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The Misplaced Pages biography controversy, also called the Seigenthaler incident, was a series of events that began in May 2005 with the anonymous posting of a hoax article in the online encyclopedia Misplaced Pages about John Seigenthaler, a well-known American journalist. The article falsely stated that Seigenthaler had been a suspect in the assassinations of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. Then 78-year-old Seigenthaler, who had been a friend and aide to Robert Kennedy, characterized the Misplaced Pages entry about him as "Internet character assassination".
The hoax was not discovered and corrected until September 2005, after which Seigenthaler wrote about his experience in USA Today. The incident raised questions about the reliability of Misplaced Pages and other websites with user-generated content that lack the legal accountability of traditional newspapers and published materials. After the incident, Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales stated that the encyclopedia had barred unregistered users from creating new articles.
Hoax
The author of the hoax article was later identified as Brian Chase, an operations manager of Rush Delivery, a delivery service company in Nashville, Tennessee. On May 26, 2005, Chase added a new article that contained, in its entirety, the following text:
John Seigenthaler Sr. was the assistant to Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the early 1960s. For a short time, he was thought to have been directly involved in the Kennedy assassinations of both John, and his brother, Bobby. Nothing was ever proven.
John Seigenthaler moved to the Soviet Union in 1972, and returned to the United States in 1984.
He started one of the country's largest public relations firms shortly thereafter.
Detection and correction
In September, Victor S. Johnson, Jr., a friend of Seigenthaler's, discovered the entry. After Johnson alerted him to the article, Seigenthaler e-mailed friends and colleagues about it. On September 23, 2005, colleague Eric Newton copied and pasted Seigenthaler's official biography into Misplaced Pages from the Freedom Forum web site. The following day, this bio was removed by a Misplaced Pages editor on the grounds of copyright policy violation, and it was replaced with a short original biography. Newton informed Seigenthaler of his action when he ran into Seigenthaler in November in New York at the Committee to Protect Journalists dinner.
In October 2005, Seigenthaler contacted the then-Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation, Jimmy Wales, who took the then-unusual step of having the affected versions of the article history hidden from public view in the Misplaced Pages version logs, in effect removing them from all but Misplaced Pages administrators' view. Some "mirror" websites not controlled by Misplaced Pages continued to display the older and inaccurate article for several more weeks until this new version of the article was propagated to these other websites.
Anonymous editor identified
Seigenthaler wrote an op-ed article describing the particulars of the incident, which appeared in USA Today, of which he had been the founding editorial director. The article was published on November 29, 2005. In the article, he included a verbatim reposting of the false statements and called Misplaced Pages a "flawed and irresponsible research tool." An expanded version was published several days later in The Tennessean, at which Seigenthaler was editor-in-chief in the 1970s. In the article, Seigenthaler detailed his own failed attempts to identify the anonymous person who posted the inaccurate biography. He reported that he had asked the poster's Internet service provider, BellSouth, to identify its user from the user's IP address. BellSouth refused to identify the user without a court order, suggesting that Seigenthaler file a John Doe lawsuit against the user, which Seigenthaler declined to do.
Daniel Brandt, a San Antonio activist who had started the anti-Misplaced Pages site "Misplaced Pages Watch" in response to problems he had with his eponymous article, looked up the IP address in Seigenthaler's article, and found that it related to "Rush Delivery", a company in Nashville. He contacted Seigenthaler and the media, and posted this information on his website.
On December 9, Brian Chase admitted he had posted the false biography to Misplaced Pages. After confessing, Chase resigned from his job at Rush Delivery. Seigenthaler received a hand-written apology and spoke with Chase on the phone. Seigenthaler confirmed—as he had previously stated—that he would not file a lawsuit in relation to the incident, and urged Rush Delivery to rehire Chase, which it did. Seigenthaler commented: "I'm glad this aspect of it is over." He stated that he was concerned that "every biography on Misplaced Pages is going to be hit by this stuff—think what they'd do to Tom DeLay and Hillary Clinton, to mention two. My fear is that we're going to get government regulation of the Internet as a result."
Seigenthaler's public reaction
In his November 29, 2005, USA Today editorial, Seigenthaler criticized Congress for Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which protects ISPs and web sites from being held legally responsible for content posted by their customers and users:
Federal law also protects online corporations – BellSouth, AOL, MCI Misplaced Pages, etc. – from libel lawsuits. Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, passed in 1996, specifically states that "no provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker." That legalese means that, unlike print and broadcast companies, online service providers cannot be sued for disseminating defamatory attacks on citizens posted by others.
And so we live in a universe of new media with phenomenal opportunities for worldwide communications and research – but populated by volunteer vandals with poison-pen intellects. Congress has enabled them and protects them.
On December 5, 2005, Seigenthaler and Wales appeared jointly on CNN to discuss the matter. On December 6, 2005, the two were interviewed on National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation radio program. Wales described a new policy that he implemented in order to prevent unregistered users from creating new articles on the English-language Misplaced Pages, though their ability to edit existing articles was retained.
In the CNN interview, Seigenthaler also raised the spectre of increased government regulation of the Web:
...Can I just say where I'm worried about this leading. Next year we go into an election year. Every politician is going to find himself or herself subjected to the same sort of outrageous commentary that hit me, and hits others. I'm afraid we're going to get regulated media as a result of that. And I tell you, I think if you can't fix it, both fix the history as well as the biography pages, I think it's going to be in real trouble, and we're going to have to be fighting to keep the government from regulating you.
In the December 6 joint NPR interview, Seigenthaler said that he did not want to have anything to do with Misplaced Pages because he disapproved of its basic assumptions. In an article Seigenthaler wrote for USA Today in late 2005, he said, “I am interested in letting many people know that Misplaced Pages is a flawed and irresponsible research tool.” He also pointed out that the false information had been online for over four months before he was aware of it, and that he had not been able to edit the article to correct it. After speaking with Misplaced Pages co-founder, Jimmy Wales, Seigenthaler said: "My 'biography' was posted May 26. On May 29, one of Wales' volunteers 'edited' it only by correcting the misspelling of the word 'early.' For four months, Misplaced Pages depicted me as a suspected assassin before I erased it from the website's history Oct. 5. The falsehoods remained on Answers.com and Reference.com for three more weeks." Editing Misplaced Pages, he suggested, would lend it his sanction or approval, and he stated his belief that editing the article was not enough and instead he wanted to expose "incurable flaws" in the Misplaced Pages process and ethos.
On December 9, Seigenthaler appeared on C-SPAN's Washington Journal with Brian Lamb hosting. He said he was concerned that other pranksters would try to spoof members of Congress or other powerful figures in government, which may then prompt a backlash and turn back First Amendment rights on the Web.
In the June 2007 issue of Reason magazine, Seigenthaler also expressed concern about the lack of transparency underlined by Wales' removal of the hoax pages from the article's history page. He has also stated that many of the comments left by users in the edit summaries are things he would not want his nine-year-old grandson to see.
Other reactions
In reaction to the controversy, The New York Times business editor Larry Ingrassia sent out a memo to his entire staff commenting on the reliability of Misplaced Pages and writing, "We shouldn't be using it to check any information that goes into the newspaper." Several other publications commented on the incident, often criticizing Misplaced Pages and its open editing model as unreliable, citing the Seigenthaler incident as evidence.
The scientific journal Nature conducted a study comparing the accuracy of Misplaced Pages and the Encyclopædia Britannica in 42 hard sciences related articles in December 2005. The Misplaced Pages articles studied were found to contain four serious errors and 162 factual errors, while the Encyclopædia Britannica also contained four serious errors and 123 factual errors. Referring to the Seigenthaler incident and several other controversies, the authors wrote that the study "suggests that such high-profile examples are the exception rather than the rule."
Wikimedia Foundation reaction
In an interview with BusinessWeek on December 13, 2005, Wales discussed the reasons the hoax had gone undetected and steps being taken to address them. He stated that one problem was that Misplaced Pages's use had grown faster than its self-monitoring system could comfortably handle, and that therefore new page creation would be deliberately restricted to account-holders only, addressing one of Seigenthaler's main criticisms.
He also gave his opinion that encyclopedias as a whole (whether print or online) were not usually appropriate for primary sources and should not be relied upon as authoritative (as some were doing), but that nonetheless Misplaced Pages was more reliable as "background reading" on subjects than most online sources. He stated that Misplaced Pages was a "work in progress".
A variety of changes were also made to Misplaced Pages's software and working practices, to address some of the issues arising. A new guideline, 'biographies of living persons', was created on December 17, 2005; editorial restrictions, including reference requirements, were introduced on the creation of new Misplaced Pages articles; and new tracking categories for the biographies of living people were implemented.
The Foundation added a new level of "oversight" features to the MediaWiki software, accessible as of 16 May 2012 to around 37 experienced editors and Wikimedia staff members nominated by either Wales or the Arbitration Committee. This originally allowed for specific historical versions to be hidden from everyone (including Oversight editors), which then become unable to be viewed by anyone except developers via manual intervention, though the feature was later changed so that other Oversights could view these revisions to monitor the tool's use. Currently such procedures are standardized by the 'Office actions' policy which states: "Sometimes the Wikimedia Foundation has to delete, protect or blank a page without going through the normal site/community process(es). These edits are temporary measures to prevent legal trouble or personal harm and should not be undone by any user."
See also
References
- Cohen, Noam (August 24, 2009). "Misplaced Pages to Limit Changes to Articles on People". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
- Seigenthaler, John. "A false Misplaced Pages 'biography'." USA Today. November 29, 2005. Retrieved on September 14, 2009.
- "The State of the News Media 2006." The Project for Excellence in Journalism. Retrieved on September 14, 2009.
- ^ Helm, Burt (December 14, 2005). "Misplaced Pages: A work in progress". BusinessWeek.
- "The wiki principle". Economist. April 20, 2006.
- Archived version of the rewriting of the official biography.
- Two deletion log entries of the article.
- Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Misplaced Pages: How we are editing reality. Somerset: Siduri. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-9562052-0-9.
- Terdiman, Daniel (2005-12-15). "In search of the Misplaced Pages prankster". CNET News.com.
- Buchanan, Brian J. (November 17, 2006). "Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace". First Amendment Center. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- Page, Susan (December 11, 2005). Author apologizes for fake Misplaced Pages biography
- ^ John Seigenthaler, "USA Today", Editorial/Opinion, November 29, 2005.
- Mangu-Ward, Katherine; Reason magazine; June 2007; Pages 20 - 29.
- The New York Times Business editor Larry Ingrassia's memo Wiki-whatdia?
- Giles, Jim "Internet encyclopaedias go head to head". Nature, 438 (December 15, 2005), 900–901. ("To read this story in full you will need to login or make a payment".)
- Restricted editing Misplaced Pages Signpost December 2005
- New revision-hiding feature added
- "Office actions". Misplaced Pages. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
Further reading
- Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). "A False Misplaced Pages 'biography'". USA Today.
- Cooper, Charles (December 2, 2005). "Misplaced Pages and the nature of truth". News.com.
- Seigenthaler, John (December 4, 2005). "Truth can be at risk in the world of the web". The Tennessean.
- Phillips, Kyra (December 5, 2005). "Live From... Transcript". CNN., interview with John Seigenthaler and Jimmy Wales.
- Terdiman, Daniel (December 5, 2005). "Growing pains for Misplaced Pages". News.com.
- "Misplaced Pages to Require Contributors to Register". National Public Radio. December 6, 2005., Talk of the Nation story summary and radio broadcast.
- Terdiman, Daniel (December 7, 2005). "Is Misplaced Pages safe from libel liability?". News.com.
- Lamb, Brian (December 9, 2005). "Interview with John Seigenthaler". C-SPAN Washington Journal.
- Mielczarek, Natalia (December 11, 2005). "Fake online biography created as 'joke'". The Tennessean.
- "Misplaced Pages joker eats humble pie". BBC News. December 12, 2005.
- Orlowski, Andrew (December 12, 2005). "There's no Misplaced Pages entry for 'moral responsibility'". The Register (UK).
- Boyd, Danah (December 17, 2005). "Misplaced Pages, academia and Seigenthaler". Corante.com.
- Cohen, Noam (August 25, 2009). "Misplaced Pages Will Limit Changes on Articles About Living People". The New York Times.
External links
- Seigenthaler and Misplaced Pages – Lessons and Questions: A Case Study on the Veracity of the Wiki concept
- Is an Online Encyclopedia, Such as Misplaced Pages, Immune From Libel Suits? by Prof. Anita Ramasastry on Writ
- John Seigenthaler, "Misplaced Pages, WikiLeaks, and Wiccans" 49 minute presentation at Vanderbilt University, Oct 21, 2011, C-Span Video Library
