London / Purdue University. Retrieved 4 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (solution using 1000kg/m^3, 56km/s, 45 degrees)
Lakdawalla, Emily (5 March 2013). "Will comet Siding Spring make a meteor shower on Mars?". Planetary Society blogs. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Elenin, Leonid (25 February 2013). "Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) – a possible collision with Mars". SpaceObs.org blog (ISON-NM). Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ Phillips, Tony (27 March 2013). "Collision Course? A Comet Heads for Mars". Science News. NASA. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Bell, Charles (26 February 2013). "Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)". Retrieved 27 February 2013.
Černý, Jakub (1 March 2013). "Jak je velké jádro komety C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)?". Retrieved 3 March 2013.
Elenin, Leonid (3 March 2013). "Close approach to Mars. Up-to-date analysis". SpaceObs.org blog (ISON-NM). Retrieved 3 March 2013.
"Mars vs. comet in 2014: Scientists prepare for red planet sky show". CBS News. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
DC Agle (12 April 2013). "Comet to Make Close Flyby of Red Planet in October 2014". NASA/JPL. Retrieved 13 April 2013.

External links

C/2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
Elements and Ephemeris for C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) – Minor Planet Center
Will Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) Hit Mars? – Ian Musgrave (February 2, 2013)
Could a Comet Hit Mars in 2014? – Ian O'Neill (February 25, 2013)
Update on Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) and a possible Mars Impact – Ian Musgrave (February 27, 2013)
C/2013 A1 Siding Spring, the first comet of the year – La Cañada Observatory (January 5, 2013)
Will a comet clobber Mars next year? – AstroBob (February 27, 2013)
Close Encounters with the Inner Planets at Sormano Astronomical Observatory
JPL Small-Body Database Browser nasa.gov

Comets

Features	Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower
Types	Periodic Numbered Lost Long period Halley-type Jupiter-family Encke-type Main-belt Non-periodic Near-parabolic Hyperbolic Unknown-orbit Great Comet Sungrazing (Kreutz) Extinct Exocomet Interstellar
Related	Naming of comets Observational history of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid
Exploration	List of missions to comets List of comets visited by spacecraft
Latest	C/2024 S1 (ATLAS) C/2024 G3 (ATLAS) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) C/2023 H2 (Lemmon) C/2023 E1 (ATLAS) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS) C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2020 F5 (MASTER) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS) C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 2I/Borisov P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) C/2018 C2 (Lemmon) C/2017 U7 C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) C/2015 G2 (MASTER) C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 UN₂₇₁ (Bernardinelli–Bernstein) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
Culture and speculation	Antimatter comet Comets in fiction Comet vintages

Lists of comets (more)

Periodic
comets

Until 1985
(all)

After 1985
(notable)

Comet-like
asteroids

Lost

Recovered	9P/Tempel 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 15P/Finlay 17P/Holmes 27P/Crommelin 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 55P/Tempel–Tuttle 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 69P/Taylor 72P/Denning–Fujikawa 80P/Peters–Hartley 97P/Metcalf–Brewington 107P/Wilson–Harrington 113P/Spitaler 122P/de Vico 157P/Tritton 205P/Giacobini 206P/Barnard–Boattini 226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski 271P/van Houten–Lemmon 289P/Blanpain
Destroyed	3D/Biela D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)
Not found	D/1770 L1 (Lexell) 5D/Brorsen 18D/Perrine–Mrkos 20D/Westphal 25D/Neujmin 34D/Gale 75D/Kohoutek 83D/Russell 85D/Boethin

Visited by
spacecraft

Near-Parabolic
comets
(notable)

Until 1990	C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet) X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106) C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264) C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402) C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472) C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577) C/1652 Y1 C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)) C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702) C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat) C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux) C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760) C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769) C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807) C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811) C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819) C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823) C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843) C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet) C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati) C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher) C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861) C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865) X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet) C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia) C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt) C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882) C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887) C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901) C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910) C/1911 O1 (Brooks) C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky) C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany) C/1931 P1 (Ryves) C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) C/1948 V1 (Eclipse) C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland) C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) [de] C/1961 R1 (Humason) C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) C/1963 R1 (Pereyra) C/1964 N1 (Ikeya) C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki) C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) [de] C/1969 Y1 (Bennett) C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli) C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) C/1975 V1 (West) C/1980 E1 (Bowell) C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock) C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington) C/1989 X1 (Austin) C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)
After 1990	C/1990 K1 (Levy) C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz) C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell) C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam) C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse) C/1998 J1 (SOHO) C/1999 F1 (Catalina) C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) C/2002 V1 (NEAT) C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) C/2006 A1 (Pojmański) C/2006 M4 (SWAN) C/2006 P1 (McNaught) C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) C/2007 N3 (Lulin) C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) C/2007 W1 (Boattini) C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN) C/2009 R1 (McNaught) C/2010 X1 (Elenin) C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) C/2012 E2 (SWAN) C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) C/2012 S1 (ISON) C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) C/2013 US10 (Catalina) C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) C/2014 E2 (Jacques) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 2I/Borisov C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
After 1910 (by name)	Aarseth-Brewington Arend–Roland Austin Beljawsky Bennett Boattini Borisov Bowell Bradfield Brooks Catalina C/1999 F1 C/2013 US10 de Kock–Paraskevopoulos Eclipse Elenin Hale-Bopp Humason Hyakutake Ikeya C/1963 A1 C/1964 N1 Ikeya-Seki IRAS–Araki–Alcock ISON Iwamoto Jacques Johnson Kohoutek Lemmon C/2012 F6 C/2018 C2 C/2019 U6 Leonard Levy LINEAR C/1999 S4 C/2000 WM1 C/2001 A2 C/2002 T7 LONEOS C/2001 OG108 C/2007 F1 Lovejoy C/2007 E2 C/2011 W3 C/2013 R1 C/2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz McNaught C/2006 P1 C/2009 R1 McNaught–Russell Mrkos NEAT C/2001 Q4 C/2002 V1 NEOWISE Nishimura Oukaimeden ʻOumuamua Pan-STARRS C/2011 L4 C/2012 K1 311P/PanSTARRS C/2014 Q1 C/2015 ER61 C/2017 K2 Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki–Lines Siding Spring C/2007 Q3 C/2013 A1 Skjellerup–Maristany Skorichenko–George SOHO Southern Spacewatch–Rabinowitz Stonehouse SWAN C/2006 M4 C/2012 E2 C/2020 F8 Tago-Sato-Kosaka [de] Tsuchinshan–ATLAS West White–Ortiz–Bolelli Wilson–Hubbard [de] Yi–SWAN Zhu–Balam ZTF

Category

Mars

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Regions	Arabia Terra Cerberus (Mars) Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis
Physical features	"Canals" (list) Canyons Catenae Chaos terrain Craters Fossae Gullies Mensae Labyrinthi Mountains by height Observed rocks Outflow channels Plains Valley network Valleys Gravity
Geology	Brain terrain Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron Marsquake Meteorites on Earth on Mars Mud cracks North Polar Basin Ocean theory Ore resources Polar caps polar wander Recurring slope lineae (RSL) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface "Swiss cheese" feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Volcanism Water Yardangs
History	Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features

Astronomy

Moons	Phobos Stickney crater Limtoc crater Monolith Deimos Swift crater Voltaire crater
Transits	Solar eclipses on Mars Satellite transits Phobos Deimos Planetary transits Earth Mercury
Asteroids	Impacts Mars-crossers 2007 WD5 Trojans 5261 Eureka 1998 VF₃₁ 1999 UJ₇ 2007 NS₂
Comets	C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
General	Orbit

Exploration

Concepts	Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Human mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming
Missions	List of missions to Mars
Advocacy	The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Foundation Mars Institute Mars Society Mars race

2013 in space

« 2012 2014 »

Space probe launches

Space probes	LADEE (lunar orbiter; Sep 2013) Mars Orbiter Mission (Mars orbiter; Nov 2013) MAVEN (Mars orbiter; Nov 2013) Chang'e 3 / Yutu (mission to the Moon; Dec 2013)
Space observatories	IRIS (solar observation; Jun 2013) Hisaki (ultraviolet observation; Sep 2013) Gaia (astrometric observation; Dec 2013)

Impact events

Chelyabinsk meteor
- Chelyabinsk meteorite

Selected NEOs

Exoplanets

Discoveries

Novae

Comets

Space exploration

Herschel Space Observatory retirement (Jun 2013)
Cassini–Huygens (The Day the Earth Smiled; Jul 2013)
Voyager 1 (enters interstellar space; Sep 2013)

v t e 2014 in space
« 2013 2015 »
Space probe launches	Chang'e 5-T1 (mission to the Moon; Oct 2014) Hayabusa2 / PROCYON (asteroid sample-return mission; Dec 2014)
Impact events	2014 AA 2014 Ontario fireball
Selected NEOs	Asteroid close approaches 2000 EM26 (163132) 2002 CU11 (388188) 2006 DP14 2007 VK184 (410777) 2009 FD 2009 RR (529366) 2009 WM1 2014 AF5 2014 DX110 2014 EC 2014 HQ124 2014 LY21 2014 OO6 2014 OL339 2014 RC 2014 SC324 2014 XL7
Exoplanets	51 Eridani b rotation of Beta Pictoris b Gliese 15 Ab Gliese 180 c Gliese 682 c Gliese 832 c GU Piscium b HIP 116454 b Kapteyn b Kepler-93b Kepler-186f Kepler-296 e f Kepler-298d Kepler-419 b c Kepler-421b WASP-104b
Discoveries	SMSS J0313−6708 Rings of Chariklo 2012 VP113 (announced) (532037) 2013 FY27 (announced) 486958 Arrokoth (2014 MU₆₉) ULAS J0015+01 Laniakea Supercluster
Novae	SN 2014J iPTF14hls
Comets	C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) C/2014 E2 (Jacques) C/2013 UQ₄ (Catalina) C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 Q3 (Borisov) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) 15P/Finlay
Space exploration	Kepler K2 mission extension (May) Rosetta/Philae (orbits/landing 67P; Aug/Nov) MAVEN (Mars orbit insertion; Sep) Mars Orbiter Mission (Mars orbit insertion; Sep) Dawn (approaches Ceres; Sep 2014 / Mar 2015) Venus Express (Venus mission ends; Dec)
Outer space portal Category:2013 in outer space — Category:2014 in outer space — Category:2015 in outer space

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