Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 01:24, 14 June 2014

Template:Two other uses

Republic of Turkey Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Flag Emblem
Motto:  Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation"
Anthem: İstiklal Marşı Independence March File:Istiklal Marsi-TSK.ogg
Capital	Ankara
Largest city	Istanbul 41°1′N 28°57′E / 41.017°N 28.950°E / 41.017; 28.950
Official languages	Turkish
Spoken languages	Abaza, Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Azeri, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Circassian, Crimean Tatar, Dutch, English, French, Gagauz, Georgian, German, Greek, Hemshin, Hértevin, Italian, Kurdish, Ladino, Laz, Polish, Pomak, Romani, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Swedish, Turkish, Turoyo, Zazaki
Ethnic groups (2008)	70-75% Turks 18% Kurds 7-12% others
Demonym(s)	Turkish
Government	Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic
• President	Abdullah Gül
• Prime Minister	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
• Speaker of the Parliament	Cemil Çiçek
• President of the Constitutional Court	Haşim Kılıç
Legislature	Grand National Assembly
Succession to the Ottoman Empire
• Ankara government	23 April 1920
• Treaty of Lausanne	24 July 1923
• Declaration of Republic	29 October 1923
• Current constitution	7 November 1982
Area
• Total	783,562 km (302,535 sq mi) (37th)
• Water (%)	1.3
Population
• 2013 estimate	76,667,864 (18th)
• Density	100/km (259.0/sq mi) (108th)
GDP (PPP)	2013 estimate
• Total	$1.426 trillion (15th)
• Per capita	$19,080 (54th)
GDP (nominal)	2013 estimate
• Total	$820.827 billion (17th)
• Per capita	$11,277 (64th)
Gini (2010)	40.2 medium inequality (56th)
HDI (2013)	0.722 high (90th)
Currency	Turkish lira (Template:Image) (TRY)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy (AD)
Drives on	Right
Calling code	+90
ISO 3166 code	TR
Internet TLD	.tr

Turkey /ˈtɜːki/ (Template:Lang-tr), officially the Republic of Turkey (Template:Lang-tr), is a contiguous transcontinental country, located mostly on Anatolia in Western Asia, and on East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea is to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia makes it a country of significant geostrategic importance.

Turkey has been inhabited since the paleolithic age, including various Ancient Anatolian civilizations and Thracian peoples. After Alexander the Great's conquest, the area was Hellenized, which continued with the Roman rule and the transition into the Byzantine Empire. The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century, starting the process of Turkification, which was greatly accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, upon which it disintegrated into several small Turkish beyliks.

Starting from the late 13th century, the Ottoman beylik united Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, becoming a major power in Eurasia and Africa during the early modern period. After the Ottoman Empire collapsed following its defeat in World War I, parts of it were occupied by the victorious Allies. The Turkish War of Independence, initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues, resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Atatürk as its first president.

Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. The country's official language is Turkish, a Turkic language spoken natively by approximately 85% of the population. Turks constitute 70% to 75% of the population. Minorities include Kurds (18%) and others (7–12%). The vast majority of the population is Muslim. Turkey is a member of the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE and the G-20 major economies. Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005, having been an associate member of the European Economic Community since 1963 and having joined the EU Customs Union in 1995. Turkey is also a member of the Turkic Council, Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organization. Turkey's growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power.

Etymology

The name of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye) is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century).

The English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century, and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia.

The Greek cognate of this name, Tourkia (Template:Lang-el) was used by the Byzantine emperor and scholar Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his book De Administrando Imperio, though in his use, "Turks" always referred to Magyars. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia (Land of the Turks) in Byzantine sources.

The Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its contemporaries.

History

Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace

The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world. Various Ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, beginning with the Neolithic period until conquest of Alexander the Great. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages radiated. European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since forty thousand years ago, and is known to have been in the Neolithic era by about 6000 B.C. with its inhabitants starting the practice of agriculture.

Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man-made religious structure, a temple dating to 10,000 BC, while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BCE to 5700 BCE. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age.

The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians, non-Indo-European peoples who inhabited central and eastern Anatolia, respectively, as early as ca. 2300 BC. Indo-European Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed the Hattians and Hurrians ca. 2000–1700 BC. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the eighteenth through the 13th century BC. The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC. Urartu re-emerged in Assyrian inscriptions in the 9th century BC as a powerful northern rival of Assyria.

Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC. Starting from 714 BC, Urartu shared the same fate and dissolved in 590 BC. The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia.

Antiquity and Byzantine Period

Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. Numerous important cities were founded by these colonists, such as Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna and Byzantium, the latter founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 657 BC. The first state that was called Armenia by neighbouring peoples was the state of the Armenian Orontid dynasty, which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC. In Northwest Turkey, the most significant tribal group in Thrace was the Odyrisians, founded by Teres I.

Anatolia was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th and 5th centuries BC and later fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC, which led to increasing cultural homogeneity and Hellenization in the area. Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms, all of which became part of the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC. The process of Hellenization that began with Alexander's conquest accelerated under Roman rule, and by the early centuries AD the local Anatolian languages and cultures had become extinct, being largely replaced by ancient Greek language and culture.

In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which would rule most of the territory of Turkey until the Late Middle Ages.

The Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire

The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Kınık Oğuz Turks who resided on the periphery of the Muslim world, in the Yabghu Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy, to the north of the Caspian and Aral Seas, in the 9th century. In the 10th century, the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homeland into Persia, which became the administrative core of the Great Seljuk Empire.

In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuks began penetrating into the eastern regions of Anatolia. In 1071, the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, starting Turkification of the area; the Turkish language and Islam were introduced to Anatolia and gradually spread over the region and the slow transition from a predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking Anatolia to a predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking one was underway.

In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols, causing the Seljuk Empire's power to slowly disintegrate. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would, over the next 200 years, evolve into the Ottoman Empire, expanding throughout Anatolia, the Balkans, the Levant and North Africa. In 1453, the Ottomans completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople.

In 1514, Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) successfully expanded the Empire's southern and eastern borders by defeating Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran. In 1517, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea. Subsequently, a competition started between the Ottoman and Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with a number of naval battles in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a threat for the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trading routes between East Asia and Western Europe (later collectively named the Silk Road). This important monopoly was increasingly compromised following the discovery of a sea route around Africa by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, which had a considerable impact on the Ottoman economy.

The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At sea, the Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues (composed primarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy) for control of the Mediterranean Sea. In the east, the Ottomans were occasionally at war with Safavid Persia over conflicts stemming from territorial disputes or religious differences between the 16th and 18th centuries.

From the beginning of the 19th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. As it gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth, many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire's heartland in Anatolia, along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among the various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian massacres of Armenians.

The Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. During the war, the empire's Armenians were deported and ultimately an estimated 1,500,000 were exterminated during the Armenian Genocide. The Turkish government denies that there was an Armenian Genocide and claims that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone. Large-scale massacres were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the Greeks and Assyrians.

Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres.

Republic of Turkey

The occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish National Movement. Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.

By 18 September 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the Ankara-based Turkish regime, which declared itself the legitimate government of the country in April 1920, started to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. On 1 November, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the continuing state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital. The Lausanne treaty stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming old Ottoman-Turkish state into a new secular republic. With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks.)

Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but entered the closing stages of the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945. On 26 June 1945, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support. Both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and OEEC for rebuilding European economies in 1948, and subsequently became founding members of the OECD in 1961.

After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 staged by the EOKA B paramilitary organization, which overthrew President Makarios and installed the pro-Enosis (union with Greece) Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July 1974. Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognized only by Turkey, was established.

The single-party period ended in 1945. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, which was interrupted by military coups d'état in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997. In 1984, the PKK, a Kurdish separatist group, began an insurgency campaign against the Turkish government, which to date has claimed over 40,000 lives, Peace talks are ongoing. Since the liberalization of the Turkish economy during the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability. In 2013, widespread protests erupted in many Turkish provinces, sparked by a plan to demolish Gezi Park but growing into general anti-government dissent.

Politics

Abdullah Gül President since 2007	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Prime Minister since 2003

Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism. Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state. The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a seven-year term by direct elections. However the current president, Abdullah Gül, was elected in 2007 by parliamentary vote, the system at that time.

Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others.

The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament. The prime minister is Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, whose conservative Justice and Development Party was elected for a third consecutive time in 2011 general elections. Although the ministers do not have to be members of the parliament, ministers with parliament membership are common in Turkish politics.

Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts.

In 2004, there were 50 registered political parties in the country. The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether. The electoral threshold is 10% of the votes.

Supporters of Atatürk's reforms are called Kemalists, as distinguished from Islamists, representing two extremes on a continuum of beliefs about the proper role of religion in public life. The Kemalist position generally combines a kind of democracy with a laicist constitution and westernised secular lifestyle, while supporting state intervention in the economy, education and other public services. Since the 1980s, a rise in income inequality and class distinction has given rise to Islamic populism, a movement that in theory supports obligation to authority, communal solidarity and social justice, though what that entails in practice is often contested.

Human rights in Turkey have been the subject of some controversy and international condemnation. Between 1998 and 2008 the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations, particularly regarding the right to life, and freedom from torture. Other issues, such as Kurdish rights, women's rights, and press freedom, have also attracted controversy. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, the AKP government has waged one of the world's biggest crackdowns on press freedoms. A large number of journalists have been arrested using charges of "terrorism" and "anti-state activities" such as the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases, while thousands have been investigated on charges such as "denigrating Turkishness" or "insulting Islam" in an effort to sow self-censorship. In 2012, the CPJ identified 76 jailed journalists in Turkey, including 61 directly held for their published work, more than in Iran, Eritrea or China. A former U.S. State Department spokesman, Philip J. Crowley, said that the United States had "broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey."

Foreign relations

Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945), the OECD (1961), the OIC (1969), the OSCE (1973), the ECO (1985), the BSEC (1992), the D-8 (1997) and the G-20 major economies (1999). In 2008 Turkey was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. Turkey's membership of the council effectively began on 1 January 2009. Turkey had previously been a member of the U.N. Security Council in 1951–1952, 1954–1955 and 1961.

In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became a founding member of the Council of Europe in 1949, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005. Today, EU membership is considered as a state policy and a strategic target by Turkey. Turkey's support for Northern Cyprus in the Cyprus dispute complicates Turkey's relations with the EU and remains a major stumbling block to the country's EU accession bid.

The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign relations was its ties with the United States. Based on the common threat posed by the Soviet Union, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington throughout the Cold War. In the post–Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. In return, Turkey has benefited from the United States' political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union.

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia, thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the Caucasus, was closed by Turkey in support of Azerbaijan during the Nagorno-Karabakh War and remains closed. Under the AK Party government, Turkey's influence has grown in the Middle East based on the strategic depth doctrine, also called Neo-Ottomanism. This policy has led to tensions with Arab countries, such as Turkey's neighbour Syria since the start of the Syrian civil war, and with Egypt following the ousting of President Mohamed Morsi.

Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in Northern Cyprus, though their presence is controversial. Turkey has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the United States stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since 2001. Since 2003, Turkey contributes military personnel to Eurocorps and takes part in the EU Battlegroups.

Military

Turkey has the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, according to a 2011 NATO estimate. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO.

The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions.

The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.

Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to a year, dependent on education and job location. Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service.

Administrative divisions

Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of 923 districts.

Ankara Kırklareli Edirne Tekirdağ Çanakkale Balıkesir Bursa Yalova Istanbul Kocaeli Sakarya Düzce Zonguldak Bolu Bilecik Eskişehir Kütahya Manisa İzmir Aydın Muğla Denizli Burdur Uşak Afyonkarahisar Isparta Antalya Konya Mersin Karaman Aksaray Kırşehir Kırıkkale Çankırı Karabük Bartın Kastamonu Sinop Çorum Yozgat Nevşehir Niğde Adana Hatay Osmaniye K. Maraş Kayseri Sivas Tokat Amasya Samsun Ordu Giresun Erzincan Malatya Gaziantep Kilis Şanlıurfa Adıyaman Gümüşhane Trabzon Rize Bayburt Erzurum Artvin Ardahan Kars Ağrı Iğdır Tunceli Elazığ Diyarbakır Mardin Batman Siirt Şırnak Bitlis Bingöl Muş Van Hakkâri

Geography

Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country. Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. European Turkey comprises 3% of the country.

The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape. It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E. Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe. Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.

The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 ft), and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country.

Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.

Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, along which a major earthquake occurred in 1999.

Biodiversity

Turkey's extraordinary ecosystem and habitat diversity has produced considerable species diversity. Anatolia is the homeland of many plants that have been cultivated for food since the advent of agriculture, and the wild ancestors of many plants that now provide staples for mankind still grow in Turkey. The diversity of Turkey's fauna is even greater than that of its flora. The number of animal species throughout Europe as a whole is about 60,000; in Turkey there are over 80,000 (over 100,000 counting subspecies).

The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey, while the Caucasus mixed forests extend across the eastern end of the range. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian Sparrowhawk, Golden Eagle, Eastern Imperial Eagle, Lesser Spotted Eagle, Caucasian Black Grouse, Red-fronted Serin, and Wallcreeper. The narrow coastal strip between the Pontic Mountains and the Black Sea is home to the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests, which contain some of the world's few temperate rainforests.

There are 40 national parks, 189 nature parks, 31 nature preserve areas, 80 wildlife protection areas and 109 nature monuments in Turkey.

Ankara, the capital of Turkey, is renowned for the Angora cat, Angora rabbit and Angora goat. Another national cat breed of Turkey is the Van cat. The national dog breeds are the Anatolian Shepherd, Kangal, Malaklı and Akbaş.

Climate

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,200 millimetres (87 in) annually which is the highest precipitation in the country.

The coastal areas bordering the Sea of Marmara, which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow falls on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter, but usually melts in no more than a few days. However snow is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.

Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons.

Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 to −40 °C (−22 to −40 °F) can occur in eastern Anatolia. Snow may remain at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures often above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall is often less than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest.

Economy

Turkey has the world's 15th largest GDP by PPP and 17th largest nominal GDP. The country is among the founding members of the OECD and the G-20 major economies.

During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey generally adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector participation, foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, and foreign direct investment. However in 1983 Prime Minister Turgut Özal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model.

The reforms, combined with unprecedented amounts of funding from foreign loans, spurred rapid economic growth; but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake of that year), and 2001; resulting in an average of 4% GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003. Lack of additional fiscal reforms, combined with large and growing public sector deficits and widespread corruption, resulted in high inflation, a weak banking sector and increased macroeconomic volatility. Since the economic crisis of 2001 and the reforms initiated by the finance minister of the time, Kemal Derviş, inflation has fallen to single-digit numbers, investor confidence and foreign investment have soared, and unemployment has fallen.

Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment and the privatization of publicly owned industries, and the liberalization of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate. The public debt to GDP ratio peaked at 75.9% during the recession of 2001, falling to an estimated 26.9% by 2013.

The real GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 6.8% annually, which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. However, growth slowed to 1% in 2008, and in 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the global financial crisis, with a recession of 5%. The economy was estimated to have returned to 8% growth in 2010. According to Eurostat data, Turkish GDP per capita adjusted by purchasing power standard stood at 52% of the EU average in 2011.

In the early years of the 21st century the chronically high inflation was brought under control; this led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira in 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. In 2009, the new Turkish lira was renamed back to the Turkish lira, with the introduction of new banknotes and coins. As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation dropped to 8% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to 10%.

Tourism in Turkey has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2012, 35.5 million foreign visitors arrived in Turkey, which ranked as the 6th most popular tourism destination in the world; they contributed $25.6 billion to Turkey's revenues. In 2012 15% of the tourists were from Germany, 11% from Russia, 8% from the United Kingdom, 5% from Bulgaria, 4% each from Georgia, the Netherlands and Iran, 3% from France, 2% each from the USA and Syria and 40% from other countries. Turkey has 11 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Turkey has a large automotive industry, which produced over a million motor vehicles in 2012, ranking as the 16th largest producer in the world. Turkish shipbuilding exports were worth US$1.2 billion in 2011. The major export markets are Malta, Marshall Islands, Panama and the United Kingdom. Turkish shipyards have 15 floating docks of different sizes and one dry dock. Tuzla, Yalova, and İzmit have developed into dynamic shipbuilding centres. In 2011, there were 70 active shipyards in Turkey, with another 56 being built. Turkish shipyards are highly regarded both for the production of chemical and oil tankers up to 10,000 dwt and also for their mega yachts.

Turkish brands like Beko and Vestel are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in Europe, and invest a substantial amount of funds for research and development in new technologies related to these fields.

Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, and machine industry. In 2010, the agricultural sector accounted for 9% of GDP, while the industrial sector accounted for 26% and the services sector 65%. However, agriculture still accounted for a quarter of employment. In 2004, it was estimated that 46% of total disposable income was received by the top of 20% income earners, while the lowest 20% received 6%. The rate of female employment in Turkey was 30% in 2012, the lowest among all OECD countries.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) was $8.3 billion in 2012, a figure expected to rise to $15 billion in 2013. In 2012 Fitch Group upgraded Turkey's credit rating to investment grade after an 18-year gap; this was followed by a ratings upgrade by Moody's in May 2013, as the service lifted Turkey's government bond ratings to the lowest investment grade Baa3.

The European Union – Turkey Customs Union, led to an extensive liberalization of tariff rates,and forms the pillar of Turkey's trade policy. By 2011 exports were $143.5 bn and in 2012 it was $163 bn (main export partners in 2012: Germany 8.6%, Iraq 7.1%, Iran 6.5%, UK 5.7%, UAE 5.4%). However larger imports, which amounted to $229 billion in 2012, threatened the balance of trade (main import partners in 2012: Russia 11.3%, Germany 9%, China 9%, US 6%, Italy 5.6%, ).

Transport in Turkey is facilitated by a road network of half a million km, and a rail network of 11 thousand km in 2008. 21 of Turkey's airports serve international flights. In 2013 energy consumption was 240 billion kilowatt hours, 72% of which was imported. To reduce reliance on imports, the government is investing in nuclear power, with three power plants set to open in 2023.

TÜBİTAK is the leading agency for developing science, technology and innovation policies in Turkey. TÜBA is an autonomous scholarly society acting to promote scientific activities in Turkey. TAEK is the official nuclear energy institution of Turkey. Its objectives include academic research in nuclear energy, and the development and implementation of peaceful nuclear tools.

Demographics

According to the Address-Based Population Recording System of Turkey, the country's population was 74.7 million people in 2011, nearly three-quarters of whom lived in towns and cities. According to the 2011 estimate, the population is increasing by 1.35% each year. Turkey has an average population density of 97 people per km². People within the 15–64 age group constitute 67.4% of the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 25.3%; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 7.3%. In 1927, when the first official census was recorded in the Republic of Turkey, the population was 13.6 million. The largest city in Turkey, Istanbul, is also the largest city in Europe in population, and the third-largest city in Europe in terms of size.

Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as "anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship"; therefore, the legal use of the term "Turkish" as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition. However, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. They are estimated at 70–75% by the CIA World Factbook. Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available, because Turkish census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity. The three minority groups officially recognised in the Treaty of Lausanne are Armenians, Greeks and Jews. Other ethnic groups include Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Georgians, Hamshenis, Laz, Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Pomaks, and Roma. The Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated mainly in the southeastern provinces of the country, are the largest non-Turkic ethnicity, variously estimated around 18%. Minorities besides the Kurds are thought to make up an estimated 7–12% of the population. Minorities other than the three officially recognized ones do not have specific minority rights. The term "minority" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey, while the Turkish government is frequently criticized for its treatment of minorities. Minorities of European origin include the Levantines, who have been present in the country (particularly in Istanbul and Izmir) since the medieval period. The Turkish government has accepted over 400,000 Syrian refugees. Turkey has accommodated most of its Syrian refugees in tent cities administered by the country's emergency management agency.

The country's official language is Turkish, which is spoken by approximately 85% of the population as mother tongue. Around 12% of the population speaks Kurdish as mother tongue. Arabic and Zaza are the mother tongues of more than 1% of the population each, and several other languages are the mother tongues of smaller parts of the population. Endangered languages in Turkey include Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyge, Cappadocian Greek, Gagauz, Hértevin, Homshetsma, Judezmo, Kabard-Cherkes, Laz, Mlahso, Pontic Greek, Romani, Suret, Turoyo, Ubykh, Western Armenian, Zazaki.

Life expectancy stands at 71.1 years for men and 75.3 years for women, with an overall average of 73.2 years for the populace as a whole. Health care in Turkey used to be dominated by a centralized state system run by the Ministry of Health. In 2003, the government introduced a sweeping health reform programme aimed at increasing the ratio of private to state health provision and making healthcare available to a larger share of the population. Turkish Statistical Institute announced that 76.3 billion TL was spent for healthcare in 2012; 79.6% of which was covered by the Social Security Institution and 15.4% of which was paid directly by the patients. As of 2012, there were 29,960 medical institutions in Turkey, one doctor per 583 people, and 2.65 beds per 1000 people.

v t e Largest cities or towns in Turkey TÜİK's address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024.

Rank Name Pop. Rank Name Pop. Istanbul Ankara 1 Istanbul 15,655,924 11 Mersin 1,938,389 İzmir Bursa 2 Ankara 5,803,482 12 Diyarbakır 1,818,133 3 İzmir 4,479,525 13 Hatay 1,544,640 4 Bursa 3,214,571 14 Manisa 1,475,716 5 Antalya 2,696,249 15 Kayseri 1,445,683 6 Konya 2,320,241 16 Samsun 1,377,546 7 Adana 2,270,298 17 Balıkesir 1,273,519 8 Şanlıurfa 2,213,964 18 Tekirdağ 1,167,059 9 Gaziantep 2,164,134 19 Aydın 1,161,702 10 Kocaeli 2,102,907 20 Van 1,127,612

Religion

Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience. The role of religion has been a controversial debate over the years since the formation of Islamist parties. For many decades, the wearing of the hijab was banned in schools and government buildings because it was viewed as a symbol of political Islam. However, the ban was lifted from universities in 2011 and from government buildings in 2013. Nowadays most controversy is about the Gülen movement, but that controversy is mainly political rather than religious.

Islam is the dominant religion of Turkey with 99.8% of the population being registred as Muslim. while some sources give a little lower estimate of 96.4%, with the most popular sect being the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam. The highest Islamic religious authority is the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Template:Lang-tr), it interprets the Hanafi school of law, and is responsible for regulating the operation of the country's 80,000 registered mosques and employing local and provincial imams. Academics suggest the Alevi population may be from 15 to 20 million. and according to Aksiyon magazine, the number of Shiite Twelvers (excluding Alevis) is 3 million (4.2%). There are also some Sufi Muslims. Roughly 2% are non-denominational Muslims.

The percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey fell from 19% in 1914 to 2.5% in 1927. There are about 120,000 people of different Christian denominations, representing less than 0.2% of Turkey's population, including an estimated 80,000 Oriental Orthodox, 35,000 Roman Catholics, 5,000 Greek Orthodox and smaller numbers of Protestants. Today there are 236 churches open for worship in Turkey. The Eastern Orthodox Church has been headquartered in Istanbul since the 4th century.

There are about 26,000 people who are Jewish, the vast majority of whom are Sephardi.

Education

The Ministry of National Education is responsible for pre-tertiary education. This is compulsory and lasts twelve years: four years each of primary school, middle school and high school. Less than half of 25-34 year old Turks have completed at least upper secondary education, compared with an OECD average of over 80%. Basic education in Turkey is considered to lag behind other OECD countries, with significant differences between high and low performers. Turkey is ranked 32nd out of 34 in the OECD's PISA study. Access to high-quality school heavily depends on the performance in the secondary school entrance exams, to the point that some students begin taking private tutoring classes when they are 10 years old. The overall adult literacy rate in 2011 was 94.1%, 97.9% for males and 90.3% for females.

By 2011, there were 166 universities in Turkey. Entry to higher education depends on the Student Selection Examination (ÖSS). In 2008, the quota of admitted students was 600,000, compared to 1,700,000 who took the ÖSS exam in 2007. Except for the Open Education Faculty (Turkish: Açıköğretim Fakültesi) at Anadolu University, entrance is regulated by the national ÖSS examination, after which high school graduates are assigned to universities according to their performance. According to the 2012–2013 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the top university in Turkey is Middle East Technical University (in the 201-225 rank range), followed by Bilkent University and Koç University (both in the 226-250 range), Istanbul Technical University and Boğaziçi University (in the 276-300 bracket).

Culture

Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the Oğuz Turkic, Anatolian, Ottoman (which was itself a continuation of both Greco-Roman and Islamic cultures) and Western culture and traditions, which started with the Westernisation of the Ottoman Empire and still continues today. This mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who were in their path during their migration from Central Asia to the West. Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a "modern" Western state, while maintaining traditional religious and historical values.

Turkish painting, in the Western sense, developed actively starting from the mid 19th century. The very first painting lessons were scheduled at what is now the Istanbul Technical University (then the Imperial Military Engineering School) in 1793, mostly for technical purposes. In the late 19th century, human figure in the western sense was being established in Turkish painting, especially with Osman Hamdi Bey. Impressionism, among the contemporary trends, appeared later on with Halil Paşa. The young Turkish artists sent to Europe in 1926 came back inspired by contemporary trends such as Fauvism, Cubism and even Expressionism, still very influential in Europe. The later "Group D" of artists introduced some trends that had lasted in the West for thirty, forty years. The leading artists of the "Group D" movement were Abidin Dino, Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Fikret Mualla, Adnan Çoker, Fahrunissa Zeid and Burhan Doğançay. Other important movements in Turkish painting were the "Yeniler Grubu" (The Newcomers Group) of the late 1930s; the "On'lar Grubu" (Group of Ten) of the 1940s; the "Yeni Dal Grubu" (New Branch Group) of the 1950s; and the "Siyah Kalem Grubu" (Black Pen Group) of the 1960s. The leading artists of contemporary Turkish painting include Avni Arbaş, Ercüment Kalmık, Neşe Erdok, Bedri Baykam, Setenay Özbek, Sevil Soyer, Haluk Akakçe and Genco Gulan.

The architecture of the Seljuk Turks combined the elements and characteristics of the Turkic architectue of Central Asia with those of Persian, Arab, Armenian and Byzantine architecture. The transition from Seljuk architecture to Ottoman architecture is most visible in Bursa, which was the capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1413. Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, Ottoman architecture received an important amount of influence from Byzantine architecture. Topkapı Palace in Istanbul is one of the most famous examples of classical Ottoman architecture and was the primary residence of the Ottoman Sultans for approximately 400 years. Mimar Sinan (c.1489–1588) was the most important architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. He was the chief architect of at least 374 buildings which were constructed in various provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Since the 18th century, Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by European styles, and this can be particularly seen in the Tanzimat era buildings of Istanbul like the Dolmabahçe, Çırağan, Feriye, Beylerbeyi, Küçüksu, Ihlamur and Yıldız palaces. The Ottoman era waterfront houses (yalı) on the Bosphorus also reflect the fusion between classical Ottoman and European architectural styles during the aforementioned period. The First National Architectural Movement (Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı) in the early 20th century sought to create a new architecture, which was based on motifs from Seljuk and Ottoman architecture. The movement was also labelled Turkish Neoclassical or the National Architectural Renaissance. The leading architects of this movement were Vedat Tek (1873–1942), Mimar Kemaleddin Bey (1870–1927), Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (1888–1982) and Giulio Mongeri (1873–1953). Notable buildings from this era are the Grand Post Office in Istanbul (1905–1909), Tayyare Apartments (1919–1922), Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han (1911–1926), State Art and Sculpture Museum (1927–1930), Ethnography Museum of Ankara (1925–1928), the first Ziraat Bank headquarters in Ankara (1925–1929), the first Türkiye İş Bankası headquarters in Ankara (1926–1929), Bebek Mosque, and Kamer Hatun Mosque.

Turkish music and literature are examples of a mix of cultural influences. Interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe contributed to a blend of Turkic, Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts. Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic literature during most of the Ottoman era. The Tanzimat reforms brought introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel and the short story. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Nâmık Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (Awakening), while the journalist Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i Âtî (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Millî Edebiyyât (National Literature) movement. The first radical step of innovation in 20th century Turkish poetry was taken by Nâzım Hikmet, who introduced the free verse style. Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the Garip Movement. The mix of cultural influences in Turkey is dramatized, for example, in the form of the "new symbols of the clash and interlacing of cultures" enacted in the novels of Orhan Pamuk, recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Hundreds of television channels, thousands of local and national radio stations, several dozen newspapers, a productive and profitable national cinema and a rapid growth of broadband internet use all make up a very vibrant media industry in Turkey. In 2003 a total of 257 television stations and 1,100 radio stations were licensed to operate, and others operated without licenses. Of those licensed, 16 television and 36 radio stations reached national audiences. The majority of the audiences are shared among public broadcaster TRT and the network-style channels such as Kanal D, Show TV, ATV and Star TV. The broadcast media have a very high penetration as satellite dishes and cable systems are widely available. The Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) is the government body overseeing the broadcast media. By circulation, the most popular daily newspapers are Zaman, Posta, Hürriyet, Sözcü, Sabah and Habertürk. Turkish television dramas are increasingly becoming popular beyond Turkey's borders and are among the country's most vital exports, both in terms of profit and public relations.

Turkish cuisine is largely based on Ottoman cuisine, which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean and Balkan cuisines. Cooking styles vary regionally. The Aegean region's cuisine maintains elements of Ottoman court cuisine, rich in vegetables, herbs, and fish, and makes use of olive oil. The Black Sea Region cuisine uses fish extensively, and has Balkan and Slavic influences, leading to many maize dishes. The southeast is famous for kebabs and dough-based desserts. Turkish coffee is a UNESCO-listed an intangible cultural heritage of Turks.

The most popular sport in Turkey is association football (soccer). Galatasaray won the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 2000. The Turkish national football team finished 3rd and won the bronze medal in the 2002 FIFA World Cup and in the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup; while also reaching the semi-finals (finishing 3rd by goals difference) in the UEFA Euro 2008.

Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. The Turkish men's national basketball team won the silver medal in the finals of the 2010 FIBA World Championship and EuroBasket 2001, which were both hosted by Turkey. They also won two gold medals (1987 and 2013), one silver medal (1971) and three bronze medals (1967, 1983 and 2009) in the Mediterranean Games. Turkish basketball club Anadolu Efes S.K. won the FIBA Korać Cup in 1996, finished 2nd in the FIBA Saporta Cup of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001, finishing 3rd in both occasions. Another Turkish basketball club, Beşiktaş, won the FIBA EuroChallenge in 2012. The Final of the 2013–14 EuroLeague Women basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams, Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe, and won by Galatasaray.

The Turkish women's national volleyball team won the silver medal in the 2003 European Championship, the bronze medal in the 2011 European Championship, and the bronze medal in the 2012 FIVB World Grand Prix. They also won a gold medal (2005), six silver medals (1987, 1991, 1997, 2001, 2009, 2013) and a bronze medal (1993) in the Mediterranean Games. Women's volleyball clubs in Turkey, namely Fenerbahçe, Eczacıbaşı and Vakıfbank, have won numerous European championship titles and medals. Fenerbahçe won the 2010 FIVB Women's Club World Championship and the 2012 CEV Women's Champions League. Representing Europe as the winner of the 2012–13 CEV Women's Champions League, Vakıfbank also became the world champion by winning the 2013 FIVB Women's Club World Championship.

The traditional Turkish national sport has been yağlı güreş (oiled wrestling) since Ottoman times. Edirne has hosted the annual Kırkpınar oiled wrestling tournament since 1361. International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.

Turkey has a diverse folkloric dance culture. Hora is performed in East Thrace; Zeybek in the Aegean Region, Southern Marmara and East-Central Anatolia Region; Teke in the Western Mediterranean Region; Kaşık Oyunları and Karşılama in West-Central Anatolia, Western Black Sea Region, Southern Marmara Region and Eastern Mediterranean Region; Horon in the Central and Eastern Black Sea Region; Halay in Eastern Anatolia and the Central Anatolia Region; and Bar and Lezginka in the Northeastern Anatolia Region.

See also

Template:Misplaced Pages books

• Index of Turkey-related articles
• Outline of Turkey
• List of Turkic dynasties and countries

Citations

1. "Motto". Gov.tr. 23 February 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
2. Lewis, M. Paul (ed.) (2009). "Ethnologue report for Turkey (Europe)". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. Retrieved 8 September 2009. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
3. Lewis, M. Paul (ed.) (2009). "Ethnologue report for Turkey (Asia)". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. Retrieved 8 September 2009. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
4. ^ "Turkey". The World Factbook. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
5. ^ "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2013". Turkish Statistical Institute. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
6. OECD Data GDP, US $, current prices, current PPPs, millions, OECD. Accessed on 3 May 2013.
7. ^ The World Bank: World Development Indicators Database. Turkey Last revised on 7 July 2013.
8. The World Bank: World Development Indicators Database. Gross Domestic Product 2012. Last revised on 1 July 2013.
9. "Gini Index". CIA. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
10. National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 0-7922-7528-4. "Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
11. The Economist: "Turkey in the Balkans: The good old days?", 5 November 2011.
12. Stiner, Mary C. "Early Upper Paleolithic shell beads at Üçağızlı Cave I (Turkey): Technology and the socioeconomic context of ornament life-histories". Journal of Human Evolution. 64 (5): 380–398. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.008. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 23481346. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
13. Douglas Arthur Howard. The History of Turkey. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. xiv–xx. ISBN 978-0-313-30708-9. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
14. ^ Sharon R. Steadman; Gregory McMahon (15 September 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE). Oxford University Press. pp. 3–11, 37. ISBN 978-0-19-537614-2. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
15. ^ Casson, Lionel (1977). "The Thracians" (PDF). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 35 (1): 2–6. doi:10.2307/3258667.
16. ^ David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers; Astrid Biles Beck (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
17. "Turkey: Turkish Origins". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
18. ^ "Türkiye'nin yüzde 85'i 'anadilim Türkçe' diyor". Milliyet.com.tr. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
19. "Turkey and Russia on the Rise". Stratfor. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
20. "Can Turkey Be a Source of Stability in the Middle East?". heptagonpost.com. 18 December 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
21. "Turkey: A Welcome Return To The Balkans?". eurasiareview.com. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
22. Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions. Verlag auf dem Ruffel., Engelschoff. ISBN 3-933847-00-1, 9783933847003.
23. Harper, Douglas (2001). "Turkey". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
24. Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65. ISBN 0-88402-021-5. Retrieved 28 August 2013. According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his De Administrando Imperio (ca. 950 AD) "Patzinakia, the Pecheneg realm, stretches west as far as the Siret River (or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."
25. Günter Prinzing; Maciej Salamon (1999). Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950-1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 46. ISBN 978-3-447-04146-1. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
26. Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
27. Öztürk, Özhan (2011). "Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi". Ankara: Genesis Yayınları. p. 364. ... Greek term Tourkoi first used for the Khazars in 568 AD. In addition in "De Administrando Imperio" Hungarians call Tourkoi too once known as Sabiroi ...
28. "Hattusha: the Hittite Capital". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
29. "The Position of Anatolian". Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
30. Balter, Michael (27 February 2004). "Search for the Indo-Europeans: Were Kurgan horsemen or Anatolian farmers responsible for creating and spreading the world's most far-flung language family?". Science. 303 (5662): 1323. doi:10.1126/science.303.5662.1323. PMID 14988549.
31. "The World's First Temple". Archaeology magazine. November–December 2008. p. 23.
32. "Çatalhöyük added to UNESCO World Heritage List". Global Heritage Fund. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
33. "Ziyaret Tepe – Turkey Archaeological Dig Site". uakron.edu. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
34. "Assyrian Identity in Ancient Times And Today'" (PDF). Retrieved 4 September 2010.
35. Urartian Material Culture As State Assemblage: An Anomaly in the Archaeology of Empire, Paul Zimansky, Page 103 of 103-115
36. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2000). "Anatolia and the Caucasus, 2000–1000 B.C. in Timeline of Art History.". New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 10 September 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
37. Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq page 314
38. Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 112.
39. D. M. Lewis; John Boardman (1994). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 444–. ISBN 978-0-521-23348-4. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
40. Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). "Ancient Greece: The Persian Wars". Washington State University, Washington, United States. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
41. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2000). "Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. – 1 A.D. in Timeline of Art History.". New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 14 December 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
42. Theo van den Hout (27 October 2011). The Elements of Hittite. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-139-50178-1. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
43. Daniel C. Waugh (2004). "Constantinople/Istanbul". University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
44. Wink, Andre (1990). Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-09249-8.
45. Rafis Abazov (2009). Culture and Customs of Turkey. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-34215-8. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
46. ^ Kinross, Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03093-9.
47. ^ Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993). "Center of Ottoman Power". New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2009. Cite error: The named reference "nytimes" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
48. Dolmabahçe Palace Museum
49. http://www.theottomans.org/english/history/history1800_2.asp
50. Stanford J. Shaw (29 October 1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
51. Kirk, George E. (2008). A Short History of the Middle East. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 1-4437-2568-4.
52. Mann, Michael (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-521-53854-1. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
53. Todorova, Maria (18 March 2009). Imagining the Balkans. Oxford University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-19-972838-1. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
54. "Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide". University of Michigan. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
55. Freedman, Jeri (2009). The Armenian genocide (1st ed. ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. ISBN 1404218254. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
56. Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN 0-313-34642-9.
57. Patrick J. Roelle, Sr. (27 September 2010). Islam's Mandate- a Tribute to Jihad: The Mosque at Ground Zero. AuthorHouse. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4520-8018-5. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
58. Donald Bloxham (2005). The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, And the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-19-927356-0. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
59. Levene, Mark (Winter 1998). "Creating a Modern 'Zone of Genocide': The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 12 (3): 393–433. doi:10.1093/hgs/12.3.393.
60. Ferguson, Niall (2007). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-14-311239-6.
61. http://www.meb.gov.tr/belirligunler/19mayis/makaleler/1919a_bakis.html
62. ^ Mango, Andrew (2000). Atatürk. Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-011-1.
63. Shaw, Stanford Jay (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey; Vol.1, Empire of the Gazis. the rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280–1808. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29163-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
64. Clogg, Richard (20 June 2002). A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-521-00479-4. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
65. Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Wadad Kadi (28 November 2012). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-1-4008-3855-4. Retrieved 14 August 2013. Following the revolution, Mustafa Kemal became an important figure in the military ranks of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) as a protégé ... Although the sultanate had already been abolished in November 1922, the republic was founded in October 1923. ... ambitious reform programme aimed at the creation of a modern, secular state and the construction of a new identity for its citizens. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
66. "Growth in United Nations membership (1945–2005)". United Nations. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
67. Huston, James A. (1988). Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953. Susquehanna University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-941664-84-8.
68. Uslu, Nasuh (2003). The Cyprus question as an issue of Turkish foreign policy and Turkish-American relations, 1959–2003. Nova Publishers. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-59033-847-6. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
69. "Timeline: Cyprus". BBC. 12 December 2006. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
70. Hale, William Mathew (1994). Turkish Politics and the Military. Routledge, UK. ISBN 0-415-02455-2.
71. "Turkey's PKK peace plan delayed". BBC. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
72. Sebnem Arsu (25 April 2013). "Kurdish Rebel Group to Withdraw From Turkey". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
73. "Murat Karayilan announces PKK withdrawal from Turkey". 25 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
74. ^ Nas, Tevfik F. (1992). Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization. Lehigh University Press. ISBN 0-934223-19-X.
75. Jethro Mullen and Susannah Cullinane (4 June 2013). "What's driving unrest and protests in Turkey?". CNN. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
76. Çarkoğlu, Ali (2004). Religion and Politics in Turkey. Routledge, UK. ISBN 0-415-34831-5.
77. Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information (17 October 2001). "Turkish Constitution". Turkish Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2006.
78. "Erdogan's sudden crackdown rocks Istanbul". The Globe and Mail. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
79. ^ Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information (24 August 2004). "Political Structure of Turkey". Turkish Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
80. "Euro court backs Turkey Islamist ban". BBC. 31 July 2001. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
81. "Turkey's Kurd party ban criticised". BBC. 14 March 2003. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
82. ^ Kate Fleet; Suraiya Faroqhi; Reşat Kasaba (17 April 2008). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 357–358. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
83. "Human rights in Turkey: still a long way to go to meet accession criteria". European Parliament Human Rights committee. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
84. ^ Turkey's Press Freedom Crisis. "Turkey's Press Freedom Crisis". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
85. "Seven jounalists arrested in Turkey". The Guardian. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
86. ^ "Turkey's Relations with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
87. ^ "G-20". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
88. "The United Nations Organization and Turkey". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
89. "The Republic of Turkey and The Organization of The Islamic Conference". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
90. "The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
91. "Turkey's relations with the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
92. "The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC)". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
93. "D8". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
94. ^ "Türkiye'nin üyeliği kabul edildi". Hürriyet Daily News. 17 October 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
95. "Chronology of Turkey-EU relations". Turkish Secretariat of European Union Affairs. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
96. "Erdoğan: AB'ye tam üyelik, Türkiye'nin stratejik hedefidir (Turkish)/Erdogan:EU membership, Turkey's strategic target". Zaman. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
97. Mardell, Mark (11 December 2006). "Turkey's EU membership bid stalls". BBC. Retrieved 17 December 2006.
98. http://istanbul2004.ku.edu.tr/syilmaz/public_html/doc/03.pdf
99. İdris Bal (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era. Universal-Publishers. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-58112-423-1. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
100. Elanchenny, Susae (2010). Breaking the Ice The Role of Civil Society and Media in Turkey-Armenia Relations An Evaluation of the 'Dialogue-Building between Turkey and Armenia' Project. Istanbul: Istanbul Kültür University. p. 9. ISBN 6054233807.
101. Taşpınar, Ömer (September 2008). "Turkey's Middle East Policies: Between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
102. Murinson, Alexander (December 2009). Turkey's Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan: State Identity and Security in the Middle East and Caucasus (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics). Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 0-415-77892-1.
103. "Syria ratchets up tension with Turkey – warning it of dangers of rebel support". Euronews. 4 October 2013.
104. "Turkey, Egypt recall envoys in wake of violence". Bloomberg. 16 August 2013.
105. Richmond, Oliver P. (1998). Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations. Psychology Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-7146-4877-4. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
106. Turkish General Staff (2006). "Brief History of ISAF". Turkish Armed Forces. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
107. "Enter the EU Battle Groups" (PDF). Chaillot Paper no.97. European Union Institute for Security Studies. February 2007. p. 88.
108. "Turkey's Relations with NATO". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
109. "Financial and Economic Data Relating to NATO Defence" (PDF). NATO. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
110. "Der Spiegel: Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany (10 April 2009)". Der Spiegel. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
111. Hans M. Kristensen. "NRDC: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe" (PDF). Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
112. ^ Turkish General Staff (2006). "Turkish Armed Forces Defense Organization". Turkish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
113. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs – Asylum and Migration Division (July 2001). "Turkey/Military service" (PDF). UNHCR. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
114. "EBCO: European Bureau for Conscientious Objection". Ebco-beoc.eu. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
115. http://www.statoids.com/ytr.html
116. Immerfall, Stefan (1 August 2009). Handbook of European Societies: Social Transformations in the 21st Century. Springer. pp. 417–. ISBN 978-0-387-88198-0. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
117. "Turkey". Turkish Odyssey. 2 February 2000. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
118. ^ US Library of Congress. "Geography of Turkey". US Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 December 2006.
119. "UN Demographic Yearbook" (PDF). Retrieved 1 November 2010.
120. ^ "Geography of Turkey". Turkish Ministry of Tourism. 2005. Retrieved 13 December 2006.
121. "Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı), Turkey". NASA: Earth Observatory. 2001. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
122. "Brief Seismic History of Turkey". University of South California, Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
123. "Biodiversity in Turkey".
124. "Turkey's flora and fauna". allaboutturkey.com. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
125. Couzens, Dominic (2008). Top 100 Birding Sites of the World. University of California Press. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-0-520-25932-4.
126. Pontic Mountains and highlands
127. "Statistics". milliparklar.gov.tr. Ministry of Forest and Water - General Directorare of Nature Conservation and National Parks. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
128. "Specific Animals of Turkey". gateofturkey.com. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
129. ^ "Climate of Turkey" (PDF). General Directorate of Meteorology. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
130. "Istanbul remains motoring power of Turkey's economy". hurriyetdailynews.com. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
131. "Gross Domestic Product 2012, PPP. (Last revised on 23 September 2013.)" (PDF). The World Bank: World Development Indicators Database. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
132. "Gross Domestic Product 2012, Nominal. (Last revised on 23 September 2013.)" (PDF). The World Bank: World Development Indicators Database. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
133. "Turkish quake hits shaky economy". BBC. 17 August 1999. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
134. "'Worst over' for Turkey". BBC. 4 February 2002. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
135. "Turkey Labor Market Study" (PDF). World Bank. 2005. Retrieved 10 December 2006.
136. OECD (14 November 2002). Turkey 2002: Crucial Support for Economic Recovery. OECD Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-92-64-17601-0. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
137. ^ "Data and Statistics for Turkey". World Bank. 2005. Retrieved 10 December 2006.
138. Madslien, Jorn (2 November 2006). "Robust economy raises Turkey's hopes". BBC. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
139. "General government net debt". World Economic Outlook Database, April 2013. IMF.
140. "Growth and economic crises in Turkey: leaving behind a turbulent past?" (PDF). Economic Papers 386. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission. October 2009. p. 10.
141. "GDP per capita in PPS". Eurostat. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
142. "Turkey knocks six zeros off lira". BBC. 31 December 2004. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
143. "UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2012 Edition" (PDF). UNWTO. 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
144. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/IcerikGetir.do?istab_id=69
145. http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/TR/
146. "2012 Production Statistics". Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
147. ^ "Shipbuilding Industry in Turkey". Ministry of Economy. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2013.
148. ^ "The Shipbuilding Industry in Turkey" (PDF). OECD. September 2011.
149. http://www.beko.co.uk/Pg/AboutBeko
150. http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/129703.asp
151. http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-06-08/the-unknown-tv-giant
152. Year to date Passenger Traffic. ACI (2014-05-20). Retrieved on 2014-05-27.
153. "Turkey: Agriculture and Enlargement" (PDF). Retrieved 9 December 2011.
154. Turkish Statistical Institute (27 February 2006). "The result of Income Distribution". Turkish Statistical Institute. Archived from the original on 14 October 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
155. "No woman, no growth". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
156. "Religious Women in Turkey Have Been Left Out of Emancipation Movement". The New York Times. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
157. "M&A Encumbered Risks Damping Hot Money Bond Party: Turkey Credit". Bloomberg L.P. 18 February 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
158. "UPDATE 4-Turkey regains investment grade rating after long wait". Reuters. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
159. Daren Butler (17 May 2013). "UPDATE 1-Turkey hails new investment grading but worries about money flows". Reuters. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
160. Ye Xie (17 May 2013). "Turkey Raised to Investment Grade by Moody's on Debt Cuts". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 18 May 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
161. Bartolomiej Kaminski (1 May 2006). "Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets" (PDF). World Bank. p. 3. Retrieved 27 December 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
162. http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx
163. "CIA World Factbook: Turkey". Cia.gov. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
164. ^ "Turkey invests big in nuclear power". Deutsche Welle. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
165. http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/en/about-us/content-who-we-are
166. http://www.tuba.gov.tr/content/amac/id/212/pid/43/mid/49/
167. http://www.taek.gov.tr/en/institutional/mission-of-taek.html
168. "Mid-year population estimations, 1927-1985; Mid-year population estimations and projections, 1986- 2011". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
169. "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2011". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
170. Turkish Statistical Institute (2010). "Population statistics in 2009". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
171. "Turkey". Library of Congress Country Studies. 31 December 1994. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
172. Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul - Page 51, Robert Bator - 2000
173. Remote Sensing of Urban and Suburban Areas - Page 295, Tarek Rashed, Carsten Jürgens - 2010
174. Extra, Guus (2001). The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-85359-509-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
175. Nurcan Kaya and Clive Baldwin (July 2004). "Submission to the European Union and the Government of Turkey". Minority Rights Group International.
176. "Giovanni Scognamillo ile sinema üzerine". NTV-MSNBC. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
177. "Onlar İzmirli Hristiyan Türkler". Sabah. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
178. "Syria Regional Refugee Response: Turkey". UNHCR.
179. "Escape to Uncertainty". National Geographic. 7 June 2013.
180. "Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". UNESCO.
181. "Population and Development Indicators – Population and Demography". Turkish Statistical Institute. 18 October 2004. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
182. Hürriyet: "Sağlığa 76,3 milyar lira harcandı" (10 October 2013)
183. ^ Turkish Statistical Institute: Number of medical institutions in Turkey
184. Turkish Statistical Institute: Number of citizens per healthcare personnel in Turkey
185. "Blue Mosque". bluemosque.co. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
186. Axel Tschentscher. "International Constitutional Law: Turkey Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
187. "Turkey: Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics, and Society" (PDF). Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
188. Steunebrink, Gerrit; van der Zweerde, Evert (2004). Civil Society, Religion, and the Nation: Modernization in Intercultural Context : Russia, Japan, Turkey. Rodopi. pp. 175–184. ISBN 978-90-420-1665-1. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
189. "Turkey Lifts Longtime Ban on Head Scarves in State Offices". NY Times. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
190. From the introduction of Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East edited by her, B. Kellner-Heinkele, & A. Otter-Beaujean. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
191. "TURKEY" (PDF). Library of Congress: Federal Research Division. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
192. "Country - Turkey". Joshua Project. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
193. "Bureau of Democracy, Human rights and Labor: International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Turkey". State.gov. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
194. "Turkey: International Religious Freedom Report 2007". State.gov. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
195. "Turkey's Alevi strive for recognition". Asia Times Online. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
196. "Caferi İmamlar" (in Turkish). Aksiyon.com.tr. 11 October 2004. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
197. "Sufism". All about Turkey. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
198. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
199. Içduygu, Ahmet (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2): 358–389. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
200. "Religions". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
201. ^ "Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey". Today's Zaman. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
202. "Roman Catholics by country". Fact-Archive.com. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
203. "Life, Culture, Religion". Official Tourism Portal of Turkey. 15 April 2009. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
204. William G. Rusch (2013). The Witness of Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8028-6717-9. Constantinople has been the seat of an archiepiscopal see since the fourth century; its ruling hierarch has had the title of"Ecumenical Patriarch" ...
205. Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley (2001). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-90-04-11695-5. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is the ranking church within the communion of ... Between the 4th and 15th centuries, the activities of the patriarchate took place within the context of an empire that not only was ...
206. "An Overview of the History of the Jews in Turkey" (PDF). American Sephardi Federation. 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
207. "History". istanbul.edu.tr. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
208. "Education in Turkey". World Education Services. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
209. ^ "Turkey's Education Reform Bill Is About Playing Politics With Pedagogy". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
210. "Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators 2012" (PDF). OECD. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
211. ^ "Improving The Quality And Equity of Basic Education in Turkey Challenges And Options" (PDF). World Bank. 30 June 2011. p. viii. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
212. "National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15-24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)". UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
213. University numbers on the rise in Turkey (Hürriyet Daily News, 4 September 2011)
214. "Admission requirements". Karadeniz Technical University. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
215. Oxford Business Group (2009). The Report: Turkey 2009. Oxford Business Group. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-902339-13-9. Retrieved 12 June 2013. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
216. Guide for Foreign Students planning Education in Turkey
217. "World University Rankings 2012–2013". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
218. ^ Ibrahim Kaya (2004). Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience. Liverpool University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-85323-898-0. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
219. Royal Academy of Arts (2005). "Turks – A Journey of a Thousand Years: 600–1600". Royal Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
220. Antoinette Harri; Allison Ohta (1999). 10th International Congress of Turkish Art. Fondation Max Van Berchem. ISBN 978-2-05-101763-3. The first military training institutions were the Imperial Army Engineering School (Mühendishane-i Berr-i Hümâyun, 1793) and the Imperial School of Military Sciences (Mekteb-i Ulûm-ı Harbiye-i Şahane, 1834). Both schools taught painting to enable cadets to produce topographic layouts and technical drawings to illustrate landscapes…
221. A list of the buildings designed by Mimar Sinan
222. Goodwin, Godfrey (2003). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27429-0.
223. "The Search for Identity: 1st National Architecture Movement". ArchMuseum.org. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
224. "Architecture of the '30s in Turkey". Doğan Hasol, Arhitext Magazine, June 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
225. "Tayyare Apartment Building". AtelyeMim.com. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
226. "XIX. Yüzyış ve XX. Yüzyıl Başı Eminönü'nde Osmanlı Büro Hanları" (PDF) (in Turkish). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi-Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
227. "Ankara - State Museum of Painting and Sculpture". Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
228. "Ankara: Ethnographical Museum". Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
229. Ankara – T.C. Ziraat Bankası Müzesi
230. The first Türkiye İş Bankası headquarters in Ankara
231. "Bebek Mosque". ArchNet.org. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
232. "Kemer Hatun Mosque, Beyoglu, Istanbul" (in Turkish). MimarlikMuzesi.org. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
233. "Mass Housing Development by a Government Agency and the Politics of Urbanization" (PDF). 14th International Planning History Conference submission by Nilüfer Baturayoğlu Yöney and Yıldız Salman, Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Architecture, Turkey. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
234. Cinuçen Tanrıkorur. "The Ottoman music". turkmusikisi.com. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
235. "Pamuk wins Nobel Literature prize". BBC. 12 October 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
236. The Media Industry in Turkey
237. ^ Turkey country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 2006). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
238. "Tiraj". Medyatava. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
239. "Gazete Tirajları". Gazeteciler.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
240. Jenna Krajeski. "Turkey: Soap Operas and Politics". Pulitzer Center. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
241. Nur İlkin: Taste of Turkish cuisine
242. Aarssen, Jeroen; Backus, Ad (2000). Colloquial Turkish. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-415-15746-9. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
243. Ethnic Cuisine - Turkey by Terrie Wright Chrones
244. http://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/turk-kahvesi-unesconun-listesine-girdi-111137.html
245. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kultur-sanat/25284675.asp
246. Burak Sansal (2006). "Sports in Turkey". allaboutturkey.com. Retrieved 13 December 2006.
247. "Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team". Anadolu Efes Spor Kulübü. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
248. Anadolu Efes S.K.: Our successes
249. Burak Sansal (2006). "Oiled Wrestling". allaboutturkey.com. Retrieved 13 December 2006.
250. "Kırkpınar Oiled Wrestling Tournament: History". Kirkpinar.com. 21 April 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
251. Gegner, Christiane. "FILA Wrestling Database". Iat.uni-leipzig.de. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
252. "TURKISH FOLK DANCES". ncturkishfestival. Retrieved 29 May 2014.

Further reading

• Mango, Andrew (2004). The Turks Today. Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-615-2.
• Pope, Hugh (2004). Turkey Unveiled. Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-581-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Reed, Fred A. (1999). Anatolia Junction: a Journey into Hidden Turkey. Burnaby, B.C.: Talonbooks . 320 p., ill. with b&w photos. ISBN 0-88922-426-9
• Revolinski, Kevin (2006). The Yogurt Man Cometh: Tales of an American Teacher in Turkey. Çitlembik. ISBN 9944-424-01-3.
• Roxburgh, David J. (ed.) (2005). Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600. Royal Academy of Arts. ISBN 1-903973-56-2.
• Turkey: A Country Study (1996). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0864-6.
• Cîrlig, Carmen-Cristina (2013). Turkey's regional power aspirations (PDF). Library of the European Parliament. p. 8.

External links

• Official website of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey
• "Turkey". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
• Turkey from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Template:Dmoz
• Turkey profile from the BBC News
• Turkey at Encyclopædia Britannica
• Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey
• Turkey's Official Tourism Portal
• OECD Better Life Index
• The Incredible Turk (1958 American film on the Turkish Revolution) on YouTube
• Turkey travel guide from Wikivoyage

Geographic data related to Turkey at OpenStreetMap

• Key Development Forecasts for Turkey from International Futures

Trade

• World Bank Trade Summary Statistics for Turkey 2012

v t e Turkey
History	Ancient and Middle Ages Prehistory of Anatolia Classical Anatolia Byzantine Anatolia Seljuks and Beyliks Seljuk Empire Battle of Manzikert Sultanate of Rum Anatolian beyliks Ottoman Empire Rise Classical Age Conquest of Constantinople Transformation Ottoman Old Regime Tulip era Decline and modernization Tanzimat First Constitutional Era Second Constitutional Era Dissolution Partition Republic of Türkiye War of Independence Proclamation of the republic Atatürk's reforms Language reform Secularism One-party period Multi-party period Overviews Constitutional Economic Ottoman Military Topics Turkic migration Oghuz Turks Turkification Ancient peoples of Anatolia History of Anatolia History of Thrace
Geography	Regions (west to east) Marmara region Aegean region Mediterranean region Black Sea region Central Anatolia region Eastern Anatolia region Southeastern Anatolia region Topics Climate Climate change Earthquakes East Anatolian Fault North Anatolian Fault Environmental issues Air pollution Waste management Fauna Flora and vegetation Geology Lakes Mountains National parks Rivers Turkish Riviera Wildlife
Government	Branches Legislative Executive Cabinet Judicial Constitutional Court Court of Cassation Court of Jurisdictional Disputes Council of State Politics Elections Parliamentary elections Presidential elections Electoral system Political parties Referendums Topics Administrative divisions Foreign relations Intelligence Services Ministry of the Interior National Police Gendarmerie The constitutional system Turkish Armed Forces Air Force Land Navy
Economy	Automotive Banking and Finance Construction Currency Defense Energy Coal Gas Oil Renewables Free trade agreements Science and technology Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Aviation Turkish Airlines Railways
Demographics	Turkish people Ethnic Kurds Minorities Languages Turkish language Religion Islam in Turkey Cities and towns Istanbul Ankara İzmir Immigration Life expectancy
Society	Education Universities Health care Human rights LGBT rights Individuals Law enforcement Crime Corruption Terrorism Marriage Poverty Women in Turkey Culture Anthem Architecture Seljuk Ottoman Art Carpet Cinema Cuisine Ottoman Festivals Flag Folk dance Folklore Illumination Intangible cultural heritage Literature Media TV Newspapers Radio stations Miniature Music Names Painting Pottery Sports Football Theater TV series Video games Wine World heritage sites
Portal Category Commons WikiProject Outline

Template:Link GA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link GA Template:Link GA

• Turkey
• Eurasia
• Western Asia
• Southeastern Europe
• Countries in Europe
• Western Asian countries
• Near Eastern countries
• Middle Eastern countries
• Modern Turkic states
• G20 nations
• Member states of NATO
• Member states of the Council of Europe
• Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean
• Member states of the United Nations
• Republics
• States and territories established in 1923
• 1923 establishments in Turkey