Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea: Difference between revisions

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	==Effect of Japanese rule in Korea==
	{{See also\|Korea under Japanese rule}}

	Korea was ruled by the ] from 1910 to 1945. Japan's involvement began with the 1876 ] during the ] of Korea and increased over the following decades with the ] (1882), the ] (1894–95), the assassination of ] at the hands of Japanese agents in 1895,<ref>See Russian eyewitness account of surrounding circumstances at {{cite web\|url=http://koreaweb.ws/ks/ksr/queenmin.txt \|title=Korea Web – Market Hero Review 2019 \|accessdate=2013-03-24 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012005946/http://koreaweb.ws/ks/ksr/queenmin.txt \|archivedate=2012-10-12 }}</ref> the establishment of the ] (1897), the ] (1904–05), the ] (1905), culminating with the 1905 ], removing Korean autonomous diplomatic rights, and the 1910 ] (both of which were eventually declared null and void by the ] in 1965).

	===Japan's cultural assimilation policies===
	] was produced in 1926 by the Korean film director ].]]

	The Japanese annexation of Korea has been mentioned as the ''case in point'' of "]" by Yuji Ishida, an expert on genocide studies at the ].<ref name="u-tokyo">{{cite web\|url=http://www.cgs.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/workshops_e/w_2004_02_23_e.html \|title='Cultural Genocide' and the Japanese Occupation of Korea \|accessdate=2007-02-19 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307095928/http://www.cgs.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/workshops_e/w_2004_02_23_e.html \|archivedate=7 March 2007 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The Japanese government put into practice the suppression of Korean culture and language in an "attempt to root out all elements of Korean culture from society."<ref name="u-tokyo"/>

	{{quote\|"Focus was heavily and intentionally placed upon the psychological and cultural element in Japan's colonial policy, and the unification strategies adopted in the fields of culture and education were designed to eradicate the individual ethnicity of the Korean race."<ref name="u-tokyo"/>}}
	{{quote\|"One of the most striking features of Japan's occupation of Korea is the absence of an awareness of Korea as a 'colony', and the absence of an awareness of Koreans as a 'separate ethnicity'. As a result, it is difficult to prove whether or not the leaders of Japan aimed for the eradication of the Korean race."<ref name="u-tokyo"/>}}

	After the annexation of Korea, Japan enforced a ] policy. The Korean language was removed from required school subjects in Korea in 1936.<ref>{{in lang\|ja}} , ]. 2009-10-25.</ref> Japan imposed the ] system along with ] (]) and attendance at ] shrines. Koreans were formally forbidden to write or speak the Korean language in schools, businesses, or public places.<ref>{{cite book \| chapter-url=http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/kptoc.html \| chapter=The Rise of Korean Nationalism and Communism \| first=Bruce G. \| last=Cumings \| title=A Country Study: North Korea \| publisher=Library of Congress \| id=Call number DS932 .N662 1994}}</ref> However, many Korean language movies were screened in the Korean peninsula.

	In addition, Koreans were angry over Japanese alteration and destruction of various Korean monuments including ] (경복궁, Gyeongbokgung) and the revision of documents that portrayed the Japanese in a negative light.

	===Independence movement===
	On March 1, 1919, anti-Japanese rule protests were held all across the country to demand independence. About 2 million Koreans actively participated in what is now known as the ]. A ],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kimsoft.com/2004/samil-declaration.htm \|title=KimSoft ⋆ Korea Web Weekly, actualidad y más \|accessdate=2007-04-13 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418165339/http://www.kimsoft.com/2004/samil-declaration.htm \|archivedate=2007-04-18 }}</ref> patterned after the ], was read by teachers and civic leaders in tens of thousands of villages throughout Korea: "Today marks the declaration of Korean independence. There will be peaceful demonstrations all over Korea. If our meetings are orderly and peaceful, we shall receive the help of President Wilson and the great powers at Versailles, and Korea will be a free nation."<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417053032/http://www.kimsoft.com/2004/Samil-2004.htm \|date=2007-04-17 }}</ref> Japan repressed the independence movement through military power. In one well attested incident, villagers were herded into the local church which was then set on fire.<ref>Dr. James H. Grayson, {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614131247/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/grayson.html \|date=June 14, 2007 }} DISKUS Vol.1 No.2 (1993) pp.13-30.</ref> The official Japanese count of casualties include 553 killed, 1,409 injured, and 12,522 arrested, but the Korean estimates are much higher: over 7,500 killed, about 15,000 injured, and 45,000 arrested.<ref>Bruce Cummings, ''Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History'', W.W. Norton & Company, 1997, New York, p. 231, {{ISBN\|0-393-31681-5}}.</ref>

	===Comfort women===
	While estimates vary, Korea states that many Korean women were kidnapped and coerced by the Japanese authorities into military sex slavery, euphemistically called "]" (위안부, wianbu).<ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://www.comfort-women.org/ \|title = WCCW Film Festival Nov 9 - 11 2018}}</ref><ref>Yoshimi Yoshiaki, ''従軍慰安婦 (Comfort Women)''. Translated by Suzanne O'Brien. Columbia University Press, 2001, {{ISBN\|0-231-12032-X}}</ref> Some Japanese historians, such as ], using the diaries and testimonies of military officials as well as official documents from Japan and archives of the ], have argued that the ] was either directly or indirectly involved in coercing, deceiving, luring, and sometimes kidnapping young women throughout Japan's ].{{Citation needed\|date=September 2019}}<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Min\|first=Pyong Gap\|date=2003\|title=Korean "Comfort Women": The Intersection of Colonial Power, Gender, and Class\|journal=Gender and Society\|volume=17\|issue=6\|pages=938–957\|issn=0891-2432\|jstor=3594678\|doi=10.1177/0891243203257584}}</ref>

	==Contemporary issues==		==Contemporary issues==
	Generally modern North Korea-based anti-Japanese sentiment is understood to be largely fueled by propaganda from the government, thus attempts to measure it among ordinary people is impossible given the country's political system. The following statements thus apply to ''South Korea'' only.		Generally modern North Korea-based anti-Japanese sentiment is understood to be largely fueled by propaganda from the government, thus attempts to measure it among ordinary people is impossible given the country's political system. The following statements thus apply to ''South Korea'' only.

Revision as of 03:52, 11 October 2020

Contemporary issues

Generally modern North Korea-based anti-Japanese sentiment is understood to be largely fueled by propaganda from the government, thus attempts to measure it among ordinary people is impossible given the country's political system. The following statements thus apply to South Korea only.

According to Robert E. Kelly, a professor at Pusan National University, anti-Japanese racism in South Korea stems not just from Imperial Japanese atrocities during the colonial era, but from the Korean Peninsula's division. As most Koreans, north and south are racial nationalists, most South Koreans feel a kinship and racial solidarity with North Korea as a result. Due to this perceived racial kinship, it is considered bad form for a South Korean to hate North Korea, to run the risk of being called a race traitor. As a result, Kelly says, South Koreans take out the anger rising from Korean division against Japan. This view is supported by another professor, Brian Reynolds Myers of Dongseo University.

Japanese textbook revisionism

Main article: Japanese history textbook controversies

Anti-Japanese sentiment is also due to the Japanese government's textbook revisionism. On June 26, 1982, the textbook screening process in Japan came under scrutiny when the media of Japan and its neighboring countries gave extensive coverage to changes required by the Minister of Education. Experts from the ministry sought to soften textbook references to Japanese aggression before and during World War II. The Japanese invasion of China in 1937, for example, was modified to "advance". Passages describing the fall of Nanking justified the Japanese atrocities by describing the acts as a result of Chinese provocations. Pressure from China successfully led the Ministry of Education to adopt a new authorization criterion - the "Neighboring Country Clause" (近隣諸国条項) - stating: "textbooks ought to show understanding and seek international harmony in their treatment of modern and contemporary historical events involving neighboring Asian countries."

In 2006, Japanese textbooks stated that the Liancourt Rocks is Japanese territory. This island is disputed territory claimed by both Japan and South Korea. The head of the South Korean Ministry of Education, Kim Shinil, sent a letter of protest to Bunmei Ibuki, the Minister of Education, on May 9, 2007. In a speech marking the 88th anniversary of the March 1 Independence Movement, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun called for Japan to correct their school textbooks on controversial topics ranging from "inhumane rape of comfort women" to "the Korean ownership of the Liancourt Rocks".

Effects of sentiments

Society

A 2000 CNN ASIANOW article described popularity of Japanese culture among younger South Koreans as "unsettling" for older South Koreans who remember the occupation by the Japanese.

In South Korea, collaborators to the Japanese occupation government, called chinilpa (친일파), are generally recognized as national traitors. The South Korean National Assembly passed the special law to redeem pro-Japanese collaborators' property on December 8, 2005, and the law was enacted on December 29, 2005. In 2006, the National Assembly of South Korea formed a Committee for the Inspection of Property of Japan Collaborators. The aim was to reclaim property inappropriately gained by cooperation with the Japanese government during colonialization. The project was expected to satisfy Koreans' demands that property acquired by collaborators under the Japanese colonial authorities be returned. Under such conditions, one who has pro-Japanese sentiment seems to try to hide it. According to an anonymous survey done by the BBC in March 2010, 64% of South Koreans are actually supportive of Japan.

While some South Koreans expressed hope that former Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama would handle Japanese-South Korean relations in a more agreeable fashion than previous conservative administrations, a small group of protesters in Seoul held an anti-Japanese rallying on October 8, 2009, previous to his arrival. The protests called for Japanese apologies for World War II incidents and included destruction of a Japanese flag.

The United States's ambassador to South Korea, Harry B. Harris Jr., who is of Japanese descent, has been criticized in the South Korean media for having a moustache, which his detractors say resembles those of the several leaders of the Empire of Japan. A CNN article written by Joshua Berlinger suggested that given Harris's ancestry, the criticism of his mustache may be due to racism.

National relations

Yasuhiro Nakasone discontinued visits to Yasukuni Shrine due to the People's Republic of China's requests in 1986. However, former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi resumed visits to Yasukuni Shrine on August 13, 2001. He visited the shrine six times as Prime Minister, stating that he was "paying homage to the servicemen who died for defense of Japan." These visits drew strong condemnation and protests from Japan's neighbors, mainly China. As a result, China and South Korea refused to meet with Koizumi, and there were no mutual visits between Chinese and Japanese leaders after October 2001 and between South Korean and Japanese leaders after June 2005. Former President of South Korea Roh Moo-hyun suspended all summit talks between South Korea and Japan.

Education

A large number of anti-Japanese images made by school children from Gyeyang Middle School, many of which depicting acts of violence against Japan, were displayed in Gyulhyeon Station as part of a school art project.

According to a survey conducted by Korean Immigrant Workers Human Rights Center in 2006, 34.1% of the primary school students in the Incheon region answered that "Japanese should be expelled from Korea" the rate was considerably higher compared to Chinese (8.7%), black Africans (8.7%), East Asians (5.0%), black Americans (4.3%), and white Americans (2.3%).