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Jeremy CorbynMP
Head and shoulders of a smiling man in a brown suit with a thin red tie, white hair and a short beard.
Leader of the Opposition
Incumbent
Assumed office
12 September 2015
MonarchElizabeth II
Prime MinisterDavid Cameron
Preceded byHarriet Harman
Leader of the Labour Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
12 September 2015
DeputyTom Watson
Preceded byEd Miliband
Member of Parliament
for Islington North
Incumbent
Assumed office
9 June 1983
Preceded byMichael O'Halloran
Majority21,194 (43.0%)
Personal details
BornJeremy Bernard Corbyn
(1949-05-26) 26 May 1949 (age 75)
Chippenham, Wiltshire, UK
Political partyLabour
Spouses
  • Jane Chapman (1974–1979)
  • Claudia Bracchitta (1987–1999)
  • Laura Alvarez (2015–present)
Children3
WebsiteOfficial website

Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (born 26 May 1949) is a British Labour Party politician, Leader of the Labour Party and the Leader of the Opposition. Since 1983 he has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North.

Born in Chippenham, Wiltshire, Corbyn briefly attended North London Polytechnic before going on to work for the National Union of Public Employees and National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers as an official. He began his political career in 1974 when he was elected to Haringey Council, where he also served as Secretary of the Islington Labour Party. He continued in those roles until his election as the MP for Islington North in 1983, where he has been re-elected seven times since, most recently in 2015.

As a self-described democratic socialist, Corbyn has advocated the re-nationalisation of public utilities and railways, combating corporate tax evasion and avoidance as an alternative to austerity, abolishing university tuition fees and restoring student grants, a unilateral policy of nuclear disarmament and cancellation of the Trident nuclear weapons programme, quantitative easing to fund infrastructure and renewable energy projects, and reversing cuts to the public sector and welfare made since 2010 by the government of David Cameron. He is also a member of the Socialist Campaign Group, the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, Amnesty International, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the National Chair of the Stop the War Coalition.

On 6 June 2015, Corbyn announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Labour Party. Although he was initially regarded as a fringe candidate in the leadership election, Corbyn became the lead candidate in opinion polls and gained the support of the majority of trades unions affiliated to the Labour Party, as well as three non-affiliated trade unions. On 12 September 2015, he was elected Leader of the Labour Party, with 59.5% of the votes.

Early life and career

Corbyn was born in Chippenham, Wiltshire, and was brought up in Kington St Michael. He is the younger brother of weather forecaster Piers Corbyn and the son of David, an electrical engineer and expert in power rectifiers, and Naomi, a maths teacher. His parents were peace campaigners who met during the Spanish Civil War. When Corbyn was seven the family moved to Shropshire at Pave Lane, where David Corbyn bought the Yew Tree Guesthouse and converted it into a seven-bedroom family home.

Corbyn attended the independent Castle House Preparatory School in Newport, Shropshire, and at Adams' Grammar School, a boarding and day school also in Newport. While still at school Corbyn became active in the Wrekin Constituency Young Socialists and his local Labour Party, as well as the League Against Cruel Sports. He gained two A-Levels with 'E' grades before leaving school at 18. After leaving school, he spent two years doing Voluntary Service Overseas in Jamaica before being employed as a full-time organiser for the National Union of Public Employees, followed by a brief period of study at North London Polytechnic, which he left without completing a degree.

Corbyn later worked as an official with the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers, became a member of a district health authority and in 1974 was elected to Haringey Council, representing Harringay Ward until 1983. Corbyn worked on Tony Benn's unsuccessful 1981 campaign to become Deputy Leader of the Labour Party and was elected Secretary of the Islington Borough Labour Group.

Member of Parliament

File:Corbyn in Parliament 1990.png
Corbyn addressing the House of Commons during PMQs in 1990

Corbyn was selected as the Labour Party candidate for his local seat of Islington North in 1982. At the 1983 general election he was elected Member of Parliament for Islington North and immediately joined the Socialist Campaign Group, marking him out as one of the most left-wing Labour MPs, and sat on the London Regional Select Committee from 1983 to 1987. Shortly after his election he began writing a regular column in the Morning Star, which he has continued to do up to the present day. He later sat on the Social Security Select Committee from 1992 to 1997, the London Regional Select Committee for a second time from 2009 to 2010, and the Justice Select Committee from 2010 to 2015. Corbyn was re-elected Member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, most recently in 2015, where he gained 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194. Between 1997 and 2010, during the most recent Labour Government, Corbyn was the most rebellious of all Labour MPs, regularly defying three-line whips. In the 2005–2010 Parliament alone he defied the whip 238 times, approximately 25% of all votes.

In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee of the Stop the War Coalition, which was formed to oppose the Afghanistan War later that year. He was fiercely opposed to the Iraq War in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He helped organise the February anti-war protest which was thought to be the largest political protest in British history. He was elected Chair of the Coalition in succession to Andrew Murray in September 2011. In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to support Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party's call for an inquiry into the Iraq War. He is strongly opposed to weapons of mass destruction and a long-time supporter of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, having joined the organisation in 1966 whilst still at school, and being one of its three Vice-Chairs. Corbyn was criticised for inviting Gerry Adams and other members of Sinn Fein to Parliament in 1984, weeks after the Brighton bombing by the IRA which killed five people.

Corbyn is a member of a number of trade union groups in Parliament. He is sponsored by several trade unions, including Unison, the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers and Unite the Union. He is a committed anti-fascist, having spoken at the major Unite Against Fascism and Trades Union Congress joint anti-British National Party rally in December 2001, and was the keynote speaker at Unite Against Fascism's annual conference in 2007.

Corbyn is Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on the Chagos Islands, Chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and Vice-Chair of the APPG on Human Rights. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly-removed Chagossians to return to the British Indian Ocean Territory and is a Venezuelan solidarity activist. He is also a member of the following APPGs: Bolivia, Britain–Palestine, Cheese, Cycling, Dalits, Great Lakes, International Parliamentary Union and Traveller Law Reform.

Expenses

During the 2009 expenses scandal, Corbyn was revealed to have claimed the lowest amount of expenses of any Member of Parliament. In 2010 he claimed the smallest amount of all 650 MPs. In an interview with The Islington Gazette he said: "I am a parsimonious MP...I think we should claim what we need to run our offices and pay our staff but be careful because it's obviously public money...in a year, rent for the (constituency) office in Finsbury Park is about £12,000 to £14,000." He rents his constituency office from the Ethical Property Company.

Activism

Corbyn became known in the 1980s for his work on behalf of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, who were eventually found to have been wrongly convicted of responsibility for a series of bombings carried out in England in the mid-1970s by the IRA that killed 28 people. Corbyn also supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the 1994 bombing of a London Embassy. Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain. The convictions were upheld by the Court of Appeal in 2001 and by the European Court of Human Rights in 2007. In 2013 he supported Botmeh's appointment as a governor at London Metropolitan University.

Corbyn was a well-known campaigner against apartheid in South Africa, serving on the National Executive of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and was arrested in 1984 for protesting outside South Africa House.

Leadership of the Labour Party

Leadership election

Main article: Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign, 2015
Corbyn speaking at the People's Assembly Demonstration in 2014

Following Labour's defeat in the 2015 general election on 7 May, Ed Miliband resigned as Leader of the Labour Party, triggering a leadership election. On 2 June, it was reported in various media sources that Corbyn was considering standing as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice. The next day, Corbyn confirmed to his local newspaper, The Islington Tribune, that he would be standing in the election on a "clear anti-austerity platform". Corbyn added: "This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate." The other candidates were Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper, Shadow Health Secretary Andy Burnham and Shadow Minister for Care and Older People Liz Kendall.

On 12 September 2015 Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party in a landslide victory, where he received 59.5% of first-preference votes thereby winning in the first round.

Leader of the Opposition

On becoming Leader of the Labour Party on 12 September 2015, Corbyn thereby assumed the office of Leader of the Opposition.

Policies and views

Taxation and economy

Corbyn has campaigned against private finance initiative (PFI) schemes and supports the introduction of a living wage and a higher rate of income tax for the "wealthiest in society". Corbyn is an advocate for recouping losses from tax avoidance and evasion, by investing £1 billion in HMRC. Richard Murphy, one of Corbyn's economics advisers said that "spending up to £300 million on staff could raise £8 billion extra."

Corbyn also planned to reduce the £93 billion which companies receive in tax relief. This amount is made up of several reliefs, including railway and energy subsidies, relief on investment and government procurement from the private sector. He has described year-on-year corporation tax cuts for companies with profits over £300,000 by current governments as a "race to the bottom". In 1990 Corbyn participated in the tax resistance movement against the Community Charge, also known as the "poll tax", for which he faced imprisonment.

Corbyn proposes to have the Bank of England create money to invest in housing and public transport, described by Corbyn as "people's quantitative easing". This would aim to turn the UK into a high-skill, high-tech economy and to build more council houses in order to lower long-term housing benefit costs. To achieve this, the Bank would purchase bonds for a state-owned "National Investment Bank".

Welfare and health

In 2013, Corbyn co-signed a letter which was published in The Guardian newspaper that indicated his support for the People's Assembly Against Austerity. He has also been a prominent sponsor of the March for Homes.

He was one of sixteen signatories to an open letter to then-Labour Leader Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling for Labour to make a commitment to opposing further austerity, to take rail franchises back into public ownership, and to strengthen collective bargaining arrangements.

At the Second Reading of the Welfare Reform and Work Bill in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 other Labour MPs to oppose the bill, describing it as "rotten and indefensible", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained. In August 2015, he called on Iain Duncan Smith to resign as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after it emerged that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by Work Capability Assessments between 2011 and 2014.

Corbyn has said that the NHS should be "completely publicly run and publicly accountable" and is a supporter of the NHS Reinstatement Bill 2015. Corbyn is opposed to the Private finance initiative, arguing that the NHS will have to repay "six times the original investment in them". In 2010, he stated on Twitter that he believed homeopathy could work for some people and signed a parliamentary motion introduced by the Conservative MP David Tredinnick calling on the government to consider the experiences of other countries such as India, which backs homeopathy treatment, when formulating health policy.

Education

Corbyn envisions the establishment of a "National Education Service", on a similar model to that of the existing National Health Service. He advocates a return to local authority over state-funded academies and free schools, and an end to the charitable status of public schools. Corbyn has campaigned strongly against tuition fees in England, and supports an increase in corporation tax to fund public services such as free higher education. He also advocates the restoration of maintenance grants, which were abolished by the Conservative government in 2015. Corbyn is also in favour of an organised "National Creative Apprenticeship Service" for arts-based further education.

LGBT rights

Considered an early pioneer of LGBT equality, Corbyn championed such causes as the Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners (LGSM), civil partnerships and a repeal of the anti-gay Section 28 legislation. Corbyn has "unwaveringly" supported LGBT rights, having been the only Labour MP to vote in a favour of a Liberal Democrat amendment to outlaw discrimination based on sexuality in 1998, before the introduction of the Equality Act 2006. Corbyn voted in favour of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, which ultimately legalised same-sex marriage in England and Wales. He has also threatened "economic and diplomatic consequences" on those countries not supporting LGBT rights.

Energy and transport

Corbyn speaking at the Tolpuddle Martyrs' Festival and Rally, 2015

Corbyn has been outspoken in his support for taking rail and energy companies back into public ownership via nationalisation.

An analysis cited by The Guardian and Financial Times newspapers, of the nationalisation policies advocated by Corbyn, indicates a figure of at least £124 billion would be needed to purchase controlling shares in the "Big Six" national energy providers plus the National Grid. The plan would have to comply with European Union competition law, as while currently several European countries have state-owned passenger railway systems organised to comply with this law, future EU proposals may require states to open up passenger railway markets. Both energy markets and freight railway markets also must have competition and therefore a state-owned company would have to compete with other companies.

In August 2015, Corbyn raised the possibility of introducing women-only carriages on public transport, as well as a 24-hour hotline for women to report cases of harassment. He said that although his aim was to "make public transport safer for everyone from the train platform, to the bus stop to the mode of transport itself", he would consult women on whether such carriages would be welcome, after the idea was suggested to him. His statement was condemned by Yvette Cooper, Andy Burnham and Liz Kendall, with Cooper stating that Corbyn's plan was "turning the clock back instead of tackling the problem", while Conservative Women's Minister Nicky Morgan said she was "uncomfortable with the idea", which sounded like "segregation".

Nationalism and devolution

Corbyn has been a long-standing supporter of a United Ireland and controversially invited Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams to London in 1984. A second meeting in 1996 was cancelled following pressure from the Labour Party. Corbyn responded by saying "dialogue with all parties remains essential if the peace process is to continue". He has been strongly criticised by Labour and Conservative MPs for holding meetings with former members of the IRA in the Houses of Parliament to discuss topics such as conditions in Northern Irish prisons and the IRA ceasefire. Corbyn voted against the Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying that it strengthened the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and he opposed it as he wished to see a United Ireland. In an interview on Northern Irish radio in August 2015, Corbyn stressed his opposition to "all bombing" and welcomed the ceasefire and peace process, although he did not express a direct opinion about the actions of the IRA specifically.

When asked by Glasgow's Herald newspaper if he would describe himself as a British unionist, Corbyn replied "No, I would describe myself as a socialist. I would prefer the UK to stay together, yes, but I recognise the right of people to take the decision on their own autonomy and independence". He also criticised the decision by Scottish Labour to work with Scottish Conservatives in the Better Together campaign, and said that he had not actively participated in the referendum campaign. Corbyn also stated his belief that economic inequality exists across the UK, and that Labour should unite people on the basis of a "radical economic strategy".

Corbyn has stated his personal preference for Britain to become a republic, but said given the royals' popularity, "it's not a battle that I am fighting". In 1991, Corbyn seconded the Commonwealth of Britain Bill brought forward by Tony Benn, which called for the transformation of the United Kingdom into a "democratic, federal and secular Commonwealth of Britain", with an elected President, devolution, abolition of the House of Lords and an equal representation of men and women in Parliament.

Foreign affairs and defence

Corbyn has stated that NATO is to blame for the crisis in Ukraine and described Russia's actions as "not unprovoked". He has said it "probably was" a mistake to allow former Warsaw Pact countries to join NATO: "Nato expansion and Russian expansion – one leads to the other, and one reflects the other." Corbyn's views on Ukraine, Russia, and NATO were criticised by a number of writers, including Halya Coynash of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, Anne Applebaum in The Sunday Times, Ben Judah in The Independent, and Roger Boyes in The Times. Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Edward Lucas saw Corbyn as having a "desire to appease Russia by sacrificing Ukraine" and said that Corbyn's "anti-imperialist sentiments did not stretch to understanding countries such as Ukraine." In April 2014, he wrote an article for the Morning Star attributing the crisis in Ukraine to NATO. He said that the "root of the crisis" lay in "the US drive to expand eastwards" and described Russia's actions as "not unprovoked". Corbyn told The Guardian in August 2015: "I am not an admirer or supporter of Putin's foreign policy, or of Russian or anybody else's expansion". Corbyn would like to pull the United Kingdom out of NATO, but has acknowledged that there is not an appetite for it among the public and instead intends to push for NATO to "restrict its role".

Corbyn speaking at a No More War event at Parliament Square in August 2015

A member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Corbyn opposes the replacement of Britain's Trident nuclear weapons system, and supports the creation of a Defence Diversification Agency to assist the transfer of jobs and skills to the civilian sector. In his leadership election campaign, Corbyn suggested that the 11,000 jobs supported by Trident could be replaced by "socially productive" jobs in renewable energy, railways and housing.

Corbyn has been particularly vocal on Middle East foreign policy. He is a member of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, regularly campaigning against conflict in Gaza and what the organisation considers to be apartheid in Israel. Asked in an interview on Channel 4 News in July 2015 why he had called representatives from Hamas and Hezbollah "friends" at a parliamentary meeting, Corbyn explained that he had used the word in a "collective" sense, and does not condone the actions of either organisation. "There is not going to be a peace process unless there is talks involving Israel, Hezbollah and Hamas and I think everyone knows that," he argued. He has called for the lifting of sanctions as part of a negotiated full settlement of issues concerning the Iranian nuclear programme, and the starting of a political process to decommission Israel's nuclear weapons.

In July 2015, Corbyn said that if Prime Minister David Cameron negotiated away workers' rights and environmental protection as part of his renegotiation of Britain's membership of the European Union (EU), he would not rule out advocating for a British exit in a proposed referendum on EU membership.

Environment and animal rights

Jeremy Corbyn has been a strong advocate for environmentalism. During his leadership bid in 2015, he published a "Protecting Our Planet manifesto", detailing plans for a "Green Investment Bank" that would invest in green technologies such as renewable energy. He advocates a ban on hydraulic fracking, a phasing out of fossil fuel extraction, and investment in public transport to improve air quality. Corbyn is also against the creation of new nuclear power stations.

Corbyn has been a long-time campaigner on animal rights issues. He was one of the first signatories to Tony Banks' "Pigeon Bombs" Early Day Motion and in 2015 signed a motion calling for a ban on the importation of foie gras into the United Kingdom and sponsored a motion opposing the Yulin Dog Meat Festival. He also sponsored two Early Day Motions relating to the McLibel case.

Personal life

In 1974, Corbyn married Jane Chapman, then a fellow Labour Party councillor in Haringey and university lecturer, who described Corbyn as her "political soulmate"; the couple divorced in 1979. Eight years later he married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, with whom he had three sons. Following a disagreement over whether to send their son Ben to a grammar school – Corbyn opposes selection at 11 – the couple divorced in 1999, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continued to "get on very well" with his ex-wife. Ben was later sent to Queen Elizabeth's School, which was Bracchitta's first choice. In 2015, Corbyn married his long-term domestic partner Laura Alvarez, a Mexican who works as an importer of fair trade coffee.

Having described himself as parsimonious in the past, Corbyn told Simon Hattenstone of The Guardian in June 2015, "I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car." He has been a vegetarian since the age of 20, following a period working on a pig farm, and is teetotal.

Awards

In 2013, Corbyn was awarded the Gandhi International Peace Award for his "consistent efforts over a 30-year Parliamentary career to uphold the Gandhian values of social justice and non‐violence." In the same year, he was honoured by the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative for his "ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes". Corbyn has won the Parliamentary "Beard of the Year Award" a record five times, as well as being named as the Beard Liberation Front's Beard of the Year, having previously described his beard as "a form of dissent" against New Labour.

Styles

  • Mr. Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (1949–1983)
  • Mr. Jeremy Bernard Corbyn MP (1983–present)

Notes

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