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Revision as of 14:11, 7 January 2015 editYashShah008 (talk | contribs)308 edits I removed non Indian monarchsTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit← Previous edit Revision as of 14:12, 7 January 2015 edit undoYashShah008 (talk | contribs)308 edits I removed foreign rulers who never actually ruled Indian subcontinentTags: Mobile edit Mobile web editNext edit →
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===Pandalam Dynasty (c. 1200)=== ===Pandalam Dynasty (c. 1200)===
* Raja Rajasekhara (c. 1200–1500), descendant of the ], father of ] (often regarded as a ] deity) * Raja Rajasekhara (c. 1200–1500), descendant of the ], father of ] (often regarded as a ] deity)

==Foreign Emperors in North-Western India (c. 538 BC – 750 AD)==
These empires were vast, centered in ] or the ]; their ]ies (provinces) in India were at their outskirts.

===] ] (c. 538–330 BC)===
* ] (c. 538–529 BC), established the ], conquered parts of what is now ]
* ] (530–521 BC)
* ] (521 BC)
* ] (521–486 BC)
* ] (486–465 BC)
* ] (474–424 BC)
* ] (424–423 BC)
* ] (424–423 BC)
* ] (424–404 BC)
* ] (404–358 BC)
* ] (358–338 BC)
* ] (338–336 BC)
* ] (336–330 BC), defeated by King ] (who replaced the ] with the ])

===] (326–323 BC)===
* ] (326–323 BC), founded the ] after conquering the ], conquered parts of what is now ], fought ] (]) in the ]; his empire was quickly divided amongst the so-called ]

===] Diadochi (323–321 BC)===
* ] (323–321 BC), '']'' general who founded the ] in the eastern part of the Macedonian empire after gaining control following ]'s death, lost his territories in ] and ] after being defeated by ] (])

===Arab ] (711–750 AD)===
* ] (711–715), an ] general, conquered ], ] and southern ] and ruled these lands on behalf of the Ummayyid Caliph (political and spiritual leader of Islam), ]
* ] (715–717)
* ] (717–720)
* ] (720–724)
* ] (724–743)
* ] (743–744)
* ] (744)
* ] ibn al-Walid (744)
* ] ibn Muhammad (744–750)


==] (c. 400 BC – 1314 AD)== ==] (c. 400 BC – 1314 AD)==

Revision as of 14:12, 7 January 2015

History of South Asia
South Asia (orthographic projection)
Outline
Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC)
Madrasian culture
Soanian culture
Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC)
Bhirrana culture (7570–6200 BC)
Mehrgarh culture (7000–3300 BC)
Edakkal culture (5000–3000 BC)
Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC)
Anarta tradition (c. 3950–1900 BC)
Ahar-Banas culture (3000–1500 BC)
Pandu culture (1600–750 BC)
Malwa culture (1600–1300 BC)
Jorwe culture (1400–700 BC)
Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC)
Indus Valley Civilisation(3300–1300 BC)
 – Early Harappan culture(3300–2600 BC)
 – Mature Harappan culture(2600–1900 BC)
 – Late Harappan culture(1900–1300 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BC)
 – Ochre Coloured Pottery culture(2000–1600 BC)
 – Swat culture(1600–500 BC)
Iron Age (1500–200 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(1500–500 BC)
 – Janapadas (1500–600 BC)
 – Black and Red ware culture(1300–1000 BC)
 – Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC)
 – Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC)
Pradyota dynasty (799–684 BC)
Haryanka dynasty (684–424 BC)
Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC – AD 1600)
Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Ror Dynasty (450 BC – AD 489)
Shaishunaga dynasty (424–345 BC)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BC)
Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BC)
Seleucid India (312–303 BC)
Sangam period (c. 300 BC – c. 300 AD)
Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1345)
Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC – AD 1102)
Chola Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1279)
Pallava Empire (c. 250 AD – AD 800)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC – c. AD 500)
Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 224)
Middle Kingdoms (230 BC – AD 1206)
Satavahana Empire (230 BC – AD 220)
Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC – AD 300)
Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 – c. 50 BC)
Shunga Empire (185–73 BC)
Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – AD 10)
Kanva Empire (75–26 BC)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC – AD 400)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21 – c. 130)
Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 )
Kushan Empire (AD 60–240)
Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350)
Nagas of Padmavati (210–340)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360)
Vakataka Empire (c. 250 – c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire (c. 250 – c. 600)
Gupta Empire (280–550)
Kadamba Empire (345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire (420–624)
Maitraka Empire (475–767)
Huna Kingdom (475–576)
Rai Kingdom (489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500 – 1026)
Chalukya Empire (543–753)
Maukhari Empire (c. 550 – c. 700)
Harsha Empire (606–647)
Tibetan Empire (618–841)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075)
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036)
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Mallabhum kingdom (694–1947)
Bhauma-Kara Kingdom (736–916)
Pala Empire (750–1174)
Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982)
Paramara Kingdom (800–1327)
Yadava Empire (850–1334)
Somavamshi Kingdom (882–1110)
Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244)
Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189)
Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320)
Hoysala Empire (1040–1347)
Sena Empire (1070–1230)
Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434)
Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri (675–1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184)
Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673)
Deva Kingdom (c. 1200 – c. 1300)
Late medieval period (1206–1526)
Ghaznavid Dynasty (977–1186)
Ghurid Dynasty (1170–1206)
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
 – Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290)
 – Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320)
 – Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414)
 – Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451)
 – Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526)
Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826)
Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779)
Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448)
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803)
Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947)
Gajapati Empire (1434–1541)
Ladakh Kingdom (1470–1842)
Deccan sultanates (1490–1596)
 – Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636)
 – Berar sultanate (1490–1574)
 – Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)
 – Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686)
 – Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687)
Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763)
Koch Kingdom (1515–1947)
Early modern period (1526–1858)
Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
Sur Empire (1540–1556)
Madurai Kingdom (1529–1736)
Thanjavur Kingdom (1532–1673)
Bhoi dynasty (1541–1804)
Bengal Subah (1576–1757)
Marava Kingdom (1600–1750)
Sikkim Kingdom (1642–1975)
Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948)
Maratha Empire (1674–1818)
Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799)
Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947)
Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
Colonial states (1510–1961)
Portuguese India (1510–1961)
Dutch India (1605–1825)
Danish India (1620–1869)
French India (1759–1954)
Company Raj (1757–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
National histories
Regional histories
Specialised histories

The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several lists of incumbents.

Early mythical and later documented rulers and dynasties who are deemed to have ruled a portion of the Indian subcontinent are included in this list.

Magadha dynasties (c. 1700 BC – 550 AD)

Brihadratha Dynasty (c. 1700–799 BC)

  • Trigarta Dynasty
  • Susharma Chand
  • Porus
  • Brihadratha
  • Jarasandha
  • Sahadeva
  • Somapi (1678–1618 BC)
  • Srutasravas (1618–1551 BC)
  • Ayutayus (1551–1515 BC)
  • Niramitra (1515–1415 BC)
  • Sukshatra (1415–1407 BC)
  • Brihatkarman (1407–1384 BC)
  • Senajit (1384–1361 BC)
  • Srutanjaya (1361–1321 BC)
  • Vipra (1321–1296 BC)
  • Suchi (1296–1238 BC)
  • Kshemya (1238–1210 BC)
  • Subrata (1210–1150 BC)
  • Dharma (1150–1145 BC)
  • Susuma (1145–1107 BC)
  • Dridhasena (1107–1059 BC)
  • Sumati (1059–1026 BC)
  • Subhala (1026–1004 BC)
  • Sunita (1004–964 BC)
  • Satyajit (964–884 BC)
  • Biswajit (884–849 BC)
  • Ripunjaya (849–799 BC)

Trigarta (Trigart Raje) Dynasty (BC unknown)

  • Katoch Clan Kings & Emperors
  • Jaswal Clan Kings & Emperors
  • Guleria Clan Kings & Emperors
  • Sibaia Clan Kings & Emperors
  • Dadwal Clan rulers

Pradyota dynasty (799–684 BC)

  • Pradyota
  • Palaka
  • Visakhayupa
  • Ajaka
  • Varttivarddhana

Haryanka dynasty/Shishunaga dynasty (684–424 BC)

  • Bimbisara (544–491 BC), founder of the first Magadhan empire
  • Ajatashatru (491–461 BC)
  • Udayin
  • Anirudha
  • Mund
  • Darshaka (from 461 BC)
  • Nagdashak (last ruler of the Haryanka dynasty)
  • Shishunaga (412–344 BC), established the Magadha Kingdom
  • Kakavarna
  • Kshemadharman
  • Kshatraujas
  • Nandivardhana
  • Mahanandin (until 424 BC), his empire was inherited by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda

Nanda Dynasty (424–321 BC)

  • Mahapadma Nanda (from 424 BC), illegitimate son of Mahanandin, founded the Nanda Empire after inheriting Mahanandin's empire
  • Pandhukananda
  • Panghupatinanda
  • Bhutapalananda
  • Rashtrapalananada
  • Govishanakananda
  • Dashasidkhakananda
  • Kaivartananda
  • Dhananand (Agrammes, Xandrammes) (until 321 BC), lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him.
  • Karvinatha Nand (Illegitimate son of Mahapadna Nanda)

The nine kings were contemporary and brothers, called the Nava Nandas (nine Nandas), ruling at different parts of Magadh (present Bihar state of India) headed by the strongest ruler of all the then 14 Janpads (Kingdoms) of India; Dhananand.

Maurya Dynasty (324–184 BC)

Shunga Dynasty (185–73 BC)

  • Pushyamitra Shunga (185–149 BC), founded the dynasty after assassinating Brhadratha
  • Agnimitra (149–141 BC), son and successor of Pushyamitra
  • Vasujyeshtha (141–131 BC)
  • Vasumitra (131–124 BC)
  • Andhraka (124–122 BC)
  • Pulindaka (122–119 BC)
  • Ghosha
  • Vajramitra
  • Bhagabhadra (c. 110 BC), mentioned by the Puranas
  • Devabhuti (83–73 BC), the last Sunga king

Kanva Dynasty (73–26 BC)

  • Vasudeva (c. 75 – c. 66 BCE)
  • Bhumimitra (c. 66 – c. 52 BCE)
  • Narayana (c. 52 – c. 40 BCE)
  • Susarman (c. 40 – c. 26 BCE)

Western Kshatrapas (35–405 AD)

Gupta Dynasty (c. 240–550 AD)

Pandya Dynasty (c. 550 BC – 1345)

Central Pandya Dynasty (c. 550 BC – 1311 AD)

  • Kadunkoen (c. 550–450 BC)
  • Pandion (c. 50 BC – 50 AD), known as Pandion to Greeks and Romans

Early Pandyas

  • Nedunj Cheliyan I (Aariyap Padai Kadantha Nedunj Cheliyan )
  • Pudappandiyan
  • Mudukudumi Paruvaludhi
  • Nedunj Cheliyan II (Pasumpun Pandiyan)
  • Nan Maran
  • Nedunj Cheliyan III (Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra Nedunj Cheliyan )
  • Maran Valudi
  • Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan
  • Ukkirap Peruvaluthi

First Empire

  • Kadungon (c. 600–700 AD), revived the dynasty
  • Maravarman Avani Culamani (590–620 AD)
  • Cezhiyan Cendan (620–640 AD)
  • Arikesari Maravarman Nindraseer Nedumaaran (640–674 AD)
  • Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran (675–730 AD)
  • Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman Rajasinga (730–765 AD)
  • Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (765–790 AD)
  • Rasasingan II (790–800 AD)
  • Varagunan I (800–830 AD)
  • Sirmara Srivallabha (830–862 AD)
  • Varaguna II (862–880 AD)
  • Parantaka Viranarayana (862–905 AD)
  • Rajasima Pandian II (905–920 AD)

Pandyan Revival

  • Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan (1251–1268), revived Pandyan glory, considered one of the greatest conquerors of Southern India
  • Maravarman Sundara Pandyan
  • Maravarman Kulasekaran I (1268–1308)
  • Sundara Pandya (1308–1311), son of Maravarman Kulasekaran, fought with his brother Vira Pandya over the throne
  • Vira Pandya (1308–1311), son of Maravarman Kulasekaran, fought with his brother of Sundara Pandya over the throne, Madurai was conquered by the Khilji dynasty

Pandalam Dynasty (c. 1200)

Chera dynasty (c. 400 BC – 1314 AD)

Note that years are still highly disputed among the scholars, the given is only a version.

Ancient Chera Kings (c. 400 BC – 397 AD)

  1. Udiyancheralatan
  2. Antuvancheral
  3. Imayavaramban Nedun-Cheralatan (56–115 AD)
  4. Cheran Chenkutuvan (from 115)
  5. Palyanai Sel-Kelu Kuttuvan (115–130)
  6. Poraiyan Kadungo (from 115)
  7. Kalankai-Kanni Narmudi Cheral (115–140)
  8. Vel-Kelu Kuttuvan (130–185)
  9. Selvak-Kadungo (131–155)
  10. Adukotpattu Cheralatan (140–178)
  11. Kuttuvan Irumporai (178–185)
  12. Tagadur Erinda Perumcheral (185–201)
  13. Yanaikat-sey Mantaran Cheral (201–241)
  14. Ilamcheral Irumporai (241–257)
  15. Perumkadungo (257–287)
  16. Ilamkadungo (287–317)
  17. Kanaikal Irumporai (367–397)

Kulashekhara Dynasty (1020–1314 AD)

  1. Kulashekhara Varman (800–820 AD), also called Kulashekhara Alwar
  2. Rajashekhara Varman (820–844 AD), also called Cheraman Perumal
  3. Sthanu ravi Varman (844–885 AD), contemporary of Aditya Chola
  4. Rama Varma Kulashekhara (885–917 AD)
  5. Goda Ravi Varma (917–944 AD)
  6. Indu Kotha Varma (944–962 AD)
  7. Bhaskara Ravi Varman I (962–1019 AD)
  8. Bhaskara Ravi Varman II (1019–1021 AD)
  9. Vira Kerala (1021–1028 AD)
  10. Rajasimha (1028–1043 AD)
  11. Bhaskara Ravi Varman III (1043–1082 AD)
  12. Rama Varman Kulashekhara (1090–1122 AD), also called Cheraman Perumal
  • Ravi Varman Kulashekhara (c. 1250–1314), last of the Cheras

Chola Dynasty (c. 301 BC – 1279 AD)

Sangam Cholas (c. 300 BC – 240 AD)

Chola Emperors (848–1279 AD)

Satavahana Dynasty (c. 230 BC – 199 AD)

  • Simuka (c. 230–207 BC)
  • Kanha (or Krishna) (207–189 BC)
  • Satakarni I
  • Hala (20–24 AD)
  • Gautamiputra Satakarni (106–130)
  • Vashishtiputra Pulumayi (130–158)
  • Vashishtiputra Satakarni (c. 158–170)
  • Sri Yajna Satakarni (c. 170–199)

Vakataka dynasty (250s–500s CE)

  • Vindhyasakti (250–270)
  • Pravarasena I (270–330)

The Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch

  • Rudrasena I (330–355)
  • Prithvisena I (355–380)
  • Rudrasena II (380–385)
  • Divakarasena (385–400)
  • Prabhavatigupta (fem.), Regent (385–405)
  • Damodarasena (Pravarasena II) (400–440)
  • Narendrasena (440–460)
  • Prithvishena II (460–480)

The Vatsagulma branch

  • Sarvasena (330–355)
  • Vindhyasena (Vindhyashakti II) (355–400)
  • Pravarasena II (400–415)
  • Unknown (415–450)
  • Devasena (450–475)
  • Harishena (475–500)

Indo-Scythian rulers (c. 90 BC – 45 AD)

North-western India (c. 90 BC – 10 AD)

Mathura area (c. 20 BC – 20 AD)

  • Hagamasha (satrap)
  • Hagana (satrap)
  • Rajuvula (Great Satrap) (c. 10 AD)
  • Sodasa, son of Rajuvula

Apracharaja rulers (12 BC – 45 AD)

  • Vijayamitra (12 BC – 15 AD)
  • Itravasu (c. 20 AD)
  • Aspavarma (15–45 AD)

Minor local rulers

  • Bhadrayasha Niggas
  • Mamvadi
  • Arsakes

Indo-Parthian rulers (c. 21–100 AD)

  • Gondophares I (c. 21–50)
  • Abdagases I (c. 50–65)
  • Satavastres (c. 60)
  • Sarpedones (c. 70)
  • Orthagnes (c. 70)
  • Ubouzanes (c. 77)
  • Sases or Gondophares II (c. 85)
  • Abdagases II (c. 90)
  • Pakores (c. 100)

Kushana Dynasty (80–225)

Pallava Dynasty (275–882)

Early Pallavas (275–355)

  • Simha Varman I (275–300 or 315–345)
  • Skanda Varman I (345–355)

Middle Pallavas (355–537)

  • Visnugopa (350–355)
  • Kumaravisnu I (355–370)
  • Skanda Varman II 370–385)
  • Vira Varman (385–400)
  • Skanda Varman III (400–438)
  • Simha Varman II (438–460)
  • Skanda Varman IV (460–480)
  • Nandi Varman I (480–500)
  • Kumaravisnu II (c. 500–510)
  • Buddha Varman (c. 510–520)
  • Kumaravisnu III (c. 520–530)
  • Simha Varman III (c. 530–537)

Later Pallavas (537–882)

Kadambas of Banavasi (345–525 AD)

  • Mayura Sharma (Varma) (345–365)
  • Kangavarma (365–390)
  • Bagitarha (390–415)
  • Raghu (415–435)
  • Kakusthavarma (435–455)
  • Santivarma (455–460)
  • Mrigeshavarma (460–480)
  • Shivamandhativarma (480–485)
  • Ravivarma (485–519)
  • Harivarma (519–525)

Western Ganga dynasty of Talakad (350–1024 AD)

  • Konganivarma Madhava (350–370)
  • Madhava II (370–390)
  • Harivarman (390–410)
  • Vishnugopa (410–430)
  • Tadangala Madhava (430–466)
  • Avinita (466–495)
  • Durvinita (495–535)
  • Mushkara (535–585)
  • Srivikrama (585–635)
  • Bhuvikarma (635–679)
  • Shivamara I (679–725)
  • Sripurusha (725–788)
  • Shivamara II (788–816)
  • Rajamalla I (817–853)
  • Nitimarga Ereganga (853–869)
  • Rajamalla II (870–907)
  • Ereyappa Nitimarga II (907–919)
  • Narasimhadeva (919–925)
  • Rajamalla III (925–935)
  • Butuga II (935–960)
  • Takkolam in (949)
  • Maruladeva (960–963)
  • Marasimha III (963–974)
  • Rajamalla IV (974–985)
  • Rakkasa Ganga (985–1024)

Maitrakas of Vallabhi (470–776 CE)

  • Bhatarka (c. 470–c. 492)
  • Dharasena I (c. 493–c. 499)
  • Dronasinha (also known as Maharaja) (c. 500–c. 520)
  • Dhruvasena I (c. 520–c. 550)
  • Dharapatta (c. 550–c. 556)
  • Guhasena (c. 556–c. 570)
  • Dharasena II (c. 570–c. 595)
  • Siladitya I (also known as Dharmaditya) (c. 595–c. 615)
  • Kharagraha I (c. 615–c. 626)
  • Dharasena III (c. 626–c. 640)
  • Dhruvasena II (also known as Baladitya) (c. 640–c. 644)
  • Chkravarti king Dharasena IV (also known as Param Bhatarka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara) (c. 644–c. 651)
  • Dhruvasena III (c. 651–c. 656)
  • Kharagraha II (c. 656–c. 662)
  • Siladitya II (c. 662–?)
  • Siladitya III
  • Siladitya IV
  • Siladitya V
  • Siladitya VI
  • Siladitya VII (c. 766–c. 776)

Chalukya Dynasty (543–1156)

Chalukyas of Badami (543–757)

  • Pulakesi I (543–566)
  • Kirtivarman I (566–597)
  • Mangalesa (597–609)
  • Pulakesi II (609–642)
  • Vikramaditya I (655–680)
  • Vinayaditya (680–696)
  • Vijayaditya (696–733)
  • Vikramaditya II (733–746)
  • Kirtivarman II (746–757)

Chalukyas of Kalyani (973–1156)

  • Tailapa Ahavamalla (973–997)
  • Satyasraya Irivabedanga (997–1008)
  • Vikramaditya V (1008–1014)
  • Ayyana (1014–1015)
  • Jayasimha II (1015–1042)
  • Someshvara I (1042–1068)
  • Someshvara II (1068–1076)
  • Vikramaditya VI (1076–1127)
  • Someshvara III (1127–1138)
  • Jagadekamalla (1138–1151)
  • Tailapa (1151–1156)
  • Someshwara IV (1183–1189)

Shashanka dynasty (600–626)

  • Shashanka (600–625), first recorded independent king of Bengal, created the first unified political entity in Bengal
  • Manava (625–626), ruled for 8 months before being conquered by Harshavardana and Bhaskarvarmana

Harsha dynasty (606–647)

  • Harsha Vardhana (606–647), unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years, he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India

Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (650–1036 CE)

Rashtrakutas of Manyaketha (735–982)

Tomar's or Tuar's of Sthaneshwar and Indraprastha (736–1192 AD)

From Kshemak (last Tomar king of Indraprastha and direct descendant of Parikshit) to Anangpal I -

  1. Kshemak
  2. Shunkh (Kshemak's seat was usurped by his minister)
  3. Tunga (took refuge in Southern India established small kingdom - River Tungbhadra named after him)
  4. Abhanga
  5. Javal
  6. Gawal
  7. Lorepind
  8. Adangal
  9. Ganmel
  10. Nabhang
  11. Chukkar
  12. Tome
  13. Dravidan Tomar
  14. Drugya Tomar
  15. Manbha Tomar
  16. Karwal Tomar
  17. Kalang Tomar, he was a local chieftain in Kurudesh (modern Haryana)
  18. Anangpal I - re-established Tomar rule at what is now Delhi, the ancient capital of his ancestors. 736 AD – March- xx, ruled 18 years
  19. Vasudev - 754–March - xx, ruled 19Y-1M-18D
  20. Gangeya Tuar - 773–Apr.-18, ruled 21Y-3M-28D
  21. Prithvimal - 794–Aug.-16, ruled 19Y-6M-19D
  22. Jagdev or Jaydev - 814–Mar.-05, ruled 20Y-7M-28D
  23. Narpal - 834–Nov.-03, ruled 14Y-4M-09D
  24. Udaysangh - 849–Mar.-12, ruled 26Y-7M-11D
  25. Jaidas - 875–Oct.-23, ruled 21Y-2M-13D
  26. Vachhal/VrikshPal - 897–Jan.-01, ruled 22Y-3M-16D. There were many brothers / uncles of Vacchal Tuar
    1. Bacchdev, founded Bagor near Narnol and Bachera and Baghera near Thoda Ajmer
    2. Nagdeo s/o Karnpal Tuar and brother of Vachhal dev, founded Nagor and Nagda near Ajmer. Karndeo Tuar himself established Bahadurgarh near Alwar
    3. Krishnray s/o Karnpal Tuar, founded Kishangarh near Ajmer and Khas Ganj between Etah and Soron
    4. Nihal Ray s/o Karnpal Tuar, founded Narayanpur near Alwar
    5. Somasi s/o Karnpal Tuar, founded Ajabpur between present day Alwar and Jaipur
    6. Harpal s/o Karnpal Tuar, founded Harsola and Harsoli near Alwar
  27. Pavak - 919–Apr.-22, ruled 21Y-6M-05D
  28. Vihangpal - 940–Oct.-27, ruled 24Y-4M-04D
  29. Tolpal - 961–Mar.-01, ruled 18Y-3M-15D
    1. Gopal - either another name of Gopal or ruled on his behalf for a while
  30. Sulakshanpal - 979–Jun.-16, ruled 25Y-10M-10D
  31. Jaipal Tuar - 1005–Apr.-26, ruled 25Y-10M-10D. - Fought with Raja Rangatdhwaj Rathore and lost sovereignty of Kannauj
    1. His younger brother Jhetpal Tuar captured Paithan and his descendants are called Pathania Rajputs
  32. Kanvarpal/Kumara Pal Tuar - 1021–Aug.-29, ruled 29Y-9M-18D (Masud, grandson of Md. Gazni, captured Hansi briefly in 1038), ruled from Bari in Awadh, which was 3 days south of Kannauj
    1. His Rajya Purohit, the chief priest, was Indrachandra whose descendant was Ramchandra 'Rammya', Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya Hemu's nephew and General in his army
  33. Anangpal II or AnekPal or Anaypal - 1051–Jun.-17, ruled 29Y-6M-18D (1052 inscription on the Iron pillar at Mahrauli), populated Delhi and built Lalkot or Old Fort of Delhi. A few known sons of Anangpal are given here, which tell us the extent of his dominions. From Hansi in north to Agra in south and from Ajmer in west to the Ganges in east, beyond which were the Katheria Rajputs rulers
    1. Bhumpal Tomar, younger son - 1081, Settled in Narwar area (Near Gwalior)
    2. Indrapal, founded Indra Garh
    3. Rangraj, founded two palaces by the name of Taragarh, one near Ajmer
    4. Achal Raj, founded Achner between Bharatpur and Agra
    5. Draupad, lived in Hansi
    6. Sisupal, founded Sirsa, Siswal (also called Sirsa Patan)
    7. Surajpal, Suraj Kund in Mehrauli Delhi was built by him
  34. Tejpal - 1081–Jan.-05, ruled 24Y-1M-06D, founded Tejora between Gurgaon and Alwar
  35. Mahipal/Junpal - 1105–Feb.-11, ruled 25Y-2M-23D
  36. Dakatpal (Arkpal or Anangpal III) - 1151–Jul.-19, ruled until 1192 AD until the Capture of Delhi by Md. Ghori, titular head only, lost to Someshwar dev Chauhan of Ajmer in 1152 AD and married daughter to Chauhan king and thus became a feudatory of his Chauhan son in law and later his grandson Rai Pithora of Ajmer. Prithviraj Chauhan was proclaimed the heir of Tomar Kingdom in 1170 AD and his rule was 22Y-2M-16D
    1. Govindraj Tanwar fought for Prithviraj Chauhan and was killed in battle with Md Ghori

Pala dynasty (c. 750–1174)

Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known calendar era. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine. Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows:

RC Majumdar (1971) AM Chowdhury (1967) BP Sinha (1977) DC Sircar (1975–76) D. K. Ganguly (1994)
Gopala I 750–770 756–781 755–783 750–775 750–774
Dharmapala 770–810 781–821 783–820 775–812 774–806
Devapala 810–c. 850 821–861 820–860 812–850 806–845
Mahendrapala NA (Mahendrapala's existence was conclusively established through a copper-plate charter discovered later.) 845–860
Shurapala I Deemed to be alternate name of Vigrahapala I 850–858 860–872
Gopala II NA (copper-plate charter discovered in 1995. Text of inscription published in 2009.)
Vigrahapala I 850–853 861–866 860–865 858–60 872–873
Narayanapala 854–908 866–920 865–920 860–917 873–927
Rajyapala 908–940 920–952 920–952 917–952 927–959
Gopala III 940–957 952–969 952–967 952–972 959–976
Vigrahapala II 960–c. 986 969–995 967–980 972–977 976–977
Mahipala I 988–c. 1036 995–1043 980–1035 977–1027 977–1027
Nayapala 1038–1053 1043–1058 1035–1050 1027–1043 1027–1043
Vigrahapala III 1054–1072 1058–1075 1050–1076 1043–1070 1043–1070
Mahipala II 1072–1075 1075–1080 1076–1078/9 1070–1071 1070–1071
Shurapala II 1075–1077 1080–1082 1071–1072 1071–1072
Ramapala 1077–1130 1082–1124 1078/9–1132 1072–1126 1072–1126
Kumarapala 1130–1140 1124–1129 1132–1136 1126–1128 1126–1128
Gopala IV 1140–1144 1129–1143 1136–1144 1128–1143 1128–1143
Madanapala 1144–1162 1143–1162 1144–1161/62 1143–1161 1143–1161
Govindapala 1158–1162 NA 1162–1176 or 1158–1162 1161–1165 1161–1165
Palapala NA NA NA 1165–1199 1165–1200

Note:

  • Earlier historians believed that Vigrahapala I and Shurapala I were the two names of the same person. Now, it is known that these two were cousins; they either ruled simultaneously (perhaps over different territories) or in rapid succession.
  • AM Chowdhury rejects Govindapala and his successor Palapala as the members of the imperial Pala dynasty.
  • According to BP Sinha, the Gaya inscription can be read as either the "14th year of Govindapala's reign" or "14th year after Govindapala's reign". Thus, two sets of dates are possible.

Paramara dynasty of Malwa (c. 800–c. 1305)

Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri (850–1334 AD)

  • Dridhaprahara
  • Seunachandra (850–874)
  • Dhadiyappa (874–900)
  • Bhillama I (900–925)
  • Vadugi (Vaddiga) (950–974)
  • Dhadiyappa II (974–975)
  • Bhillama II (975–1005)
  • Vesugi I (1005–1020)
  • Bhillama III (1020–1055)
  • Vesugi II (1055–1068)
  • Bhillama III (1068)
  • Seunachandra II (1068–1085)
  • Airamadeva (1085–1115)
  • Singhana I (1115–1145)
  • Mallugi I (1145–1150)
  • Amaragangeyya (1150–1160)
  • Govindaraja (1160)
  • Amara Mallugi II (1160–1165)
  • Kaliya Ballala (1165–1173)
  • Bhillama V (1173–1192), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukya
  • Jaitugi I (1192–1200)
  • Singhana II (1200–1247)
  • Kannara (1247–1261)
  • Mahadeva (1261–1271)
  • Amana (1271)
  • Ramachandra (1271–1312)
  • Singhana III (1312–1313)
  • Harapaladeva (1313–1318)
  • Mallugi III (1318–1334)

Roopak Dynasty (c. 890–895)

Brahmin Shahi Dynasty (c. 890–964)

  • Lalliya (c. 890–895)
  • Kamaluka (895–921)
  • Bhima (921–964), son of Kamaluka

Janjua Shahi Dynasty (964–1026 AD)

  • Jayapala (964–1001)
  • Anandapala (1001–1011)
  • Roopak (1011–1022)
  • Bhímapála (1022–1026)

Hoysala Dynasty (1000–1346)

  • Nripa Kama (1000–1045)
  • Vinayaditya I (1045–1098)
  • Ereyanga (1098–1100)
  • Ballala (1100–1108)
  • Vishnuvardhana (1108–1142)
  • Narasimha I (1142–1173), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukya
  • Ballala II (1173–1220)
  • Narasimha II (1220–1235)
  • Vira Someshwara (1235–1253)
  • Narasimha III and Ramanatha (1253–1295)
  • Ballala III (1295–1342)

Sena Empire Dynasty rule over Bengal (1070–1230 CE)

  • Hemanta Sen (1070–1096)
  • Vijay Sen (1096–1159)
  • Ballal Sen (1159–1179)
  • Lakshman Sen (1179–1206)
  • Vishwarup Sen (1206–1225)
  • Keshab Sen (1225–1230)

Eastern Ganga dynasty (1078–1434)

  • Anantavarman Codaganga (1078–1147)
  • Ananga Bhima Deva II (1170–1198)
  • Anangabhima Deva III (1211–1238)
  • Narasimha Deva I (1238–1264)
  • Bhanu Deva I (1264–1279)
  • Narasimha Deva II (1279–1306)
  • Bhanu Deva II (1306–1328)
  • Narasimha Deva III (1328–1352)
  • Bhanu Deva III (1352–1378)
  • Narasimha Deva IV (1378–1414)
  • Bhanu Deva IV (1414–1434)

Kakatiya dynasty (1083–1323 CE)

  • Beta I (1000–1030)
  • Prola I (1030–1075)
  • Beta II (1075–1110)
  • Prola II (1110–1158)
  • Prataparudra I/Rudradeva I (1158–1195)
  • Mahadeva (1195–1198). Brother of King Rudradeva
  • Ganapathi deva (1199–1261)
  • Rudrama devi (1262–1296)
  • Prataparudra II/ Rudradeva II (1296–1323). Son of Queen Rudramba

Kalachuri (Southern) Dynasty (1130–1184)

  • Bijjala II (1130–1167), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukyas in 1162 AD
  • Sovideva (1168–1176)
  • Mallugi → overthrown by his brother Sankama
  • Sankama (1176–1180)
  • Ahavamalla (1180–83)
  • Singhana (1183–84)

Bana Dynasty rule over Magadaimandalam (c. 1190–1260 AD)

Kadava Dynasty (c. 1216–1279 AD)

  • Kopperunchinga I (c. 1216 – 1242)
  • Kopperunchinga II (c. 1243 – 1279)

The Muslim Rule (1206–1526)

Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)

Despite the name, the capital was repeatedly elsewhere than Delhi city, and not always near.

Mamluk dynasty of Delhi (1206–1290)

Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320)

Tughlaq Dynasty (1321–1414)

Invasion of Timur in 1398 and the end of the Tughluq Dynasty as known earlier.

Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)

  • Khizr (1414–1421)
  • Mubarik II (1421–1434)
  • Muhamed IV (1434–1445)
  • Alem I (1445–1451)

Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)

Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527)

  • Ala ud din Bahman Shah (1347–1358), established his capital at Gulbarga
  • Muhammad Shah I (1358–1375)
  • Ala ud din Mujahid Shah (1375–1378)
  • Daud Shah I (1378)
  • Muhammad Shah II (1378–1397)
  • Ghiyas ud din Tahmatan Shah (1397)
  • Shams ud din Daud Shah II (1397)
  • Taj ud din Feroz Shah (1397–1422)
  • Shahab ud din Ahmad Shah I (1422–1435), established his capital at Bidar
  • Ala ud din Ahmad Shah II (1436–1458)
  • Ala ud din Humayun Shah (1458–1461)
  • Nizam ud din Ahmad Shah III (1461–1463)
  • Shams ud din Muhammad Shah III (1463–1482)
  • Mahmud Shah (1482–1518)
  • Ahmad Shah IV (1518–1521)
  • Ala ud din Shah (1521–1522)
  • Waliullah Shah (1522–1524)
  • Kalimullah Shah (1524–1527)

Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562)

Ghoris (1390–1436)

Khiljis (1436–1535)

Under Gujarat (1530–1534)

Qadirid (1535–1555)

Under the Mughal Empire (1542–1555)

Shaja'atid (1555–1562)

Ahom Dynasty ruled over Assam (1228–1826)

Reddy dynasty (1325–1448 CE)

  • Prolaya Vema Reddy (1325–1335)
  • Anavota Reddy (1335–1364)
  • Anavema Reddy (1364–1386)
  • Kumaragiri Reddy (1386–1402)
  • Kataya Vema Reddy (1395–1414)
  • Allada Reddy (1414–1423)
  • Veerabhadra Reddy (1423–1448)

Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1660)

Sangama Dynasty (1336–1487)

Saluva Dynasty (1490–1567)

  • Narasimha (1490–1503)
  • Narasa (Vira Narasimha) (1503–1509)
  • Krishnadevaraya (1509–1530) - Considered one of the greatest Emperors of South India
  • Achyuta (1530–1542)
  • Sadasiva (1542–1567)

Tuluva Dynasty (1542–1614)

  • Rama (1542–1565)
  • Tirumala (1565–1567)
  • Tirumala (1567–1575)
  • Ranga II (1575–1586)
  • Venkata I (1586–1614)

Rulers of Mysore/Khudadad (1399–1950)

Wodeyar Dynasty (first rule, 1399–1761)

  • Yaduraya (1399–1423)
  • Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar I (1423–1459)
  • Thimmaraja Wodeyar I (1459–1478)
  • Hiriya Chamaraja Wodeyar II (1478–1513)
  • Hiriya bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar III (1513–1553)
  • Thimmaraja Wodeyar II (1553–1572)
  • Bola Chamaraja Wodeyar IV (1572–1576)
  • Bettada Devaraja Wodeyar (1576–1578)
  • Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617)
  • Chamaraja Wodeyar V (1617–1637)
  • Raja Wodeyar II (1637–1638)
  • (Ranadhira) Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar I (1638–1659)
  • Dodda Devaraja Wodeyar (1659–1673)
  • Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704)
  • Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II (1704–1714)
  • Dodda Krishnaraja Wodeyar I (1714–1732)
  • Chamaraja Wodeyar VI (1732–1734)
  • (Immadi) Krishnaraja Wodeyar II (1734–1766), ruled under Hyder Ali from 1761
  • Nanajaraja Wodeyar (1766–1772), ruled under Hyder Ali
  • Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar VII (1772–1776), ruled under Hyder Ali
  • Khasa Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII (1776–1796), ruled under Hyder Ali until 1782, then under Tipu Sultan until his deposition in 1796

The reign of the Kings of Mysore (Wodeyar line) was interrupted from 1796 to 1799.

Hyder Ali's Dynasty of Mysore (1761–1799)

Wodeyar Dynasty (second rule, 1799–1950)

Gajapati Kingdom (1434–1541 CE)

  • Kapilendra Deva (1434–67)
  • Purushottama Deva (1467–97)
  • Prataparudra Deva (1497–1540)
  • Kalua Deva (1540–41)
  • Kakharua Deva (1541)

Maharajas of Cochin (Perumpadapu Swaroopam, 1503–1964)

Veerakerala Varma, nephew of Cheraman Perumal, is supposed to have been the first king of Cochin around the 7th century AD. But the records we have start in 1503.

  1. Unniraman Koyikal I (?–1503)
  2. Unniraman Koyikal II (1503–1537)
  3. Veera Kerala Varma (1537–1565)
  4. Keshava Rama Varma (1565–1601)
  5. Veera Kerala Varma (1601–1615)
  6. Ravi Varma I (1615–1624)
  7. Veera Kerala Varma (1624–1637)
  8. Godavarma (1637–1645)
  9. Veerarayira Varma (1645–1646)
  10. Veera Kerala Varma (1646–1650)
  11. Rama Varma I (1650–1656)
  12. Rani Gangadharalakshmi (1656–1658)
  13. Rama Varma II (1658–1662)
  14. Goda Varma (1662–1663)
  15. Veera Kerala Varma (1663–1687)
  16. Rama Varma III (1687–1693)
  17. Ravi Varma II (1693–1697)
  18. Rama Varma IV (1697–1701)
  19. Rama Varma V (1701–1721)
  20. Ravi Varma III (1721–1731)
  21. Rama Varma VI (1731–1746)
  22. Veera Kerala Varma I (1746–1749)
  23. Rama Varma VII (1749–1760)
  24. Veera Kerala Varma II (1760–1775)
  25. Rama Varma VIII (1775–1790)
  26. Shaktan Thampuran (Rama Varma IX) (1790–1805)
  27. Rama Varma X (1805–1809) - Vellarapalli-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Vellarapali")
  28. Veera Kerala Varma III (1809–1828) - Karkidaka Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "karkidaka" month (Malayalam Era))
  29. Rama Varma XI (1828–1837) - Thulam-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Thulam" month (ME))
  30. Rama Varma XII (1837–1844) - Edava-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Edavam" month (ME))
  31. Rama Varma XIII (1844–1851) - Thrishur-il Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Thrishivaperoor" or Thrishur)
  32. Veera Kerala Varma IV (1851–1853) - Kashi-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Kashi" or Varanasi)
  33. Ravi Varma IV (1853–1864) - Makara Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Makaram" month (ME))
  34. Rama Varma XIV (1864–1888) - Mithuna Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Mithunam" month (ME))
  35. Kerala Varma V (1888–1895) - Chingam Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chingam" month (ME))
  36. Rama Varma XV (1895–1914) - a.k.a. Rajarshi, abdicated (d. in 1932)
  37. Rama Varma XVI (1915–1932) - Madrasil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in Madras or Chennai)
  38. Rama Varma XVII (1932–1941) - Dhaarmika Chakravarthi (King of Dharma), Chowara-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chowara")
  39. Kerala Varma VI (1941–1943) - Midukkan (syn: Smart, expert, great) Thampuran
  40. Ravi Varma V (1943–1946) - Kunjappan Thampuran (Brother of Midukkan Thampuran)
  41. Kerala Varma VII (1946–1948) - Ikya-Keralam (Unified Kerala) Thampuran
  42. Rama Varma XVIII (1948–1964) - Pareekshit Thampuran

Qutb Shahi Dynasty (1518–1687)

Mughal Empire (1526–1857)

Suri Dynasty (1540–1555)

Chogyal, monarchs of Sikkim and Ladakh (1642–1975)

Main article: Chogyal

Maratha Empire (1674–1818)

The Empire was divided between two branches of the family c. 1707–10; and the division was formalized in 1731.

Bhonsle Chhatrapatis at Kolhapur (1700–1947)

The state acceded unto the Dominion of India following the independence of India in 1947.

  • Shahu II as titular Maharaja (1983–present) (adopted from Kadam family of Bande)

Bhonsle Chhatrapatis at Satara (1707–1839)

The Peshwas (1713–1858)

Technically they were not monarchs, but hereditary prime ministers, though in fact they ruled instead of the Maharaja, and were hegemon of the Maratha confederation.

Bhonsle Maharajas of Thanjavur (?–1799)

Further information: Thanjavur Maratha kingdom

Descended from a brother of Shivaji; ruled independently and had no formal relationship with the Maratha Empire.

The state was annexed by the British in 1799.

Bhonsle Maharajas of Nagpur (1799–1881)

Holkar rulers of Indore (1731–1948)

  • Malharrao Holkar (I) (r. 2 November 1731 – 19 May 1766)
  • Malerao Khanderao Holkar (r. 23 August 1766 – 5 April 1767)
  • Punyaslok Rajmata Ahilyadevi Holkar (r. 5 April 1767 – 13 August 1795)
  • Tukojirao Holkar (I) (r. 13 August 1795 – 29 January 1797)
  • Kashirao Tukojirao Holkar (r. 29 January 1797 – 1798)
  • Yashwantrao Holkar (I) (r. 1798 – 27 November 1811)
  • Malharrao Yashwantrao Holkar (III) (r. November 1811 – 27 October 1833)
  • Martandrao Malharrao Holkar (r. 17 January 1834 – 2 February 1834)
  • Harirao Vitthojirao Holkar (r. 17 April 1834 – 24 October 1843)
  • Khanderao Harirao Holkar (r. 13 November 1843 – 17 February 1844)
  • Tukojirao Gandharebhau Holkar (II) (r. 27 June 1844 – 17 June 1886)
  • Shivajirao Tukojirao Holkar (r. 17 June 1886 – 31 January 1903)
  • Tukojirao Shivajirao Holkar (III) (r. 31 January 1903 – 26 February 1926)
  • Yashwantrao Holkar (II) (r. 26 February 1926 – 1961)

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India. The monarchy was ended in 1948, but the title is still held by Usha Devi Maharaj Sahiba Holkar XV Bahadur, Maharani of Indore since 1961.

Scindia rulers of Gwalior (?–1947)

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India.

Gaekwad rulers of Baroda (Vadodara) (1721–present)

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India and the monarchy was abolished in 1948.

The major Muslim vassals of the Mughal/British Paramountcy (1707–1856)

Nawabs of Bengal (1707–1770)

Nawabs of Oudh (1719–1858)

Nizams of Hyderabad (1720–1948)

Kingdom of Travancore (1729–1947)

Sikh Empire (1801–1849)

The British Empire annexed the Punjab c. 1845–49; after the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars

British Emperors of India (1876–1947)

Dominion of India (1947–1950)

See also

Notes

  1. However the title "Emperor of India" did not disappear with Indian independence from Britain in 1947, but in 1948, as when India became the Dominion of India (1947-1950) after independence in 1947, George VI retained the title "Emperor of India" until 22 June 1948, and thereafter he remained monarch of India until it became the Republic of India in 1950.

References

  1. ^ Dayanand Saraswati, Satyartha Prakash
  2. Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). Ancient India, S.Chand & Company, New Delhi, ISBN 81-219-0887-6, pp.594–6
  3. ^ Asiatic Society of Bengal, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 33, Page xxi
  4. ^ Asiatic Society of Bengal, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 33
  5. M. L. Bhargava, Hemu and his time, page 3
  6. Alexander Cunnigham, Four reports made during the years, 1862-63-64-65, Volume 1
  7. Hickey, William (1874). The Tanjore Mahratta Principality in Southern India. Google books. ISBN 81-206-0302-8. Retrieved 2009-05-26. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. Sir Alexander Cunningham, Archaeological Survey of India, Four reports made during the years, 1862-63-64-65, Volume 2, page v
  9. ^ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 33, Asiatic Society of Bengal
  10. ^ Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1994). Ancient India, History and Archaeology. Abhinav. pp. 33–41. ISBN 978-81-7017-304-5.
  11. ^ Susan L. Huntington (1984). The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture. Brill Archive. pp. 32–39. ISBN 90-04-06856-2.
  12. R. C. Majumdar (1971). History of Ancient Bengal. G. Bharadwaj. p. 161–162.
  13. Abdul Momin Chowdhury (1967). Dynastic history of Bengal, c. 750-1200 CE. Asiatic Society of Pakistan. pp. 272–273.
  14. Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications. pp. 253–. ISBN 978-81-7017-059-4.
  15. Dineshchandra Sircar (1975–1976). "Indological Notes - R.C. Majumdar's Chronology of the Pala Kings". Journal of Ancient Indian History. IX: 209–10.
  16. http://www.royalark.net/India/kolhap2.htm
  17. http://www.royalark.net/India4/satara2.htm
  18. http://www.royalark.net/India4/tanjore2.htm
  19. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wEluAAAAMAAJ&q=bhonsle+of+nagpur&dq=bhonsle+of+nagpur&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WfCLUIObJoyErQe7xIHICA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA
  20. ^ "No. 38330". The London Gazette. 22 June 1948. Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948, made in accordance with the Indian Independence Act 1947, 10 & 11 GEO. 6. CH. 30.('Section 7: ...(2)The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words " Indiae Imperator " and the words " Emperor of India " and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm.'). According to this Royal Proclamation, the King retained the Style and Titles 'George VI by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith', and he thus remained King of the various Dominions, including India and Pakistan, though these two (and others) eventually chose to abandon their monarchies and became republics.

Sources and External links

Middle kingdoms of India
Timeline and
cultural period 		Northwestern India
(Punjab-Sapta Sindhu) 		Indo-Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India
Upper Gangetic Plain
(Ganga-Yamuna doab) 		Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain
IRON AGE
Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period
(Srauta culture)
Painted Grey Ware culture 		Late Vedic Period
(Shramanic culture)
Northern Black Polished Ware 		Pre-history
 6th century BCE Gandhara Kuru-Panchala Magadha Adivasi (tribes) Assaka
Culture Persian-Greek influences "Second Urbanisation"
Rise of Shramana movements
Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga 		Pre-history
 5th century BCE (Persian conquests) Shaishunaga dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Assaka
 4th century BCE (Greek conquests) Nanda empire
HISTORICAL AGE
Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history
 3rd century BCE Maurya Empire Satavahana dynasty
Sangam period
(300 BCE – 200 CE)
Early Cholas
Early Pandyan kingdom
Cheras
Culture Preclassical Hinduism - "Hindu Synthesis" (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition
Mahayana Buddhism
 2nd century BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire
Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty 		Satavahana dynasty
Sangam period
(300 BCE – 200 CE)
Early Cholas
Early Pandyan kingdom
Cheras
 1st century BCE
 1st century CE

Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthians

Kuninda Kingdom
 2nd century Kushan Empire
 3rd century Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Adivasi (tribes)
Culture "Golden Age of Hinduism"(ca. CE 320-650)
Puranas
Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire
Varman dynasty 		Andhra Ikshvakus
Kalabhra dynasty
Kadamba Dynasty
Western Ganga Dynasty
 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Vishnukundina
Kalabhra dynasty
 6th century Nezak Huns
Kabul Shahi 		Maitraka Adivasi (tribes) Vishnukundina
Badami Chalukyas
Kalabhra dynasty
Culture Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. CE 650-1100)
Advaita Vedanta - Tantra
Decline of Buddhism in India
 7th century Indo-Sassanids Vakataka dynasty
Empire of Harsha 		Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Badami Chalukyas
Eastern Chalukyas
Pandyan kingdom (revival)
Pallava
 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Eastern Chalukyas
Pandyan kingdom
Kalachuri
 9th century Gurjara-Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty
Eastern Chalukyas
Pandyan kingdom
Medieval Cholas
Chera Perumals of Makkotai
10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty
Kamboja-Pala dynasty 		Kalyani Chalukyas
Eastern Chalukyas
Medieval Cholas
Chera Perumals of Makkotai
Rashtrakuta
References and sources for table

References

  1. Samuel
  2. Samuel
  3. Michaels (2004) p.39
  4. Hiltebeitel (2002)
  5. Michaels (2004) p.39
  6. Hiltebeitel (2002)
  7. Michaels (2004) p.40
  8. Michaels (2004) p.41

Sources

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