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| {{Campaignbox Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1512–1522)}} | {{Campaignbox Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1512–1522)}} | ||
| The '''Battle of Orsha''' was fought on 8 September 1514, between the allied forces of the ] and the ], under the command of ] ]; and the army of the ] under ] ] and ] ]. The Battle of Orsha was part of a long series of ] conducted by Muscovite rulers striving to gather all the former ] lands under their rule. | The '''Battle of Orsha''' was fought on 8 September 1514, between the allied forces of the ] and the ], under the command of ] ]; and the army of the ] under ] ] and ] ]. The Battle of Orsha was part of a long series of ] conducted by Muscovite rulers striving to gather all the former ] lands under their rule. | ||
| According to '']'' by ], the primary source for information on the battle, the much smaller army of Poland–Lithuania (under 30,000 men) defeated a force of 80,000 Muscovite soldiers, capturing their camp and commander |
According to '']'' by ], the primary source for information on the battle, the much smaller army of Poland–Lithuania (under 30,000 men) defeated a force of 80,000 Muscovite soldiers, capturing their camp and commander. | ||
| ==Eve of battle== | ==Eve of battle== | ||
| At the end of 1512, the ] began a new war for the ]'s ]n lands in present-day ], ] and ]. ], Grand Master of the ], rebelled and refused to give a vassal pledge to ] of Poland |
At the end of 1512, the ] began a new war for the ]'s ]n lands in present-day ], ] and ]. ], Grand Master of the ], rebelled and refused to give a vassal pledge to ], the king of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, as required by the ]. Albrecht I was supported by ].<ref name="baranauskas">{{cite web| url=http://www.delfi.lt/news/ringas/lit/article.php?id=10641866 |first=Tomas |last=Baranauskas |authorlink=Tomas Baranauskas | title= Oršos mūšis – didžiausia Lietuvos karinė pergalė prieš Rusiją |date=2006-09-08|language=lt}}</ref> | ||
| The fortress of ] was then the easternmost outpost of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and one of the most important strongholds guarding it from the east. It repelled several Muscovite attacks, but in July 1514 a Muscovite army besieged and finally captured it. Spurred on by this initial success, the ] ] ordered his forces farther into present-day Belarus, occupying the towns of ], ] and ]. | The fortress of ] was then the easternmost outpost of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and one of the most important strongholds guarding it from the east. It repelled several Muscovite attacks, but in July 1514 a Muscovite army besieged and finally captured it. Spurred on by this initial success, the ] ] ordered his forces farther into present-day Belarus, occupying the towns of ], ] and ]. | ||
| Meanwhile, ] gathered some 35,000 troops for war with his eastern neighbor. This army was inferior in numbers, but consisted mostly of well-trained ]. The forces of the |
Meanwhile, ] gathered some 35,000 troops for war with his eastern neighbor. This army was inferior in numbers, but consisted mostly of well-trained ]. The forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania placed under the command of Hetman ] included 14,000 ] (light and heavy), 3,000 Polish ] ], 16,000 Lithuania cavalry and 2,500 volunteers, mostly from ]. Sigismund left 4,000–5,000 men in the town of ], while the main force, around 30,000 strong, moved on to face the Muscovites.<ref name="baranauskas"/> At the end of August, several skirmishes took place at the crossings of the ], ] and ]s, but the Muscovite army avoided a major confrontation. | ||
| Suffering negligible losses, the Muscovites advanced to the area between ] and ] on the ], where they set up camp. ], confident that the |
Suffering negligible losses, the Muscovites advanced to the area between ] and ] on the ], where they set up camp. ], confident that the Polish-Lithuanian forces would have to cross one of the two bridges on the ], split his own forces to guard those crossings. However, Ostrogski's army crossed the river farther north via two ]s. On the night of 7 September, the Polish-Lithuanian army began preparations for a final battle with the Muscovites. Hetman Konstantyn Ostrogski placed most of his 16,000 horses from the Grand Duchy in the center, while most of the Polish ] and the auxiliary troops manned the flanks. The ]n and ]n infantry were deployed in the center of the line, in front of the reserves comprising Polish and Lithuanian ]. | ||
| ===The size of the Muscovite army=== | ===The size of the Muscovite army=== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The size of the Muscovite army remains an unsolved question. Narrative |
The size of the Muscovite army remains an unsolved question. Narrative Polish-Lithuanian sources generally give large numbers. King Sigismund wrote to ] about a "horde of Muscovites" which consisted of 80,000 men.<ref>Лобин А. Н. К вопросу о численности вооружённых сил Российского государства в XVI в.//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr. 1-2. page 61</ref> Sigismund also claimed that his army had killed 30,000 Muscovites and taken prisoner 46 commanders and 1,500 nobles. Extant Polish and Lithuanian documents, however, list all captured nobles by name; only 611 men in all. The Polish historian Bohun considers it improvident to rely on what he terms "propaganda data" given by Sigismund.<ref>Bohun T. Bitwa pod Orsza 08.09.1514 // Rzeczpospolita. 2006. ¹ 4/20. S. 13.</ref> Gembarowicz (another Polish researcher) is of the opinion that the Muscovite army was about 40,000 strong. It also remains unclear why - if the figure of 70,000–80,000 men is to be trusted - King Sigismund (who knew about this superiority of the Muscovite army from ]'s letters) kept a personal guard of about 5,000 men (about 15% of his army) in reserve, without sending them into the battle. The Muscovite chronicles (] and ]es) claim a Polish-Lithuanian numerical superiority.<ref name="Lobin"/> | ||
| The Russian historian A. Lobin tried to calculate the size of the Muscovite army at Orsha based on the mobilisation capacities of the towns which had to send townspeople for military service.<ref>Лобин А. Н. К вопросу о численности вооружённых сил Российского государства в XVI в.//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr 1-2. pp.45-78</ref> It is known that except for Boyar sons of the sovereign's regiment, the army consisted of people from at least 14 towns: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>Лобин А. Н. К вопросу о численности вооружённых сил Российского государства в XVI в.//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr. 1-2. pp. 63-64</ref> Based on figures from the well-documented ] campaign of 1563, the author gives the following estimates: 400–500 Tatars, 200 boyar sons of the sovereign's regiment, 3,000 Novgorodian and Pskovians, and about 3,600 representatives of other towns, altogether about 7,200 noblemen. Once servants are included, the overall size of the Muscovite army could be 13,000-15,000 men. Considering the losses during the campaign, the level of desertion which is documented in the sources and the number of soldiers left as a garrison in Smolensk; the number of Muscovite troops present at Orsha could have been as low as about 12,000 men.<ref name="Lobin"/> | The Russian historian A. Lobin tried to calculate the size of the Muscovite army at Orsha based on the mobilisation capacities of the towns which had to send townspeople for military service.<ref>Лобин А. Н. К вопросу о численности вооружённых сил Российского государства в XVI в.//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr 1-2. pp.45-78</ref> It is known that except for Boyar sons of the sovereign's regiment, the army consisted of people from at least 14 towns: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>Лобин А. Н. К вопросу о численности вооружённых сил Российского государства в XVI в.//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr. 1-2. pp. 63-64</ref> Based on figures from the well-documented ] campaign of 1563, the author gives the following estimates: 400–500 Tatars, 200 boyar sons of the sovereign's regiment, 3,000 Novgorodian and Pskovians, and about 3,600 representatives of other towns, altogether about 7,200 noblemen. Once servants are included, the overall size of the Muscovite army could be 13,000-15,000 men. Considering the losses during the campaign, the level of desertion which is documented in the sources and the number of soldiers left as a garrison in Smolensk; the number of Muscovite troops present at Orsha could have been as low as about 12,000 men.<ref name="Lobin"/> | ||
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| ==Battle== | ==Battle== | ||
| ], 1903).]] | ], 1903).]] | ||
| On 8 September 1514, shortly after dawn, ] gave the order to attack. The Muscovite forces attempted to outflank the Lithuanians and Poles by attacking their flanks, which were manned by Polish, Lithuanian light hussar and Tartar troops. One of the pincers of the attack was commanded by Chelyadnin personally, while the other was led by Prince ]. The initial attack failed, and the Muscovites withdrew toward their starting positions. Chelyadnin was still confident that the odds, almost 3:1 in his favor, would give him the victory. However, preoccupied with his own wing of the Muscovite forces, he lost track of the other sectors and failed to coordinate a defense against the counterattack by the |
On 8 September 1514, shortly after dawn, ] gave the order to attack. The Muscovite forces attempted to outflank the Lithuanians and Poles by attacking their flanks, which were manned by Polish, Lithuanian light hussar and Tartar troops. One of the pincers of the attack was commanded by Chelyadnin personally, while the other was led by Prince ]. The initial attack failed, and the Muscovites withdrew toward their starting positions. Chelyadnin was still confident that the odds, almost 3:1 in his favor, would give him the victory. However, preoccupied with his own wing of the Muscovite forces, he lost track of the other sectors and failed to coordinate a defense against the counterattack by the Polish heavy and Lithuanian light cavalry, which until then had been kept in reserve. | ||
| The |
The Polish and Lithuanian ] and Tartars attacked the overstretched center of the Muscovite lines in an attempt to split them. At the crucial moment the Polish-Lithuanian cavalry seemed to waver, then went into retreat. The Muscovites pursued with all their ] reserves. The Polish and Lithuanian Tartars cavalry, after retreating for several minutes under chase from the Russians, suddenly turned to the sides. The Muscovite cavalry now found themselves confronted by ] concealed in the forest. From both sides, Polish and Lithuanian forces appeared and proceeded to surround the Muscovites. Ivan Chelyadnin sounded ], which soon became somewhat panicky. The Muscovite forces were pursued by the army of the ] for five kilometres. | ||
| The Muscovite defeat is often attributed to repeated failures by Ivan Chelyadnin and ] to coordinate their operations. | The Muscovite defeat is often attributed to repeated failures by Ivan Chelyadnin and ] to coordinate their operations. | ||
| ] reported that 40,000 Muscovites were killed.<ref name="baranauskas"/> According to accounts in Polish ]s, 30,000 Russians were killed and an additional 3,000 were taken captive, including Ivan Chelyadnin and eight other commanders. The forces of the |
] reported that 40,000 Muscovites were killed.<ref name="baranauskas"/> According to accounts in Polish ]s, 30,000 Russians were killed and an additional 3,000 were taken captive, including Ivan Chelyadnin and eight other commanders. The forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania seized the Muscovite ] and all 300 ]s. Upset at word of the massive defeat, Grand Prince ] allegedly remarked that "the prisoners as useful as the dead".<ref name="baranauskas"/> | ||
| ==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Ostrogski's forces continued their pursuit of the routed Russian army and retook most of the previously captured strongholds, including ] and Krychev, and the advancement of the Russians was stopped for four years.<ref name="baranauskas"/> However, the |
Ostrogski's forces continued their pursuit of the routed Russian army and retook most of the previously captured strongholds, including ] and Krychev, and the advancement of the Russians was stopped for four years.<ref name="baranauskas"/> However, the Polish and Lithuanian forces were too exhausted to besiege ] before the winter. This meant that Ostrogski did not reach the gates of Smolensk until late September, giving Vasili III enough time to prepare defense. | ||
| In December 1514, ] ] triumphantly entered ]. To commemorate the victory, two Orthodox churches were erected: the Church of the Holy Trinity and the ], which remain among the most impressive examples of ] architecture in Lithuania. Immediately after the victory, the Polish–Lithuanian state started to exploit the battle for its ] aimed at other nations in Europe, with the intent of improving the image of Poland-Lithuania abroad. Several panegyrical accounts of the battle were sent to ]. "The Polish message was similar to Bomhover's: the Muscovites are not Christians; they are cruel and barbaric; they are Asians and not Europeans; they are in league with Turks and the Tatars to destroy Christendom".<ref name=poe>{{cite book |first=Marshall T. |last=Poe |title=A People Born to Slavery: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1478-1748 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bvLHqFOTLL4C&pg=PA21 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2001 |isbn= 0-8014-3798-9 |page=21}}</ref> | In December 1514, ] ] triumphantly entered ]. To commemorate the victory, two Orthodox churches were erected: the Church of the Holy Trinity and the ], which remain among the most impressive examples of ] architecture in Lithuania. Immediately after the victory, the Polish–Lithuanian state started to exploit the battle for its ] aimed at other nations in Europe, with the intent of improving the image of Poland-Lithuania abroad. Several panegyrical accounts of the battle were sent to ]. "The Polish message was similar to Bomhover's: the Muscovites are not Christians; they are cruel and barbaric; they are Asians and not Europeans; they are in league with Turks and the Tatars to destroy Christendom".<ref name=poe>{{cite book |first=Marshall T. |last=Poe |title=A People Born to Slavery: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1478-1748 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bvLHqFOTLL4C&pg=PA21 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2001 |isbn= 0-8014-3798-9 |page=21}}</ref> | ||
| Impressed by the scope of the |
Impressed by the scope of the Polish and Lithuanian victory, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, started peace negotiations with the ] in Vienna. On 22 July 1515, final agreements for peace were made and the broad coalition against Poland and Lithuania ceased.<ref name="baranauskas"/> | ||
| The war between the ] and ] lasted until 1520. In 1522 a peace was signed, under the terms of which Lithuania was forced to cede to Moscow about a quarter of its possessions within the lands of the former ], including ]. The latter city was not retaken until almost a century later, in 1611. After the peace agreement of 1522, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania tried to attack Russia one more time, but major military conflicts were settled for around 40 years.<ref name="baranauskas"/> | The war between the ] and ] lasted until 1520. In 1522 a peace was signed, under the terms of which Lithuania was forced to cede to Moscow about a quarter of its possessions within the lands of the former ], including ]. The latter city was not retaken until almost a century later, in 1611. After the peace agreement of 1522, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania tried to attack Russia one more time, but major military conflicts were settled for around 40 years.<ref name="baranauskas"/> | ||
| Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
| The battle is regarded by ] as a symbol of national revival, but its significance is being suppressed by state authorities. In September 2005, by order of President ], four members of the ] opposition were each fined almost 4 million ] (roughly ]1,500) for celebrating the 491st anniversary of the battle. | The battle is regarded by ] as a symbol of national revival, but its significance is being suppressed by state authorities. In September 2005, by order of President ], four members of the ] opposition were each fined almost 4 million ] (roughly ]1,500) for celebrating the 491st anniversary of the battle. | ||
| The Battle of Orsha is commemorated on the ], with the inscription "ORSZA 8 IX 1514". | The Battle of Orsha is commemorated as one of the greatest Polish victories on the ], with the inscription "ORSZA 8 IX 1514". | ||
| ==Popular Culture== | ==Popular Culture== | ||
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| Battle of Orsha | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the fourth Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1512–1522) | |||||||
,_Bitwa_pod_Orsz%C4%85.jpg) Painting attributed to Hans Krell | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland | Grand Duchy of Moscow | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Konstanty Ostrogski | Ivan Chelyadnin (POW) | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
12,000 300 cannons |
12,000 140 to 300 cannons | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | 13,000-40.000 dead and wounded, at least 5,000 captured | ||||||
| Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1512–1522) | |
|---|---|
The Battle of Orsha was fought on 8 September 1514, between the allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, under the command of Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski; and the army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow under Konyushy Ivan Chelyadnin and Kniaz Mikhail Golitsin. The Battle of Orsha was part of a long series of Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars conducted by Muscovite rulers striving to gather all the former Kievan Rus' lands under their rule.
According to Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii by Sigismund von Herberstein, the primary source for information on the battle, the much smaller army of Poland–Lithuania (under 30,000 men) defeated a force of 80,000 Muscovite soldiers, capturing their camp and commander.
Eve of battle
At the end of 1512, the Grand Duchy of Moscow began a new war for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's Ruthenian lands in present-day Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Albrecht I, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, rebelled and refused to give a vassal pledge to Sigismund I the Old, the king of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, as required by the Second Peace of Thorn (1466). Albrecht I was supported by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
The fortress of Smolensk was then the easternmost outpost of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and one of the most important strongholds guarding it from the east. It repelled several Muscovite attacks, but in July 1514 a Muscovite army besieged and finally captured it. Spurred on by this initial success, the Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III ordered his forces farther into present-day Belarus, occupying the towns of Krichev, Mstislavl and Dubrovna.
Meanwhile, Sigismund the Old gathered some 35,000 troops for war with his eastern neighbor. This army was inferior in numbers, but consisted mostly of well-trained cavalry. The forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania placed under the command of Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski included 14,000 Polish cavalry (light and heavy), 3,000 Polish mercenary infantry, 16,000 Lithuania cavalry and 2,500 volunteers, mostly from Bohemia. Sigismund left 4,000–5,000 men in the town of Barysau, while the main force, around 30,000 strong, moved on to face the Muscovites. At the end of August, several skirmishes took place at the crossings of the Berezina, Bobr and Drut Rivers, but the Muscovite army avoided a major confrontation.
Suffering negligible losses, the Muscovites advanced to the area between Orsha and Dubrovno on the Krapivna River, where they set up camp. Ivan Chelyadnin, confident that the Polish-Lithuanian forces would have to cross one of the two bridges on the Dnieper River, split his own forces to guard those crossings. However, Ostrogski's army crossed the river farther north via two pontoon bridges. On the night of 7 September, the Polish-Lithuanian army began preparations for a final battle with the Muscovites. Hetman Konstantyn Ostrogski placed most of his 16,000 horses from the Grand Duchy in the center, while most of the Polish infantry and the auxiliary troops manned the flanks. The Bohemian and Silesian infantry were deployed in the center of the line, in front of the reserves comprising Polish and Lithuanian cavalry.
The size of the Muscovite army
The size of the Muscovite army remains an unsolved question. Narrative Polish-Lithuanian sources generally give large numbers. King Sigismund wrote to Pope Leo X about a "horde of Muscovites" which consisted of 80,000 men. Sigismund also claimed that his army had killed 30,000 Muscovites and taken prisoner 46 commanders and 1,500 nobles. Extant Polish and Lithuanian documents, however, list all captured nobles by name; only 611 men in all. The Polish historian Bohun considers it improvident to rely on what he terms "propaganda data" given by Sigismund. Gembarowicz (another Polish researcher) is of the opinion that the Muscovite army was about 40,000 strong. It also remains unclear why - if the figure of 70,000–80,000 men is to be trusted - King Sigismund (who knew about this superiority of the Muscovite army from Mikhail Glinsky's letters) kept a personal guard of about 5,000 men (about 15% of his army) in reserve, without sending them into the battle. The Muscovite chronicles (Novgorodian and Sophian codexes) claim a Polish-Lithuanian numerical superiority.
The Russian historian A. Lobin tried to calculate the size of the Muscovite army at Orsha based on the mobilisation capacities of the towns which had to send townspeople for military service. It is known that except for Boyar sons of the sovereign's regiment, the army consisted of people from at least 14 towns: Novgorod, Pskov, Velikie Luki, Kostroma, Murom, Borovsk, Tver, Volok, Roslavl, Vyazma, Pereyaslavl, Kolomna, Yaroslavl and Starodub. Based on figures from the well-documented Polotsk campaign of 1563, the author gives the following estimates: 400–500 Tatars, 200 boyar sons of the sovereign's regiment, 3,000 Novgorodian and Pskovians, and about 3,600 representatives of other towns, altogether about 7,200 noblemen. Once servants are included, the overall size of the Muscovite army could be 13,000-15,000 men. Considering the losses during the campaign, the level of desertion which is documented in the sources and the number of soldiers left as a garrison in Smolensk; the number of Muscovite troops present at Orsha could have been as low as about 12,000 men.
This calculation method has been backed by such historians as Brian Davies (University of Texas at San Antonio, USA), N. Smirnov, A. Pankov, O. Kurbatov, М. Krom, and V. Penskoy.
Battle
On 8 September 1514, shortly after dawn, Ivan Chelyadnin gave the order to attack. The Muscovite forces attempted to outflank the Lithuanians and Poles by attacking their flanks, which were manned by Polish, Lithuanian light hussar and Tartar troops. One of the pincers of the attack was commanded by Chelyadnin personally, while the other was led by Prince Bulgakov-Golitsa. The initial attack failed, and the Muscovites withdrew toward their starting positions. Chelyadnin was still confident that the odds, almost 3:1 in his favor, would give him the victory. However, preoccupied with his own wing of the Muscovite forces, he lost track of the other sectors and failed to coordinate a defense against the counterattack by the Polish heavy and Lithuanian light cavalry, which until then had been kept in reserve.
The Polish and Lithuanian light horse and Tartars attacked the overstretched center of the Muscovite lines in an attempt to split them. At the crucial moment the Polish-Lithuanian cavalry seemed to waver, then went into retreat. The Muscovites pursued with all their cavalry reserves. The Polish and Lithuanian Tartars cavalry, after retreating for several minutes under chase from the Russians, suddenly turned to the sides. The Muscovite cavalry now found themselves confronted by artillery concealed in the forest. From both sides, Polish and Lithuanian forces appeared and proceeded to surround the Muscovites. Ivan Chelyadnin sounded retreat, which soon became somewhat panicky. The Muscovite forces were pursued by the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for five kilometres.
The Muscovite defeat is often attributed to repeated failures by Ivan Chelyadnin and Golitsa to coordinate their operations.
Sigismund von Herberstein reported that 40,000 Muscovites were killed. According to accounts in Polish chronicles, 30,000 Russians were killed and an additional 3,000 were taken captive, including Ivan Chelyadnin and eight other commanders. The forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania seized the Muscovite camp and all 300 cannons. Upset at word of the massive defeat, Grand Prince Vasili III allegedly remarked that "the prisoners as useful as the dead".
Aftermath
Ostrogski's forces continued their pursuit of the routed Russian army and retook most of the previously captured strongholds, including Mstislavl and Krychev, and the advancement of the Russians was stopped for four years. However, the Polish and Lithuanian forces were too exhausted to besiege Smolensk before the winter. This meant that Ostrogski did not reach the gates of Smolensk until late September, giving Vasili III enough time to prepare defense.
In December 1514, Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski triumphantly entered Vilnius. To commemorate the victory, two Orthodox churches were erected: the Church of the Holy Trinity and the Church of Saint Nicholas, which remain among the most impressive examples of Orthodox Church architecture in Lithuania. Immediately after the victory, the Polish–Lithuanian state started to exploit the battle for its propaganda aimed at other nations in Europe, with the intent of improving the image of Poland-Lithuania abroad. Several panegyrical accounts of the battle were sent to Rome. "The Polish message was similar to Bomhover's: the Muscovites are not Christians; they are cruel and barbaric; they are Asians and not Europeans; they are in league with Turks and the Tatars to destroy Christendom".
Impressed by the scope of the Polish and Lithuanian victory, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, started peace negotiations with the Jagiellons in Vienna. On 22 July 1515, final agreements for peace were made and the broad coalition against Poland and Lithuania ceased.
The war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Grand Duchy of Moscow lasted until 1520. In 1522 a peace was signed, under the terms of which Lithuania was forced to cede to Moscow about a quarter of its possessions within the lands of the former Kievan Rus', including Smolensk. The latter city was not retaken until almost a century later, in 1611. After the peace agreement of 1522, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania tried to attack Russia one more time, but major military conflicts were settled for around 40 years.
Modern times
The battle is regarded by Belarusians as a symbol of national revival, but its significance is being suppressed by state authorities. In September 2005, by order of President Alexander Lukashenko, four members of the Belarusian National Front opposition were each fined almost 4 million rubles (roughly €1,500) for celebrating the 491st anniversary of the battle.
The Battle of Orsha is commemorated as one of the greatest Polish victories on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "ORSZA 8 IX 1514".
Popular Culture
On the BBC television program Being Human, Hal Yorke was made a vampire after the Battle of Orsha.
References
- Лобин А. Н. К вопросу о численности и составе польско-литовской армии в битве под Оршей в 1514 г. // Праблемы інтэграцыі і iнкарпарацыі ў развіцці Цэнтральнай і Усходняй Еўропы ў перыяд ранняга Новага часу. Мінск, 2010. С. 18-42
- ^ Podhorodecki, Leszek (1997). Sławne bitwy Polaków. MADA. pp. 105–106. ISBN 8386170247.
- ^ Spieralski, Zdzisław (1965). Wojskowość polska w okresie odrodzenia Zarys dziejów wojskowości polskiej do roku 1864, t. I, pod red. Janusza Sikorskiego. p. 331.
- ^ Wojciechowski, Zygmunt (1946). Zygmunt Stary (1506-1548). p. 50.
- ^ Лобин А. Н. К вопросу о численности вооружённых сил Российского государства в XVI в.//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr 1-2. p. 66
- ^ Baranauskas, Tomas (2006-09-08). "Oršos mūšis – didžiausia Lietuvos karinė pergalė prieš Rusiją" (in Lithuanian).
- Лобин А. Н. К вопросу о численности вооружённых сил Российского государства в XVI в.//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr. 1-2. page 61
- Bohun T. Bitwa pod Orsza 08.09.1514 // Rzeczpospolita. 2006. ¹ 4/20. S. 13.
- Лобин А. Н. К вопросу о численности вооружённых сил Российского государства в XVI в.//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr 1-2. pp.45-78
- Лобин А. Н. К вопросу о численности вооружённых сил Российского государства в XVI в.//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr. 1-2. pp. 63-64
- Форум//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr 1-2. pp.120-121
- Курбатов О. А. Отклик на статью А. Н. Лобина//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr 1-2. pp.104-119
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- Пенской В. В. Некоторые соображения по поводу статьи А. Н. Лобина «К вопросу о численности вооружённых сил Российского государства XVI в.»//Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2009 Nr. 1-2. pp.79-90
- Poe, Marshall T. (2001). A People Born to Slavery: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1478-1748. Cornell University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8014-3798-9.
External links
- Cherkas, B. Battle of Orsha. Prince of Ostroh against Prince of Moscow. Ukrayinska Pravda (originally from Tyzhden). July 24, 2013.