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	Pierre-Auguste Renoir was born in ], Haute-Vienne, France, the child of a working-class family. As a boy, he worked in a ] factory where his drawing talents led to his being chosen to paint designs on fine china.<ref>Renoir, Jean: ''Renoir, My Father'', pages 57–67. Collins, 1962.</ref> Before he enrolled in art school, he also painted hangings for overseas missionaries and decorations on fans .<ref>Vollard, Ambroise: ''Renoir, An Intimate Record'', pages 24–29. Knopf, 1925.</ref> During those early years, he often visited the ] to study the French master painters.		Pierre-Auguste Renoir was born in ], Haute-Vienne, France, the child of a working-class family. As a boy, he worked in a ] factory where his drawing talents led to his being chosen to paint designs on fine china.<ref>Renoir, Jean: ''Renoir, My Father'', pages 57–67. Collins, 1962.</ref> Before he enrolled in art school, he also painted hangings for overseas missionaries and decorations on fans .<ref>Vollard, Ambroise: ''Renoir, An Intimate Record'', pages 24–29. Knopf, 1925.</ref> During those early years, he often visited the ] to study the French master painters.

	In 1862, he began studying art under ] in Paris. There he met ], ], and ].<ref>Vollard, page 30.</ref> At times, during the 1860s, he did not have enough money to buy paint. Although Renoir first started exhibiting paintings at the ] in 1864,<ref>Wadley, Nicholas: ''Renoir, A Retrospective'', page 15. Park Lane, 1989.</ref> recognition was slow in coming, partly as a result of the turmoil of the ]. Renoir had his first success at the Salon of 1868 with his painting ''Lise with a Parasol'' (1867), which depicted his mistress at the time, Lise Tréhot.<ref name="OxfordArtOnline">Distel, Anne. "Renoir, Auguste." ''Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online''. Oxford University Press. Web. 27 Dec. 2014.</ref>		In 1862, he began studying art under ] in Paris. There he met ], ], and ].<ref>Vollard, page 30.</ref> At times, during the 1860s, he did not have enough money to buy paint. Although Renoir first started exhibiting paintings at the ] in 1864,<ref>Wadley, Nicholas: ''Renoir, A Retrospective'', page 15. Park Lane, 1989.</ref> recognition was slow in coming, partly as a result of the turmoil of the ]. Renoir had his first success at the Salon of 1868 with his painting ''Lise with a Parasol'' (1867), which depicted his mistress at the time, ].<ref name="OxfordArtOnline">Distel, Anne. "Renoir, Auguste." ''Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online''. Oxford University Press. Web. 27 Dec. 2014.</ref>

	During the ] in 1871, while Renoir painted on the banks of the ], some ] thought he was a spy and were about to throw him into the river when a leader of the ''Commune'', ], recognized Renoir as the man who had protected him on an earlier occasion.<ref>Renoir, Jean, pages 118–21. Different and less life-threatening versions are offered by Paul Valéry and Vollard. In all accounts, however, their re-acquaintance led to great celebration.</ref>		During the ] in 1871, while Renoir painted on the banks of the ], some ] thought he was a spy and were about to throw him into the river when a leader of the ''Commune'', ], recognized Renoir as the man who had protected him on an earlier occasion.<ref>Renoir, Jean, pages 118–21. Different and less life-threatening versions are offered by Paul Valéry and Vollard. In all accounts, however, their re-acquaintance led to great celebration.</ref>

Revision as of 03:44, 2 April 2015

"Renoir" redirects here. For other people named Renoir, see Renoir (surname). For the 2012 film, see Renoir (film).

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Born	(1841-02-25)25 February 1841 Limoges, Haute-Vienne, France
Died	3 December 1919(1919-12-03) (aged 78) Cagnes-sur-Mer, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
Nationality	French
Known for	Painting
Notable work	Bal du moulin de la Galette, 1876 Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1880 Nude, 1910
Movement	Impressionism

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, commonly known as Auguste Renoir (US: /rɛnˈwɑːr/ or UK: /ˈrɛnwɑːr/; French: [pjɛʁ oɡyst ʁənwaʁ]; 25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919), was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty, and especially feminine sensuality, it has been said that "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau."

He was the father of actor Pierre Renoir (1885–1952), filmmaker Jean Renoir (1894–1979) and ceramic artist Claude Renoir (1901–69). He was the grandfather of the filmmaker Claude Renoir (1913–1993), son of Pierre.

Youth

Pierre-Auguste Renoir was born in Limoges, Haute-Vienne, France, the child of a working-class family. As a boy, he worked in a porcelain factory where his drawing talents led to his being chosen to paint designs on fine china. Before he enrolled in art school, he also painted hangings for overseas missionaries and decorations on fans . During those early years, he often visited the Louvre to study the French master painters.

In 1862, he began studying art under Charles Gleyre in Paris. There he met Alfred Sisley, Frédéric Bazille, and Claude Monet. At times, during the 1860s, he did not have enough money to buy paint. Although Renoir first started exhibiting paintings at the Paris Salon in 1864, recognition was slow in coming, partly as a result of the turmoil of the Franco-Prussian War. Renoir had his first success at the Salon of 1868 with his painting Lise with a Parasol (1867), which depicted his mistress at the time, Lise Tréhot.

During the Paris Commune in 1871, while Renoir painted on the banks of the Seine River, some Communards thought he was a spy and were about to throw him into the river when a leader of the Commune, Raoul Rigault, recognized Renoir as the man who had protected him on an earlier occasion.

In 1874, a ten-year friendship with Jules Le Cœur and his family ended, and Renoir lost not only the valuable support gained by the association, but also a generous welcome to stay on their property near Fontainebleau and its scenic forest. This loss of a favorite painting location resulted in a distinct change of subjects.

Adulthood

After a series of rejections by the Salon juries, Renoir joined forces with Monet, Sisley, Pissarro, and several other artists to mount the first Impressionist exhibition in April 1874, in which Renoir displayed six paintings. Although the critical response to the exhibition was largely unfavorable, Renoir's work was comparatively well received. That same year, two of his works were shown with Durand-Ruel in London.

Renoir did not exhibit in the fourth and fifth Impressionist exhibitions, and instead resumed submitting his works to the Salon. By the end of the 1870s, particularly after the success of his painting Mme Charpentier and her Children (1878) at the Salon of 1879, Renoir was a successful and fashionable painter.

In 1881, he traveled to Algeria, a country he associated with Eugène Delacroix, then to Madrid, to see the work of Diego Velázquez. Following that, he traveled to Italy to see Titian's masterpieces in Florence and the paintings of Raphael in Rome. On 15 January 1882 Renoir met the composer Richard Wagner at his home in Palermo, Sicily. Renoir painted Wagner's portrait in just thirty-five minutes. In the same year, after contracting pneumonia which permanently damaged his respiratory system, Renoir convalesced for six weeks in Algeria.

In 1883, Renoir spent the summer in Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands in the English Channel with a varied landscape of beaches, cliffs and bays, where he created fifteen paintings in little over a month. Most of these feature Moulin Huet, a bay in Saint Martin's, Guernsey. These paintings were the subject of a set of commemorative postage stamps issued by the Bailiwick of Guernsey in 1983.

While living and working in Montmartre, Renoir employed Suzanne Valadon as a model, who posed for him (The Large Bathers, 1884–87; Dance at Bougival, 1883) and many of his fellow painters; during that time she studied their techniques and eventually became one of the leading painters of the day.

In 1887, the year when Queen Victoria celebrated her Golden Jubilee, and upon the request of the queen's associate, Phillip Richbourg, Renoir donated several paintings to the "French Impressionist Paintings" catalog as a token of his loyalty.

In 1890, he married Aline Victorine Charigot, who, along with a number of the artist's friends, had already served as a model for Le Déjeuner des canotiers (Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1881), and with whom he had already had a child, Pierre, in 1885. After his marriage, Renoir painted many scenes of his wife and daily family life including their children and their nurse, Aline's cousin Gabrielle Renard. The Renoirs had three sons: Jean Renoir, who became a filmmaker of note, Pierre Renoir, who became a stage and film actor, and Claude Renoir, who became a ceramic artist.

Later years

Around 1892, Renoir developed rheumatoid arthritis. In 1907, he moved to the warmer climate of "Les Collettes," a farm at Cagnes-sur-Mer, close to the Mediterranean coast. Renoir painted during the last twenty years of his life even when he was wheelchair-bound and arthritis severely limited his movement. He developed progressive deformities in his hands and ankylosis of his right shoulder, requiring him to change his painting technique. It has often been reported that in the advanced stages of his arthritis, he painted by having a brush strapped to his paralyzed fingers, but this is erroneous; Renoir remained able to grasp a brush, although he required an assistant to place it in his hand. The wrapping of his hands with bandages, apparent in late photographs of the artist, served to prevent skin irritation.

In 1919, Renoir visited the Louvre to see his paintings hanging with those of the old masters. During this period, he created sculptures by cooperating with a young artist, Richard Guino, who worked the clay. Due to his limited joint mobility, Renoir also used a moving canvas, or picture roll, to facilitate painting large works.

Renoir's portrait of Austrian actress Tilla Durieux (1914) contains playful flecks of vibrant color on her shawl that offset the classical pose of the actress and highlight Renoir's skill just five years before his death.

Renoir died in the village of Cagnes-sur-Mer, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, on 3 December 1919.

Artworks

Renoir's paintings are notable for their vibrant light and saturated color, most often focusing on people in intimate and candid compositions. The female nude was one of his primary subjects. In characteristic Impressionist style, Renoir suggested the details of a scene through freely brushed touches of color, so that his figures softly fuse with one another and their surroundings.

His initial paintings show the influence of the colorism of Eugène Delacroix and the luminosity of Camille Corot. He also admired the realism of Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet, and his early work resembles theirs in his use of black as a color. Renoir admired Edgar Degas' sense of movement. Another painter Renoir greatly admired was the 18th-century master François Boucher.

A fine example of Renoir's early work and evidence of the influence of Courbet's realism, is Diana, 1867. Ostensibly a mythological subject, the painting is a naturalistic studio work; the figure carefully observed, solidly modeled and superimposed upon a contrived landscape. If the work is a "student" piece, Renoir's heightened personal response to female sensuality is present. The model was Lise Tréhot, the artist's mistress at that time, and inspiration for a number of paintings.

In the late 1860s, through the practice of painting light and water en plein air (outdoors), he and his friend Claude Monet discovered that the color of shadows is not brown or black, but the reflected color of the objects surrounding them, an effect known today as diffuse reflection. Several pairs of paintings exist in which Renoir and Monet worked side-by-side, depicting the same scenes (La Grenouillère, 1869).

One of the best known Impressionist works is Renoir's 1876 Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Bal du moulin de la Galette). The painting depicts an open-air scene, crowded with people at a popular dance garden on the Butte Montmartre close to where he lived. The works of his early maturity were typically Impressionist snapshots of real life, full of sparkling color and light. By the mid-1880s, however, he had broken with the movement to apply a more disciplined formal technique to portraits and figure paintings, particularly of women. It was a trip to Italy in 1881, when he saw works by Raphael and other Renaissance masters, that convinced him that he was on the wrong path, and for the next several years he painted in a more severe style in an attempt to return to classicism. Concentrating on his drawing and emphasizing the outlines of figures, he painted works such as The Large Bathers (1884–87; Philadelphia Museum of Art) during what is sometimes called his "Ingres period".

After 1890 he changed direction again. To dissolve outlines, as in his earlier work, he returned to thinly brushed color. From this period onward he concentrated on monumental nudes and domestic scenes, fine examples of which are Girls at the Piano, 1892, and Grandes Baigneuses, 1887. The latter painting is the most typical and successful of Renoir's late, abundantly fleshed nudes.

A prolific artist, he created several thousand paintings. The warm sensuality of Renoir's style made his paintings some of the most well-known and frequently reproduced works in the history of art. The single largest collection of his works—181 paintings in all—is at the Barnes Foundation, in Philadelphia.

Posthumous prints

In 1919, Ambroise Vollard, a renowned art dealer, published a book on the life and work of Renoir, La Vie et l'Œuvre de Pierre-Auguste Renoir, in an edition of 1000 copies. In 1986, Vollard's heirs started reprinting the copper plates, generally etchings with hand applied watercolor. These prints are signed by Renoir in the plate and are embossed "Vollard" in the lower margin. They are not numbered, dated or signed in pencil.

Posthumous sales

Two of Renoir's paintings have sold for more than US$70 million. Bal au moulin de la Galette sold for $78.1 million in 1990.

In 2012, Renoir's Paysage bord du Seine was offered for sale at auction but the painting was discovered to have been stolen from the Baltimore Museum of Art in 1951. The sale was cancelled.

Gallery of paintings

Lise Sewing, 1866, Dallas Museum of Art
La Grenouillère, 1868, National Museum, Stockholm
Portrait of Alfred Sisley, 1868
Claude Monet Painting in His Garden at Argenteuil, 1873, Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut
Portrait of Claude Monet, 1875, Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France
A Girl with a Watering Can, 1876, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Mme. Charpentier and her children, 1878, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
By the Water, 1880, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1880–1881, The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
Portrait of Charles and Georges Durand-Ruel, 1882
Dance at Bougival, 1882–1883, (woman at left is painter Suzanne Valadon), Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Dance in the Country (Aline Charigot and Paul Lhote), 1883, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Pencil study for Dance in the Country, 1883, Honolulu Museum of Art
Children at the Beach at Guernsey, 1883, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, "Jeune garçon sur la plage d'Yport", 1883, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia
Girl With a Hoop, 1885, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Girl Braiding Her Hair (Suzanne Valadon), 1885
Julie Manet with cat, 1887
Portrait of Berthe Morisot and daughter Julie Manet, 1894
Gabrielle Renard and infant son Jean Renoir, 1895
The Artist's Family, 1896, The Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia
Portrait of Ambroise Vollard, 1908
Portrait of Paul Durand-Ruel, 1910
Portrait of Ambroise Vollard, 1917

Self-portraits

Self-portrait, 1875
Self-portrait, 1876
Self-portrait, 1910
Self-portrait, 1910

Nudes

Diana the Huntress, 1867, The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
Nude in the Sun, 1875, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Seated Girl, 1883
The Large Bathers, 1887, Philadelphia Museum of Art
After The Bath, 1888
Three Bathers, 1895, Cleveland Museum of Art Cleveland, Ohio
Nude, National Museum of Serbia, Belgrade
After The Bath, 1910, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia
Woman at the Well, 1910
Seated Bather Drying Her Leg, 1914, Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris
Women Bathers, 1916, National Museum, Stockholm
Bathers, 1918, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia

References

Read, Herbert: The Meaning of Art, page 127. Faber, 1931.
Renoir, Jean: Renoir, My Father, pages 57–67. Collins, 1962.
Vollard, Ambroise: Renoir, An Intimate Record, pages 24–29. Knopf, 1925.
Vollard, page 30.
Wadley, Nicholas: Renoir, A Retrospective, page 15. Park Lane, 1989.
^ Distel, Anne. "Renoir, Auguste." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 27 Dec. 2014.
Renoir, Jean, pages 118–21. Different and less life-threatening versions are offered by Paul Valéry and Vollard. In all accounts, however, their re-acquaintance led to great celebration.
^ Wadley, page 15.
Poulet, A. L., & Murphy, A. R. (1979). Corot to Braque: French Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, page 117. Boston: The Museum. ISBN 0-87846-134-5.
^ Wadley, page 25.
Wadley, pages 371, 374.
Wadley, page 28.
André, Albert: Renoir. Crés, 1928.
^ "Boonen, A.; van de Rest, J.; Dequeker, J.; van der Linden, S.: "How Renoir Coped with Rheumatoid Arthritis". ''British Medical Journal'', 1997:315:1704–1708". Bmj.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Rey, Robert: La Peinture française à la fin du XIXe siècle, la renaissance du sentiment classique : Degas, Renoir, Cézanne, Gauguin, Seurat, Les Beaux-Arts, Van Oest, 1931 (thesis).
"From the Tour: Mary Cassatt", August Renoir. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
Clark, Kenneth: The Nude, pages 154–61. Penguin, 1960.
Asked late in life if he felt an affinity to Ingres, he responded: "I should very much like to". Rey, quoted in Wadley, page 336.
"For me, Renoir becomes a really great artist in the late nudes, above all in Les Grandes Baigneuses". David Sylvester, quoted by Wadley, page 378

External videos
Renoir, "La Promenade" on YouTube, (1:49) Frick Collection
'Renoir, Impressionism, and Full-Length Painting,' An Introduction to the Exhibition on YouTube, (6:14) Frick Collection

External links

Gallery of works
Suburban Pastoral, The Guardian, 24 Feb 2007
Avant-Gardist in Retreat, Holland Cotter, The New York Times, 17 June 2010
Timeline of French Artists
Pierre-Auguste Renoir at Find a Grave
Impressionism: a centenary exhibition, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Renoir (p. 179-200)
"Renoir, Firmin Auguste" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

v t e Impressionism
Originators	Frédéric Bazille Eugène Boudin Gustave Caillebotte Mary Cassatt Paul Cézanne Edgar Degas Armand Guillaumin Johan Jongkind Édouard Manet Claude Monet Berthe Morisot Camille Pissarro Pierre-Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley
Patrons	Gustave Caillebotte Victor Chocquet Henry O. Havemeyer Ernest Hoschedé
Dealers	Paul Durand-Ruel Georges Petit Ambroise Vollard
Exhibitions	First Impressionist Exhibition
American artists	William Merritt Chase Frederick Carl Frieseke Childe Hassam Alphonse Maureau Willard Metcalf Lilla Cabot Perry Theodore Robinson Walter Elmer Schofield John Henry Twachtman Robert Vonnoh J. Alden Weir
Australian artists	Charles Conder E. Phillips Fox Elioth Gruner Frederick McCubbin Tom Roberts John Russell Arthur Streeton Walter Withers
Canadian artists	Henri Beau William Blair Bruce William Brymner Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté Maurice Cullen Helen Galloway McNicoll James Wilson Morrice Laura Muntz Lyall Robert Wakeham Pilot
Other artists	Eugène Baudouin Olga Boznańska Marie Bracquemond Giovanni Battista Ciolina Lovis Corinth Eva Gonzalès Antoine Guillemet Nazmi Ziya Güran Dominique Lang Max Liebermann Konstantin Korovin Martín Malharro Henry Moret Francisco Oller Nadežda Petrović Władysław Podkowiński Valentin Serov Max Slevogt Joaquín Sorolla Philip Wilson Steer Eliseu Visconti
Other media	Music Literature French impressionist cinema
See also	Amsterdam Impressionism Boston School California Impressionism Decorative Impressionism Neo-Impressionism Pennsylvania Impressionism Post-Impressionism Synthetic impressionism The Ten
Related	Wilfrid de Glehn The Impressionists (2006 TV series) Louis Leroy Nadar Pays des Impressionnistes

v t e Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Paintings	List of paintings Portrait of William Sisley (1864) Mother Anthony's Tavern (1866) Diana (1867) Lise with a Parasol (1867) Frédéric Bazille at his Easel (1867) A Couple (Les Fiancés) (1868) In Summer (1868) Skaters in the Bois de Boulogne (1868) Léonard Renoir, The Artist's Father (1869) La Grenouillère (1869) A Nymph by a Stream (1869-70) L'Algérienne (1870) La Promenade (1870) Bather with a Griffon Dog (1870) Woman with Parakeet (1871) The Harem (1872) Le Pont-Neuf (1872) The Gust of Wind (1872) Claude Monet Painting in His Garden at Argenteuil (1873) La Parisienne (1874) La Loge (1874) The Grand Boulevards (1875) Portrait of the Painter Claude Monet (1875) In the Garden - Under the Arbour at the Moulin de la Galette (1875) Woman with a Cat (1875) Bal du moulin de la Galette (1876) Nude woman sitting on a couch (Anna) (1876) The Swing (1876) A Girl with a Watering Can (1876) Mother and Children (1876) At the Theatre (1876–1877) Eugène Murer (1877) The Day Dream (1877) The Cup of Chocolate (1878) Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children (1878) Portrait of Jeanne Samary (1878) Lunch at the Restaurant Fournaise (1879) Paysage Bords de Seine (1879) Portrait of Irène Cahen d'Anvers (La Petite Irène) (1880) Luncheon of the Boating Party (1881) Pink and Blue (1881) Two Sisters (On the Terrace) (1881) Young Women in Black (1880–1882) Blonde Bather (1881 and 1882) The Umbrellas (1880–81, 1885–86) By the Seashore (1883) Dance at Bougival (1883) Dance in the City (1883) Dance in the Country (1883) Les Grandes Baigneuses (1884–1887) Nature morte: fleurs (1885) The Braid (1886–1887) Young Woman with a Blue Ribbon (1888) Girls at the Piano (1892) Yvonne and Christine Lerolle at the Piano (1897) Woman Playing a Guitar (1897) Gabrielle with Open Blouse (1907) Nude (1910) After the Bath (1910) The Coast at Cagnes, Sea, Mountains (c. 1910) Portrait of Ambroise Vollard in a Red Headscarf (1911) The Farm at Les Collettes, Cagnes (c. 1908–1914) Blond Girl with a Rose (1915–1917) Portrait of Adèle Besson (1918) The Bathers (1918–19)
Sculptures	Venus Victorious (c. 1914)
Portrayals	A Studio at Les Batignolles (1870 painting) Bazille's Studio (1870 painting) The Impressionists (2006 series) Renoir (2012 film)
Family	Aline Charigot (wife) Lucienne Bisson (daughter) Pierre Renoir (son) Jean Renoir (son) Claude Renoir (son) Claude Renoir (grandson) Alain Renoir (grandson) Pierre Roland Renoir (great-grandson) Sophie Renoir (great-granddaughter)
Related	Musée de Montmartre, home and studio Gabrielle Renard (nanny, later model) Lise Tréhot Marguerite Legrand Catherine Hessling Richard Guino Jeanne Samary Suzanne Valadon Henriette Henriot Jane Henriot (child model) Raoul Rigault Jeanne Baudot (his only student) Maison Fournaise Pays des Impressionnistes Renoir (crater)

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