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The men's rights movement (MRM) is a part of the larger men's movement. It branched off from the men's liberation movement in the early 1970s. The men's rights movement is made up of a variety of groups and individuals who focus on numerous social issues (including family law, parenting, reproduction, domestic violence) and government services (including education, compulsory military service, social safety nets, and health policies), which men's rights advocates say discriminate against men.

Some scholars consider the men's rights movement or parts of the movement to be a backlash to feminism. Men's rights activists contest claims by feminists that men have greater power, privilege or advantage than women and many argue that modern feminism has gone too far and greater attention should be placed on men's rights.

Claims and activities associated with the men's rights movement have been criticized by some scholars, the Southern Poverty Law Center, and commentators. Some sectors of the movement have been described as misogynistic. Others argue that perceived disadvantage is often due to loss of entitlement and privilege.

History

Forerunners

The term "men's rights" was used at least as early as February 1856 when it appeared in Putnam's Magazine.

Three loosely connected men's rights organizations formed in Austria in the interwar period. The League for Men's Rights was founded in 1926 with the goal of "combatting all excesses of women's emancipation". In 1927, the Justitia League for Family Law Reform and the Aequitas World's League for the Rights of Men split from the League of Men's Rights. The three men's rights groups opposed women's entry into the labor market and what they saw as the corrosive influence of the women's movement on social and legal institutions. They criticized marriage and family laws, especially the requirement to pay spousal and child support to former wives and illegitimate children, and supported the use of blood tests to determine paternity. Justitia and Aequitas issued their own short-lived journals Men's Rightists' [sic?] Newspaper and Self-Defense where they expressed their views that were heavily influenced by the works of Heinrich Schurtz, Otto Weininger, and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels. The organizations ceased to exist before 1939.

Movement

The modern men's rights movement emerged from the men's liberation movement, which appeared in the first half of the 1970s when some scholars began to study feminist ideas and politics. The men's liberation movement acknowledged men's institutional power while critically examining the costs of traditional masculinity. In the late 1970s, the men's liberation movement split into two separate strands with opposing views: the pro-feminist men's movement and the anti-feminist men's rights movement. Men's rights activists have rejected feminist principles and focused on areas in which they believe men are disadvantaged, oppressed, or discriminated against. In the 1980s and 90s, men's rights activists opposed societal changes sought by feminists and defended the traditional gender order in the family, schools and the workplace. Some men's rights activists see men as an oppressed group and believe that society and men have been "feminized" by the women's movement. Sarah Maddison, an Australian author, has claimed that Warren Farrell and Herb Goldberg "argue that, for most men, power is an illusion, and that women are the true power holders in society through their roles as the primary carers and nurturers of children."

One of the first major men's rights organizations was the Coalition of American Divorce Reform Elements, founded by Richard Doyle in 1971, from which the Men's Rights Association spun off in 1973. Free Men Inc. was founded in 1977 in Columbia, Maryland, spawning several chapters over the following years, which eventually merged to form the National Coalition of Free Men (now known as the National Coalition for Men). Men's Rights, Inc. was also formed in 1977. In the United Kingdom, a men's rights group calling itself the UK Men's Movement began to organize in the early 1990s. The Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) was founded in 2005, and in 2010 claimed to have over 30,000 members.

Men's rights groups have formed in some European countries during periods of shifts toward conservatism and policies supporting traditional family and gender relations. In the United States, the men's rights movement has ideological ties to neoconservatism. Men's rights activists have received lobbying support from conservative organizations and their arguments have been covered extensively in neoconservative media.

The men's rights movement has become more vocal and more organized since the development of the internet. The manosphere has emerged and men's rights websites have proliferated on the internet. Activists mostly organize online. The most popular men's rights site is A Voice for Men. Other sites dedicated to men's rights issues are the Fathers Rights Foundation, MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way), and subreddits /r/MensRights. Men's rights activists often use the red pill and blue pill metaphor from a scene in The Matrix to identify each other online and in reference to the moment they came to believe that men are oppressed.Critics say that r/TheRedpill is a subreddit dedicated to men's rights. However others from within the subreddit, say they focus on personal and interpersonal improvement. Some critics, outside the subreddit, say r/TheRedPill doesn't really care for the men’s rights movement and that MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way) are people who have no patience for either /r/TheRedPill or Men's Rights.

Political parties focusing on men's rights have been formed including the Australian Non-Custodial Parents Party (Equal Parenting), the Israeli Man's Rights in the Family Party, and the Justice for Men and Boys party in the UK.

Most men's rights activists in the United States are white, middle-class, heterosexual men. Prominent activists include Warren Farrell, Herb Goldberg, The Rape of the Male author Richard Doyle, and Asa Baber. Recently, several women have emerged as leading voices of the MRM, including Karen Straughan, Helen Smith, and Erin Pizzey.

Relation to feminism

Many scholars consider the men's rights movement a backlash or countermovement to feminism. Bob Lingard and Peter Douglas suggest that the conservative wing of the men's rights movement, rather than the men's rights position in general, is an antifeminist backlash. Masculinities scholar Jonathan A. Allan described the men's rights movement as a reactive movement that is defined by its opposition to women and feminism but that has not yet formulated its own theories and methodologies outside of antifeminism. Scholar Michael Messner notes that the early men's rights movement "appropriates the symmetrical language of sex roles" first used by feminists, which implies a false balance of institutional power between men and women.

The men's rights movement generally incorporates points of view that reject feminist and profeminist ideas. Men's rights activists have said that they believe that feminism has overshot its objective and harmed men. They believe that rights have been taken away from men and that men are victims of feminism and feminizing influences in society. They dispute that men as a group have institutional power and privilege and believe that men are often victimized and disadvantaged relative to women. Men's rights groups generally reject the notion that feminism is interested in men's problems, and some men's rights activists have viewed the women's movement as a plot to conceal discrimination against men.

Reactions/criticism

Sectors of the men's rights movement have been viewed as exhibiting misogynistic tendencies. The Southern Poverty Law Center has said that while some of the websites, blogs and forums related to the movement "voice legitimate and sometimes disturbing complaints about the treatment of men, what is most remarkable is the misogynistic tone that pervades so many." Other studies have pointed towards men's rights groups in India trying to change or completely abolish important legal protections for women as a form of patriarchal anxiety as well as being problematic towards women.

Professor Ruth M. Mann of the University of Windsor in Canada said that men's rights groups fuel an international rhetoric of hatred and victimization by disseminating information via online forums and websites containing constantly-updated "diatribes against feminism, ex-wives, child support, shelters, and the family law and criminal justice systems." According to Mann, these stories reignite their hatred and reinforce their beliefs that the system is biased against men and that feminism is responsible for a large scale and ongoing "cover-up" of men's victimization. Mann says that although existing legislation in Canada acknowledges that men are also victims of domestic violence, men's advocates demand government recognition that men are equally or more victimized by domestic violence. Mann also states that in contrast to feminist groups who have advocated for domestic violence services on behalf of other historically oppressed groups in addition to women, such as individuals impacted by poverty, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, etc., men's rights groups have attempted to achieve their goals by actively opposing and attempting to dismantle services and supports put in place to protect abused women and children. Other researchers such as Michael Flood have accused the men's rights movement, particularly the father's rights group in Australia, of endangering women, children, and even men who are at greater risk of abuse and violence. Flood states that the men'rights/father's rights group in Australia pursues "equality with a vengeance" or equal policies with negative outcomes and motives in order to re-establish paternal authority over the well-being of children and women as well as positive parenting.

Issues

The men's rights movement is concerned with a wide variety of issues, some of which have spawned their own groups or movements, such as the fathers' rights movement, concerned specifically with divorce and child custody issues. Some if not many men's rights issues stem from double standards, gender roles, and, according to sociologist Allan Johnson, patriarchy.

Adoption

Men's rights activists seek to expand the rights of unwed fathers in case of their child's adoption. Warren Farrell states that in failing to inform the father of her pregnancy, an expectant mother deprives an adopted child of a relationship with the biological father. He proposes that women be legally required to make every reasonable effort to notify the father of her pregnancy within four to five days. In response, philosopher James P. Sterba agrees that for moral reasons a woman should inform the father of the pregnancy and adoption, but this should not be imposed as a legal requirement as it might result in undue pressure, for example, to have an abortion.

Anti-dowry laws

Men's rights organizations such as Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) state that women misuse legislation meant to protect them from dowry death and bride burnings. SIFF is a men's rights organization in India that focuses on the abuse of anti-dowry laws against men. SIFF has campaigned to abolish Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, which protects wives from being harassed for refusing to pay dowries. SIFF states anti-dowry laws are regularly being abused to settle petty disputes in marriage and that they regularly receive calls from many men whose wives have used false dowry claims to imprison them.

Child custody

Family law is an area of deep concern among men's rights groups. Men's rights activists argue that the legal system and family courts discriminate against men, especially in regards to child custody after divorce. They believe that men do not have the same contact rights or equitable shared parenting rights as their ex-spouse and use statistics on custody awards as evidence of judicial bias against men. Men's rights advocates seek to change the legal climate for men through changes in family law, for example by lobbying for laws that would make joint custody the default custody arrangement except in cases where one parent is unfit or unwilling to parent. They adopted the feminist rhetoric of "rights" and "equality" in their discourse, framing custody issues as a matter of basic civil rights. Some men's rights activists suggest that the lack of contact with their children makes fathers less willing to pay child support. Some others cite the parental alienation syndrome as a reason to grant custody to fathers.

Critics argue that empirical research does not support the notion of judicial bias against men and that men's rights advocates interpret statistics in a way that ignores the fact that the majority of men do not contest custody. Studies have found fair assessment in child custody decisions and that legal appointees were more likely to award custody to parents with interpersonal sensitive traits such as warmth or caring regardless of gender. Academics critique the rhetorical framing of custody decisions, stating that men's rights advocates appeal for "equal rights" without specifying the constitutional rights that they believe have been violated. Critics assert that the men's rights rhetoric of children's "needs" that accompanies their plea for equal rights helps deflect criticism that it is motivated by self-interest and masks men's rights advocates' own claims. On the other hand, research finds that feminist reproductive rights rhetoric marginalizes men and excludes considerations of paternity. Deborah Rhode argues that contrary to the claims of some men's rights activists, research shows that joint legal custody does not increase the likelihood that fathers will pay child support or remain involved parents. Michael Flood argues that the father's rights movement seems to prioritize re-establishing paternal authority over actual involvement with the children, and that they prioritize formal principles of equality over positive parenting and well-being of the children.

Circumcision

Observers have noted that the 'Intactivist' movement, an anti-circumcision movement, has some overlap with the men's rights movement. Some men's rights activists object to routine neonatal circumcision and criticize that female genital mutilation has received more attention than male circumcision.

The controversy around non-consensual circumcision of children for non-therapeutic reasons is not exclusive to the men's rights movement, and involves concerns of medical ethics. Some doctors and academics have argued that circumcision is a violation of men's right to health and bodily integrity, while others have disagreed.

Criminal justice

Sonja B. Starr conducted a study that found that the prison sentences that men serve are on average 63% longer than those that women serve when controlling for arrest offense and criminal history. However, the study does not purport to explain why this is the case. Sonja B. Starr denies that men are disadvantaged generally. Warren Farrell identifies 12 criminal defenses that are only available to women. Men's rights advocates have argued that men being over-represented in both those who commit murder and the victims of murder is evidence that men are being harmed by outmoded cultural attitudes. The National Coalition for Men states that killing a female rather than a male raises sentence length by more than does killing a white person rather than a black person.

Divorce

Men's rights groups in the United States began organizing in opposition of divorce reform and custody issues around the 1960s. The men involved in the early organization claimed that family and divorce law discriminated against them and favored their wives. Men's rights leader Rich Doyle likened divorce courts to slaughter-houses, considering their judgements uncompassionate and unreasonable.

Men's rights activists assert that men are consciously or unconsciously opting out of marriage and engaging in a "marriage strike" as a result of the lack of benefits in marriage and the emotional and financial consequences of divorce, including alimony and child custody and support. Men's rights activists have argued that divorce and custody laws violate men's individual rights to equal protection. Gwendolyn Leachman writes that this sort of framing "downplays the systemic biases that women face that justify protective divorce and custody laws".

Domestic violence

Men's rights advocates describe domestic violence committed by women against men as a problem that goes ignored and under-reported, in part because men are reluctant to describe themselves as victims. They state that women are as aggressive or more aggressive than men in relationships and that domestic violence is sex-symmetrical. They cite family conflict research by Murray Straus and Richard Gelles as evidence of sex-symmetry. Men's rights advocates argue that judicial systems too easily accept false allegations of domestic violence by women against their male partners. Men's rights advocates have been critics of legal, policy and practical protections for abused women, campaigning for domestic violence shelters for battered men and for the legal system to be educated about women's violence against men.

Some critics have rejected the research cited by men's rights activists and dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical, arguing that the focus on women's violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the issue of men's violence against women and to undermine services to abused women.

Education

Men's rights activists describe the education of boys as being in crisis, with boys having reduced educational achievement and motivation compared to girls. Advocates blame the influence of feminism on education for discrimination against and systematic oppression of boys in the education system. They critique what they describe as the "feminization" of education, stating that the predominance of female teachers, a focus on girls' needs as well as a curricula and assessment methods that favour girls have proved repressive and restrictive to men and boys. However a meta-analysis found greater female achievement and "... suggest that boys have been lagging for a long time", which contradicted claims a "boy crisis" in school being recent. However, the article does not eliminate feminist bias and specifically includes statements like "... gender differences in class behavior could affect teachers’ subjective perceptions of students, which in turn might affect their grades". Another study has also found gender differences in academic achievement is not reliably linked to gender policies and that female academic achievement is greater than boys' in 70% of studied countries around the globe.. However, this is contradicted in Australia by ACARA's independent NAPLAN findings that state "... Since their introduction, a subtle but consistent pattern of gender differences in performance on the NAPLAN tests has emerged, with boys regularly outperforming girls in numeracy, and girls consistently outperforming boys in the reading, writing, spelling, and grammar and punctuation components". To further add to the confusion with other evidence presented, there has been an obvious, unexplainable and significant drop in the number of boys at university from 61% to 46% since 1974. Similar trends have been observed in the UK, which has had similar feminization policy.

Men's rights groups call for increased recognition of masculinity, greater numbers of male role models, more competitive sports and the increased responsibilities for boys in the school setting. They have also advocated clearer school routines, more traditional school structures, including single-sex classes, and stricter discipline.

Critics suggest that men's rights groups view boys as a homogeneous group sharing common experiences of schooling and that they do not take sufficient account in their analysis of how responses to educational approaches may differ by age, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, and class.

In Australia, men's rights discourse has influenced government policy documents. Less impact has been noted in the United Kingdom, where feminists have historically had less influence on educational policy.. However, despite assurances that feminists have had less of an impact on education, Mary Curnock Cook, the Ucas chief executive, had a contrasting view about feminization in the UK when she said "But despite the clear evidence and despite the press coverage, there is a deafening policy silence on the issue. Has the women’s movement now become so normalised that we cannot conceive of needing to take positive action to secure equal education outcomes for boys?”

Female privilege

The men's rights movement disputes the idea that men are privileged relative to women. The movement is divided into two camps: those who consider men and women to be harmed equally by sexism, and those who view society as endorsing the degradation of men and upholding female privileges.

Governmental structures

Men's rights groups have called for male-majority governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education, health, work and marriage. Men's rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men's Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men, as well as the abolition of the National Commission for Women. In the United Kingdom, the creation of a Minister for Men analogous to the existing Minister for Women, have been proposed by David Amess, MP and Lord Northbourne, but were rejected by the government headed by Prime Minister Tony Blair. In the United States, Warren Farrell heads a commission focused on the creation of a White House Council on Boys and Men as a counterpart to the White House Council on Women and Girls, which was formed in March 2009.

Health

Men's rights activists view the health issues faced by men and their shorter life spans compared to women as evidence of discrimination and oppression. They state that feminism has led to women's health issues being privileged at the expense of men's. They point to higher suicide rates in men compared to women, and highlight the disparity in funding of men's health issues as compared to women's, noting that, for example, prostate cancer research receives less funding than breast-cancer research. David Benatar has suggested that more money should be put into health research on males in order to reduce the disparity between men's and women's life expectancy. Dr. Warren Farrell states that industrialization raised the stress level of men while lowering the stress-level of women by pulling men away from the home and the family and pushing women closer to home and family. He cites this an explanation why men are more likely to die from all 15 leading causes of death than women at all ages. He argues that the U.S. government having an Office of Research on Women's health but no Office of Research on Men's Health, along with the U.S. federal government spending twice as much money on Women's health as on Men's health, shows that society considers men more disposable than women.

Some have critiqued these claims, stating, as Michael Messner puts it, that the poorer health outcomes are the heavy costs paid by men "for conformity with the narrow definitions of masculinity that promise to bring them status and privilege" and that these costs fall disproportionately on men who are marginalized socially and economically. In this view, according to Michael Flood, men's health would best be improved by "tackling destructive notions of manhood, an economic system which values profit and productivity over workers' health, and the ignorance of service providers", instead of blaming a feminist health movement.

Homelessness

Men's rights advocates argue that homelessness is a gendered issue. In Britain, most homeless people are male. In the United States, 85% of Homeless people are male.

Military conscription

Men's rights activists have argued that sole military conscription of men is an example of discrimination against men.

In 1971, draft resisters in the United States initiated a class-action suit alleging that male-only conscription violated men's rights to equal protection under the US constitution. When the case, Rostker v. Goldberg, reached the Supreme Court in 1981, they were supported by a men's rights group and multiple women's groups, including the National Organization for Women. However, the Supreme Court upheld the Military Selective Service Act, stating that "the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than 'equity'". The 2016 decision by Defense Secretary Ash Carter to make all combat positions open to women relaunched debate over whether or not women should be required to register for the Selective Service System.

Paternity fraud

Men's and fathers' rights groups have stated that there are high levels of misattributed paternity or "paternity fraud", where men are parenting and/or supporting financially children who are not biologically their own. They hold biological views of fatherhood, emphasizing the imperative of the genetic foundation of paternity rather than social aspects of fatherhood. They state that men should not be forced to support children fathered by another man, and that men are harmed because a relationship is created between a man and non-biological children while denying the children and their biological father of that experience and knowledge of their genetic history. In addition, non-biological fathers are denied the resources to have their own biological children in another relationship. Men's rights activists support the use of paternity testing to reassure presumed fathers about the child's paternity; men's and fathers' rights groups have called for compulsory paternity testing of all children. They have campaigned vigorously in support of men who have been shown by genetic testing not to be the biological father, but who are nevertheless required to be financially responsible for them. Prompted by these concerns, legislators in certain jurisdictions have supported this biological view and have passed laws providing relief from child support payments when a man is proved not to be the father. Australian men's rights groups have opposed the recommendations of a report by the Australian Law Reform Commission and the National Health and Medical Research Council that would require the consent of both parents for paternity testing of young children, and laws that would make it illegal to obtain a sample for DNA testing without the individual's consent. Sociologist Michael Gilding asserts that men's rights activists have exaggerated the rate and extent of misattributed paternity, which he estimates at about 1–3%. He opposed unnecessary calls for mandatory paternity testing of all children.

Prison

Men's rights activists point to differential prison terms for men and women as evidence of discrimination. In the USA, Warren Farrell cites evidence that men receive harsher prison sentences and are more likely sentenced to death in the United States. He critiques society's belief in women as more innocent and credible, as well as battered woman and infanticide defenses. He criticizes conditions in men's prisons and the lack of attention to prison male-to-male rape by authorities.

Rape

False accusations against men

Men's rights activists are concerned with false accusations of rape and sexual assault, and desire to protect men from the negative consequences of false accusations. Quoting research including those by Eugene Kanin and the U.S. Air Force, they assert that 40–50% or more of rape allegations may be false. They state that false accusations are a form of psychological rape, and that the naming of the accused while providing the accuser with anonymity encourages abuse. Robert O'Hara of A Voice for Men stated in a June 2014 interview that "this is one of those issues that it's so easy to draw so much hysteria about because we have this natural inclination to want to protect women, especially from rape, that this whole rape thing has been used by feminists to garner political power, lots of it, and money. The whole thing has been used as a scam". However, other international studies from Australia, Britain and the Federal Bureau of Investigation have found the percentage of confirmed false rape allegations to be around 2% to 8%.

Criminalization of marital rape

Legislation and judicial decisions criminalizing marital rape are opposed by some Men's rights groups in the United Kingdom, the United States and India. The reasons for opposition include concerns about false allegations related to divorce proceedings, the belief that sex within marriage is part of the institution of marriage, and in India anxiety about relationships and the future of marriage as such laws give women "grossly disproportional rights". Virag Dhulia of the Save Indian Family Foundation, a men's rights organization, has opposed recent efforts to criminalize marital rape in India, arguing that "no relationship will work if these rules are enforced".

Critique of men's rights rape discourse

Feminist scholars Lise Gotell and Emily Dutton argue that content on the manosphere reveals anti-feminist anti-rape arguments, including that sexual violence is a gender-neutral problem, feminists are responsible for erasing men's experiences of victimization, false allegations are widespread, and that rape culture is a feminist-produced moral panic.

Reproductive rights

In 2006, the American National Center for Men backed a lawsuit known as Dubay v. Wells. The case concerned whether men should have the opportunity to decline all paternity rights and responsibilities in the event of an unplanned pregnancy. Supporters said that this would allow the woman time to make an informed decision and give men the same reproductive rights as women. The case and the appeal were dismissed, with the U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) stating that neither parent has the right to sever their financial responsibilities for a child, and that "Dubay's claim that a man's right to disclaim fatherhood would be analogous to a woman's right to abortion rests upon a false analogy".

Social security and insurance

Men's rights groups argue that women are given superior social security and tax benefits than men. Warren Farrell states that men in the United States pay more into social security, but in total women receive more in benefits, and that discrimination against men in insurance and pensions have gone unrecognized.

Suicide

In the United States, the male-to-female suicide death ratio varies between 3:1 to 10:1. However, studies have found an over-representation of women in attempted or incomplete suicides and men in complete suicide. This phenomenon termed the "gender paradox of suicide" is argued to derive from greater tendency for females to use less lethal methods and greater male access and use of lethal methods).

See also

• Fathers' rights movement by country
• Manosphere
• Save Indian Family (SIF)
• Men's studies
• Masculism
• Feminism
• Misandry
• Sexism
• National Coalition for Men
• Paternal rights and abortion
• Reverse discrimination
• The Good Men Project
• Women's rights
• Women and children first

Footnotes

1. ^ See, for example:
   • Maddison, Sarah (1999). "Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia" (PDF). Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies. 4 (2): 39–52.
   • Doyle, Ciara (2004). "The Fathers' Rights Movement: Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family". In Herrman, Peter (ed.). Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries. New York: Nova Publishers. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-59033-900-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
   • Flood, Michael (2005). "Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism". In Kimmel, Michael S.; Hearn, Jeff; Connell, Raewyn (eds.). Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-7619-2369-5. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
   • Finocchiaro, Peter (March 29, 2011). "Is the men's rights movement growing?". Salon. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
   • Messner, Michael (2000). Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8039-5577-6.
   • Solinger, Rickie (2013). Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-19-981141-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
   • Menzies, Robert (2007). "Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's "Rights" and Feminist "Wrongs" in Cyberspace". In Boyd, Susan B (ed.). Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 65–97. ISBN 978-0-7748-1411-9. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
   • Dunphy, Richard (2000). Sexual Politics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7486-1247-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
   • Mills, Martin (2003). "Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters". International Journal of Inclusive Education. 7 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1080/13603110210143644.
2. ^ Ruzankina, E.A. (2010). "Men's Movements and Male Subjectivity". Archeology of Eurasia. 49 (1): 8–16. doi:10.2753/aae1061-1959490101.
3. "I didn't choose to be straight, white and male': are modern men the suffering sex?". The Guardian. S <REeptember 5, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2016. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
4. Putnam's Magazine, Volume 7 Issue 38 published February 1856, pages 208–214 "A Word for Men's Rights"
5. ^ Malleier, Elisabeth (2003). "Der 'Bund für Männerrechte'. Die Bewegung der 'Männerrechtler' im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit". Wiener Geschichtsblätter. 58 (3): 208–233.
6. ^ Wrussnig, Kerstin Christin (2009). "'Wollen Sie ein Mann sein oder ein Weiberknecht?' Zur Männerrechtsbewegung in Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit" (PDF). Master's thesis: University of Vienna.
7. "Men's Rights League in Vienna". The New York Times. 10 March 1926. p. 20. Retrieved 6 June 2013. A 'League for Men's Rights' was founded today to protect men against Austrian feminism, which has grown rapidly since the war.
8. Healy, Maureen (2004). Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I. Cambridge UP. p. 272. ISBN 9780521831246. As historians Sigrid Augeneder and Gabriella Hauch explain, legally removing women from traditional male jobs constituted one facet of the return to a 'healthy order' (gesunde Ordnung) in the postwar period. Hauch discusses the somewhat comical 'League for Men's Rights' founded in the 1920s to "protect the endangered existence of men.
9. ^ Messner, Michael A. (1998). "The Limits of the "Male Sex Role": An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movement's Discourse". Gender & Society. 12 (3): 255–276. doi:10.1177/0891243298012003002.
10. ^ Newton 2004, p. 190–200.
11. de Castella, Tom (2 May 2012). "Just who are men's rights activists?". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
12. Lingard, Bob; Mills, Martin; Weaver-Hightower, Marcus B (2012). "Interrogating recuperative masculinity politics in schooling". International Journal of Inclusive Education. 16 (4): 407–421. doi:10.1080/13603116.2011.555095. The concept of recuperative masculinity politics was developed by Lingard and Douglas (1999) to refer to both mythopoetic (Biddulph 1995, 2010; Bly 1990) and men's rights politics (Farrell 1993). Both of these rejected the move to a more equal gender order and more equal gender regimes in all of the major institutions of society (e.g. the family, schools, universities, workplaces) sought by feminists and most evident in the political and policy impacts in the 1980s and 1990s from second-wave feminism of the 1970s. 'Recuperative' was used to specifically indicate the ways in which these politics reinforced, defended and wished to recoup the patriarchal gender order and institutional gender regimes.
13. ^ Maddison, Sarah (1999). "Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia" (PDF). Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies. 4 (2): 39–52.
14. Pease, Bob; Camilleri, Peter (2001). "Feminism, masculinity and the human services". Working with men in the human services. Crow's Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-86508-480-0. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
15. Kahn, Jack S (2009). An introduction to masculinities. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4051-8179-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
16. Williams, Gwyneth I (2001). "Masculinity in Context: An Epilogue". In Williams, Rhys H. (ed.). Promise Keepers and the New Masculinity: Private Lives and Public Morality. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-7391-0230-5. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
17. ^ Chris Beasley (2005). Gender and Sexuality: Critical Theories, Critical Thinkers. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-7619-6979-2. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
18. Lee, Calinda N. (2003). "Fathers' Rights". In Carroll, Bret E. (ed.). American Masculinities: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. One. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7619-2540-8. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
19. ^ Ashe 2007, p. 63. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAshe2007 (help)
20. Chafetz, Janet Saltzman (2006). Handbook of the sociology of gender. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 168. ISBN 0-387-32460-7.
21. Dunphy 2000, pp. 142–143. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDunphy2000 (help)
22. Karnad, Raghu (3 December 2007). "Now, Is That Malevolence?". Outlook magazine. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
23. Polanki, Pallavi (17 July 2010). "Men Who Cry". OPEN. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
24. "Members of men's rights body meet". The Times of India. October 8, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
25. Ruxton, Sandy; van deer Gaag, Nikki (2013). "Men's involvement in gender equality – European perspectives". Gender & Development. 21 (1). Routledge: 161–175. doi:10.1080/13552074.2013.767522.
26. Menzies 2007, p. 77. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMenzies2007 (help)
27. Flood 2007, p. 430–433.
28. Berman, Judy (November 5, 2009). ""Men's rights" groups go mainstream". Salon. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
29. Connell, R. W. (2005). "Change among the Gatekeepers: Men, Masculinities, and Gender Equality in the Global Arena" (PDF). Signs. 30 (3). University of Chicago Press: 1801–1825. doi:10.1086/427525. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
30. ^ Kimmel, Michael (2013). Angry White Men: American Masculinity as the End of an Era. New York: Nation Books. pp. 113–115. ISBN 978-1-56858-696-0.
31. Chowdhury, Romit (2014). "Conditions of Emergence: The Formation of Men's Rights Groups in Contemporary India". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 21 (1): 27–53. doi:10.1177/0971521513511199.
32. ^ "Men's rights movement: why it is so controversial?". The Week. February 19, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
33. ^ Katz, Jackson (2015). "Engaging men in prevention of violence against women". In Johnson, Holly; Fisher, Bonnie; Jaquier, Véronique (eds.). Critical issues on violence against women: international perspectives and promising strategies. New York: Routledge. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-415-85624-9. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
34. ^ Sharlet, Jeff (March 2015). "Are You Man Enough for the Men's Rights Movement?". GQ. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
35. ^ Kelly, R. Todd (October 20, 2013). "The Masculine Mystique". The Daily Beast. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
36. Tracy Clark-Flory, "Feminism is a sexual strategy": Inside the angry online men's rights group "Red Pill", Salon.com, 1 July 2014
37. Hanna Rosin, "Dad's Day in Court: The perception that family law is unfair to fathers is not exactly true", slate.com, 13 May 2014.
38. "Inside Red Pill, The Weird New Cult For Men Who Don't Understand Women". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
39. "There's a better way to talk about men's rights activism — and it's on Reddit". Vox. 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
40. Sawer, Marian (2002). "In safe hands? Women in the 2001 election". In Warhurst, John; Simms, Marian (eds.). 2001: The centenary election. St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-7022-3303-6. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
41. Weitz, Udo (26 December 2003). "Run-up to election shows Israelis are as fragmented as ever". USA today. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
42. Bennet, James (19 January 2003). "Israeli Parties Clamor for Votes in Divided Society". The New York Times. New York: NYTC. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
43. "Israel's fringe parties take root". Eugene Register-Guard. January 2, 2003. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
44. Gavanas, Anna (2004). Fatherhood Politics in the United States: Masculinity, Sexuality, Race, and Marriage. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-252-02884-8. Despite their claims of victimhood, men's and fathers' rights advocates are usually white, middle-class, heterosexual men who tend to overlook their institutional and socioeconomical advantages in work and the family...
45. ^ Cahill, Charlotte (2010). "Men's movement". In Chapman, Roger (ed.). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 354–356. ISBN 978-1-84972-713-6. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
46. Coston, Bethany M.; Kimmel, Michael (2013). "White Men as the New Victims: Reverse Discrimination Cases and the Men's Rights Movement". Nevada Law Journal. 13 (2): 368–385. Retrieved March 31, 2015. Where are the Men's Rights guys when it comes to 'other' men? Men's Rights is almost entirely a movement of angry, straight, white men.
47. Mason, Christopher P. (2006). Crossing Into Manhood: A Men's Studies Curriculum. Youngstown: Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-934043-30-1.
48. Goldberg, Stephanie B. (1995). "Make Room for Daddy". American Bar Association Journal. 83 (2): 48–52.
49. Kimmel, Michael S. (2006). Manhood in America: A Cultural History (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-19-518113-5.
50. Blake, M. (2014). The Men's Rights Movement and the Women Who Love It. Mother Jones, Mon Aug. 11, 2014.
51. ^ Williams, Rhys H. (1995). "Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources". Social Problems. 42 (1). University of California Press: 134–135. doi:10.2307/3097008. JSTOR 3097008. Another example of contractual model rhetoric is in the language of the Men's Rights movement. As a countermovement to the feminist movement, it has concentrated on areas generally thought of as family law—especially divorce and child custody laws. The movement charges that maternal preference in child custody decisions is an example of gender prejudice, with men the ones who are systematically disadvantaged... Men's Rights groups... have adopted much of the rhetoric of the early liberal feminist movement... Similarly, along with the appeal to "equal rights for fathers"... the Men's Rights movement also uses a rhetoric of children's "needs"... The needs rhetoric helps offset charges that their rights language is motivated by self-interest alone.
52. Lingard, Bob; Douglas, Peter. Men engaging feminisms: pro-feminism, backlashes and schooling. p. 36. While conservative elements of the men's rights position overtly describe themselves as a 'backlash' to feminism, their more liberal counterpart's self-proclaimed commitment to 'the true equality of both sexes and to the liberation of both sexes from their traditional roles' (Clatterbaugh 1997: 89) make it problematic to describe the men's rights position in general as nothing more than a backlash against feminism.
53. ^ Allen, Jonathan A. (March 9, 2015). "Phallic Affect". Men and Masculinities. 19: 22–41. doi:10.1177/1097184X15574338.
54. Messner, Michael (1998). "The Limits of "The Male Sex Role": An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movements' Discourse". Gender and Society. 12: 255–276. doi:10.1177/0891243298012003002.
55. ^ Flood 2007, p. 430–433.
56. Allen, Jonathan A. (March 9, 2015). "Phallic Affect". Men and Masculinities. 19: 22–41. doi:10.1177/1097184X15574338. The men's rights movement is distinct from other explorations of masculinity insofar as the movement itself is fundamentally situated in opposition to feminist theory and activism.
57. Kimmel, Michael S. (1987). "Men's Responses to Feminism at the Turn of the Century". Gender & Society. 1 (3): 261–283. doi:10.1177/089124387001003003.
58. Dunphy 2000, p. 88. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDunphy2000 (help)
59. Flood 2007, p. 418–422.
60. Flood 2007, p. 21.
61. Whitaker, Stephen (2001). "Gender Politics in Men's Movements". In Vannoy, Dana (ed.). Gender Mosaics: Social Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 343–351. ISBN 978-0-19-532998-8. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
62. Flood 2007, p. .
63. Clatterbaugh 1997, pp. 77, 88.
64. Kimmel, Michael; Kaufman, Michael (1997). "Weekend Warriors". In Mary R. Walsh (ed.). Women, Men and Gender. Yale University Press. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-300-06938-9.
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66. Brod, Harry; Kaufman, Michael, eds. (1994). Theorizing masculinities. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8039-4903-4.
67. Pease, Bob (2000). Recreating men: postmodern masculinity politics. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7619-6205-2.
68. "CAUT Statement on December 6". Canadian Association of University Teachers. Retrieved May 7, 2015. Disturbingly, we have seen in the past year the rise of misogynist men's rights groups on campuses and in communities across the country – an alarming trend that requires our attention and action.
69. ^ Potok, M; Schlatter S (Spring 2012). "Men's Rights Movement Spreads False Claims about Women". Intelligence Report. 145. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
70. Goldwag, A (Spring 2012). "Leader's Suicide Brings Attention to Men's Rights Movement". Intelligence Report. 145. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
71. Shira Tarrant (11 February 2013). Men Speak Out: Views on Gender, Sex, and Power. Routledge. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-135-12743-5. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
72. Lodhia, Sharmila (2014-08-01). ""Stop importing weapons of family destruction!": cyberdiscourses, patriarchal anxieties, and the men's backlash movement in India". Violence Against Women. 20 (8): 905–936. doi:10.1177/1077801214546906. ISSN 1552-8448. PMID 25238869.
73. ^ Mann, Ruth M. (2008). "Men's Rights and Feminist Advocacy in Canadian Domestic Violence Policy Arenas" (PDF). Feminist Criminology. 3 (1): 44–75. doi:10.1177/1557085107311067.
74. ^ Flood, Michael (March 2010). ""Fathers' rights" and the defense of paternal authority in Australia". Violence Against Women. 16 (3). Sage: 328–347. doi:10.1177/1077801209360918. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) Pdf.
75. ^ Messner 1997, p. 41–48.
76. Johnson, Allan G. (2005). The Gender Knot: Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-1592133833. such problems are prominent in many men's lives, but this is no organized male response to the patriarchal system whose dynamics produce much of men's loss, suffering, and grief. Contrary to Bly's claim, it is not a parallel to the women's movement that is merely on a "different timetable." It may be a response to genuine emotional and spiritual needs that are met by bringing men together to drum, chant, and share stories and feelings from their lives. It may help to heal some of the damage patriarchy does to men's lives. But it is not a movement aimed at the system and the gender dynamics that actually cause that damage.
77. Williams, Gwyneth (1 January 2002). "Fathers' rights movement". In Judith A. Baer (ed.). Historical and Multicultural Encyclopedia of Women's Reproductive Rights in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-313-30644-0.
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80. Ramesh, Randeep (December 13, 2007). "Dowry law making us the victims, says India's men's movement". The Guardian. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
81. "Men demand fair play". Times of India. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
82. Buncombe, Andrew (March 2, 2011). "Dowry wars: The big issue that has India divided". The Independent. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
83. Chowdhury, Romit (2014). "Family, Femininity, Feminism: 'Structure of Feeling' in the Articulation of Men's Rights". In Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Waldrop, Anne (eds.). Women, Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India. London: Anthem Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-78-308269-8. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
84. Gilani, Iftikhar (6 April 2010). "Shoaib Malik controversy to hit Pakistan-India relations". Daily Times. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
85. Dhillon, Amrit (24 December 2007). "Men say wives use India's pro-women laws to torment them". The Age. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
86. ^ Melville, Angela; Hunter, Rosemary (2001). "'As everybody knows': Countering myths of gender bias in family law". Griffith Law Review. 10 (1): 124–138. Several authors have observed that men's rights groups claim that the family law system and the Family Court are biased against men, despite the lack of supporting empirical research.
87. Messner 1997, pp. 41–48.
88. Pease, Bob (2002). Men and gender relations. Croydon, Vic.: Tertiary Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-86458-218-8.
89. ^ Crean, Susan M. (1988). In the name of the fathers: the story behind child custody. Toronto: Amanita. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-0-921299-04-2.
90. Clatterbaugh 1997, p. 77.
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92. Coltrane, Coltrane; Hickman, Neal (1992). "The Rhetoric of Rights and Needs: Moral Discourse in the Reform of Child Custody and Child Support Laws". Social Problems. 39 (4). University of California Press: 400–420. doi:10.2307/3097018.
93. Kamerman, SB; Kahn, AJ, eds. (1997). Family change and family policies in Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-19-829025-4.
94. Cabrera, NJ; Tamis-LeMonda, CS, eds. (2013). Handbook of father involvement: multidisciplinary perspectives (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-415-87867-8.
95. Brems, C.; Carssow, K. L.; Shook, C.; Sturgill, S.; Cannava, P. (1995-03-01). "Assessment of fairness in child custody decisions". Child Abuse & Neglect. 19 (3): 345–353. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(94)00135-9. ISSN 0145-2134. PMID 9278734.
96. Williams, Gwyneth I.; Williams, Rhys H. (2003). "Framing in the fathers' rights movement". In Loseke, Donileen R.; Best, Joel (eds.). Social problems: constructionist readings. New York: de Gruyter. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-202-30703-9. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
97. Hadfield, Jack (2 August 2016). "The Men's Rights Movement: A Smart, Necessary Counterweight To Man-Hating Feminism". Breitbart. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
98. Ryrstedt, Eva (2003). "Joint decisions – a prerequisite or a drawback in joint parental responsibility?". Australian Journal of Family Law. 17 (2): 155–206. Research has highlighted that it is usually disaffected fathers and men's rights groups, who have masked their own claims behind the rhetoric of the rights of the child to know and be cared for by both parents.
99. Mandaglio, Lia Alexandra (2011). "Speaking across the divide: a Functional Grammar analysis of feminist and masculist reproductive rights rhetoric". International Journal of Law in Context. 7: 47–85. doi:10.1017/s1744552310000406.
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102. Song, Sandra (16 November 2015). "We spoke to an Intactivist fighting for his foreskin". Paper Magazine. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
103. Meyers, Rupert (21 December 2015). "Men's Rights Activists are cave dwelling idiots". GQ. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
104. Smith, Lydia (5 February 2015). "Why female genital mutilation is a very different issue to male circumcision". International Business Times. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
105. Strochlic, Nina (3 December 2013). "Anti-Cutters Slam New CDC Recommendations on Circumcision". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
106. Ross, Julianne (10 June 2014). "The 8 Biggest Lies Men's Rights Activists Spread About Women". Mic.com. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
107. Holt, Mytheos (6 July 2015). "Why I am not a men's rights activist". The Federalist. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
108. Povenmire, R. (1998–1999). "Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in the United States". Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law. 7 (1): 87–123. PMID 16526136. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
109. Denniston, George C. (1999). Male and female circumcision medical, legal, and ethical considerations in pediatric practice. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 348. ISBN 0-306-46131-5.
110. El-Salam, Seham Abd (2002–2003). "The Importance of Genital Mutilations to Gender Power Politics". Al-Raida. 20 (99). Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World: 42. Women's defense of men's right to bodily integrity and their work against MGM will not have a negative impact on their struggle against FGM.
111. Somerville, M. "Altering baby boys' bodies: the ethics of infant male circumcision". The Ethical Canary: Science, Society and the Human Spirit. Toronto: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-89302-1.
112. Green, James (2007). The Male Herbal: The Definitive Health Care Book for Men & Boys (2nd ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Crossing Press. ISBN 1-58091-175-7. Circumcision: A Common Form of Disregard for Men's Rights… Glick emphasizes that infants are persons with full civil rights, and therefore no one has the right to impose circumcision on them—not even parents.
113. Benatar M, Benatar D (2003). "Between prophylaxis and child abuse: the ethics of neonatal male circumcision". Am J Bioeth. 3 (2): 35–48. doi:10.1162/152651603766436216. PMID 12859815.
114. Clark PA, Eisenman J, Szapor S (December 2007). "Mandatory neonatal male circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa: medical and ethical analysis". Med. Sci. Monit. 13 (12): RA205–13. PMID 18049444.
115. Patrick K (December 2007). "Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child? No". BMJ. 335 (7631): 1181. doi:10.1136/bmj.39406.523762.AD. PMC 2128676. PMID 18063641.
116. Brusa M, Barilan YM (October 2009). "Cultural circumcision in EU public hospitals—an ethical discussion". Bioethics. 23 (8): 470–82. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00683.x. PMID 19076127.
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127. ^ Susan L. Miller (October 2005). Victims as offenders: the paradox of women's violence in relationships. Rutgers University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8135-3671-2. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
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132. Haugen, David M. Domestic violence: opposing viewpoints. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7377-2224-6.
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137. Molly Dragiewicz (12 April 2011). Equality with a Vengeance: Men's Rights Groups, Battered Women, and Antifeminist Backlash. University Press of New England. pp. 3–4, 29. ISBN 978-1-55553-739-5. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
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152. ^ Clatterbaugh, Kenneth (1996). Contemporary perspectives on masculinity: Men, women, and politics in modern society (Reissued 2nd. ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0813327013. Indeed the premise of all men's rights literature is that men are not privileged relative to women... Having denied that men are privileged relative to women, this movement divides into those who believe that men and women are equally harmed by sexism and those who believe that society has become a bastion of female privilege and male degradation.
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162. Zernike, Kate (1998-06-21). "Feminism Has Created Progress, But Man, Oh, Man, Look What Else". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
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164. Farrell, Warren (February 10, 2014). The Myth of Male Power: Why Men are The Disposable Sex (21st anniversary edition. ed.). Chapter 7: Dr. Warren Farrell. Retrieved 2017-01-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
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168. Stephen Blake Boyd; W. Merle Longwood; Mark William Muesse, eds. (1996). Redeeming men: religion and masculinities. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-664-25544-2. In contradistinction to profeminism, however, the men's rights perspective addresses specific legal and cultural factors that put men at a disadvantage. The movement is made up of a variety of formal and informal groups that differ in their approaches and issues; Men's rights advocates, for example, target sex-specific military conscription and judicial practices that discriminate against men in child custody cases.
169. ^ Martin Binkin (1993). Who will fight the next war?: the changing face of the American military. Brookings Institution Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8157-0955-8. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
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171. Rostker v. Goldberg at Cornell University Law School.
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173. ^ Cannold, Leslie (July–August 2008). "Who's the father? Rethinking the moral 'crime' of 'paternity fraud'". Women's Studies International Forum, special issue: Women and Technologies of Reproduction. 31 (4). Elsevier: 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2008.05.011. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) Pdf.
174. ^ Majumber, Mary Anderlik (12 September 2005). "Disestablishment Suits". In Mark A. Rothstein; Thomas H. Murray; Gregory E. Kaebnick (eds.). Genetic Ties and the Family: The Impact of Paternity Testing on Parents and Children. JHU Press. pp. 172–79. ISBN 978-0-8018-8193-0.
175. ^ Salah, Anna (14 December 2005). "Teens may be forced to have paternity test". abc.net.au. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
176. ^ Shepherd, Tory (6 June 2012). "Men flock online for 'peace of mind' paternity tests". news.com.au. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
177. "Who's your daddy?". Philadelphia Daily News. 5 October 2005. "I think the best solution is DNA testing at birth," said Glenn Sacks, a syndicated radio talk-show host who focuses on men's issues
178. Dayton, Leigh (12 November 2008). "Fathers 'disrupt debate on DNA'". The Australian. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
179. Horrin, Adele (30 June 2005). "The myth behind paternity fraud". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
180. Marinos, Sarah (2 December 2012). "What you need to know about paternity tests". Herald Sun. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
181. Rhys H. Williams (1 January 2001). Promise Keepers and the New Masculinity: Private Lives and Public Morality. Lexington Books. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-7391-0231-2. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
182. Menzies 2007, p. 73. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMenzies2007 (help)
183. ^ Farrell 2008, p. 49–56. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFarrell2008 (help)
184. Brotman, Barbara (October 30, 1992). "Sex Contract Shares Intimate Knowledge". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
185. Michael Kimmel (1992), "Anti-Feminism", in Michael S. Kimmel; Amy Aronson (eds.), Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO (published 2003), pp. 35–37, ISBN 978-1-57607-774-0, retrieved 23 December 2011
186. ^ "False Accusations". National Coalition For Men. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
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188. McElroy, Wendy (2 May 2006). "False Rape Accusations May Be More Common Than Thought". Fox News. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
189. Farrell, Warren; Svoboda, Steven; Sterba, James P. (2008). Does feminism discriminate against men? A Debate. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-19-531282-9.
190. Wendy, McElroy (2011). "Privacy Rights Eroding Down Slippery Slope &#124". foxnews.com. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
191. Farrell 1994, p. 161.
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194. Lonsway Archambault Lisak, Dr.Kimberlya . , Sgt . Joanne , Dr. David (2009). "False Reports: Moving Beyond the Issue toSuccessfully Investigate and Prosecute Non-Stranger Sexual Assault" (PDF). www.ndaa.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
195. FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation (1996). "Crime Index Offenses Reported" (PDF). www.fbi.gov.
196. Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Lovett, Jo (2005). A gap or a chasm?: Attrition in reported rape cases (PDF). London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. ISBN 9781844735556. 293. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2011-02-18. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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198. Ashe, Fidelma (2007). The New Politics of Masculinity: Men, Power and Resistance. London: Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 9781134414376.
199. Wykes, Maggie; Welsh, Kirsty (2009). Violence, Gender and Justice. London: SAGE. pp. 29–37. ISBN 9781412923361.
200. Diduck, Allison; O'Donovan, Katherine, eds. (2007). Feminist Perspectives on Family Law. London: Routledge. pp. 160–164. ISBN 9781135309633.
201. Dunphy 2000, p. 142 excerpt: "The conservative and unashamedly patriarchal nature of the men's rights lobby .. is well illustrated by some statements by one of its self-proclaimed spokesmen in the UK, Roger Whitcomb .. he reserved particular anger for the House of Lords ruling on marital rape in 1991 ('a long-standing feminist dream')". sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDunphy2000 (help)
202. Segal, Lynne (1994). Straight Sex: Tethinking the Politics of Pleasure. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-520-20001-2. It is there that 7 February has been declared International Men's Day by the men's rights groups, celebrated in Kansas City in 1994 as a day for campaigning against the legal recognition of 'marital rape'...
203. "Why men's rights activists are against inclusion of marital rape". First Post. February 6, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2013. excerpt: "The Government has not included marital rape in its anti-rape ordinance appealing that it is a complex issue that involves multiple stakeholders... mens rights activists are constantly clamouring that Section 498(A), the Domestic Violence Act is being misused"
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205. Farrell 1994, p. 338:"Spousal rape legislation is blackmail waiting to happen. If a man feels he needs to file for divorce, his wife can say 'If you do, I'll accuse you of spousal rape.' Spousal rape legislation is worse than government-as-substitute-husband. It's government in the bedroom"
206. "Spousal Rape Laws". CNN. July 31, 1992. Tom Williamson, President National Coalition of Free Men: "I don't think that there should be anything called marital rape laws. I don't deny that the elements involved with rape can occur in a marriage. They certainly do. But the problem with the concept of having something called marital rape is that it makes every man vulnerable in a bad situation to blackmail. It makes them vulnerable to false accusations for a variety of motivations that we know exists" {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
207. Young, Cathy (August 1, 1994). "Complexities cloud marital rape case; William Hetherington has spent nine years in a Michigan prison, but proclaims his innocence – controversial case that pits one person's word against another in accusations of spousal rape". Insight on the News. Much of his support has come from men's rights organizations and conservative Christian groups, which tend to argue that a crime such as marital rape should not be on the books because consent to sex is part of the marriage covenant. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
208. Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Waldrop, Anne, eds. (2014). Women, Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India. London: Anthem Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-78-308269-8.
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211. Gotell, Lise (2016). "Sexual Violence in the 'Manosphere': Antifeminist Men's Rights Discourses on Rape". International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. 5: 65–80. doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.310.
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References

• Ashe, F (2007). The New Politics of Masculinity: Men, Power and Resistance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-30275-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Clatterbaugh, Kenneth C. (1997). Contemporary perspectives on masculinity: men, women, and politics in modern society (2nd ed.). Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-2701-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Dunphy, Richard (2000). Sexual Politics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1247-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Farrell, W (1994). The Myth of Male Power. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0-425-14381-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Farrell, Warren; Sterba, James P. (2008). Does feminism discriminate against men?. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-19-531282-9.
• Flood, Michael; Gardiner JK; Pease B; Pringle K (2007). International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities. London: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-33343-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Menzies, Robert (2007). "Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's "Rights" and Feminist "Wrongs" in Cyberspace". In Boyd, Susan B (ed.). Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 65–97. ISBN 978-0-7748-1411-9. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
• Messner, MA (1997). Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8039-5577-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Newton, J (2004). From Panthers to Promise Keepers: rethinking the men's movement. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780847691302. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Further reading

• Baumeister, RF (2010). Is There Anything Good About Men?: How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019537410X.
• Coston, Bethany M.; Kimmel, Michael (2013). "White Men as the New Victims: Reverse Discrimination Cases and the Men's Rights Movement". Nevada Law Journal. 13 (2): 368–385. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
• Maddison, Sarah (1999). "Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia" (PDF). Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies. 4 (2): 39–52. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
• Messner, Michael A. (1998). "The Limits of the "Male Sex Role": An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movement's Discourse" (PDF). Gender & Society. 12 (3): 255–276. doi:10.1177/0891243298012003002. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
• Nathanson, P; Young KK (2001). Spreading Misandry: The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773522727.

External links

• Template:Dmoz
• Sharlet, Jeff (March 2015). "Are You Man Enough for the Men's Rights Movement?". GQ.

• Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from March 2017
• Men's rights
• Criticism of feminism