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Revision as of 21:36, 15 April 2018 by JohnathanRivera (talk | contribs) (Adding to Definitive Articles section (Article 2 and 3))(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)Republican Liberalism is an International Relations Theory which claims that Liberal Democracies (almost) never fight each other, and in that sense are more peaceful. However, the theory does not propose that Democracies are more peaceful than non-democracies, as many Democracies are engaged in wars with non-democracies. The theory holds that the reason for this intra-democratic peace is rooted in the regime type of these countries (Democracy) and the existence of similar domestic political cultures, common moral values, economic cooperation and interdependence.
Kant and Perpetual Peace:
The issue of war and peace has been a very important political issue since the birth of armed conflicts that as a "universal norm in human history." In particular, the 20th century turning into the age of Nuclear Age and the increase threats.
Liberal theories in terms of International Relations (I.R.), attempts to explain how both peace and cooperation is possible. Perpetual Peace is a reference in world affairs where peace is established permanently. The idea of Perpetual Peace was made famous by German Philosopher Immanuel Kant in his essay called, "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch," 1795.
The Definitive Articles of Perpetual Peace:
When we are talking Perpetual Peace, Kant offer three definitive articles to make permanent peace function. These Definitive Articles are:
- "The Civil Constitution of Every State should be Republican."
- "The Law of Nations shall be founded on a Federation of Free States."
- "The Law of World Citizenship shall be Limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality.
#1: "The Civil Constitution of Every State should be Republican."
The first Definitive Article of Perpetual Peace that Kant explains is, "The Civil Constitution of Every State should be Republican." When Kant says that every state should be Republican, we need to move away from the notion of political parties. Kant is not talking about Conservatism, but rather the form of government that existed in Rome. In Ancient Rome, they began to move away from Athenian Democracy (Direct Democracy) and started a Representative Democracy. Kant's main argument for this form of government is that, if all nations were to be Republics and all citizens have the right to vote on issues such as going to war. Also, war would come to end fairly quickly. Another reason for Republics is, with a "legislatures to check the power of monarchs (or presidents) to make war." This is an example of the principle of Checks and Balance to make sure that no-one person holds absolute power in the decision making process that impacts everyone.
#2: "The Law of Nations shall be founded on a Federation of Free States."
For the second definitive article, Kant is essentially arguing that Nations like individuals. The rule by the of law should be establish but in-order for that to occur, nations need to be willing to assemble it. Kant goes on to say that if nations fail to establish laws and courts for judgement, then force (or war) would be the only way to settle disputes. A federation, is necessary in-order to maintain the peace between nations, a contemporary example would be the United Nations or the European Union (E.U.) which try and maintain peace respectfully.
#3: "The Law of World Citizenship shall be Limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality."
When Kant says hospitality, what he means is, "the right if the stranger to be treated with hospitality when he enters on someone else's territory." If the "stranger" is peaceful, he can in fact be turned away without aggression or even welcomed with open arms. An example of this is when a country is receiving a world leader, the host country usually holds a State Welcomingceremony which are usually reserved for special relationships and reaffirms that bond. Kant reinforces this by writing, "One may refuse to receive him when this can be done without causing his destruction ... It is not the right to be a permanent visitor that one may demand." Many countries also protect themselves from countries occupying them. For instant, the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution states that, "No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law." Even though this is addressing the quartering of American Soldiers, the idea is the same. A country does in fact have the right to protect themselves against aggression from anyone.
See also
References
- Jackson, Robert and Georg Sorensen (2006), Introduction to International Relations:theories and approaches, Oxford, OUP, 3ed, p111
- 1922-, Howard, Michael, (2002). The invention of peace and the reinvention of war. Howard, Michael, 1922 Nov. 29- (Rev. and extended ed ed.). London: Profile. ISBN 9781861974099. OCLC 59463663.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help);|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - C.,, Pevehouse, Jon. International relations. Goldstein, Joshua S., 1952- (Brief seventh edition ed.). Boston. ISBN 9780134406350. OCLC 929155291.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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