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Austin Maxi
1980 BL Maxi MkII 1750 HLS
Overview
Manufacturer	Austin (British Leyland)
Also called	Maxi Leyland Maxi
Production	1969–1981
Assembly	Cowley, Oxford, England IMV, Novo Mesto, Yugoslavia AMI, Petone New Zealand
Designer	Sir Alec Issigonis
Body and chassis
Body style	5-door hatchback
Powertrain
Engine	E-Series 1,485 cc (90.6 cu in), 74 bhp and 1,748 cc (106.7 cu in), 84 or 95 bhp
Transmission	5-speed manual all-synchromesh 4-speed automatic optional from 1974
Dimensions
Wheelbase	104.75 in (2,661 mm)
Length	159 in (4,039 mm)
Width	64 in (1,626 mm)
Height	54.5 in (1,384 mm)
Kerb weight	2,156 lb (978 kg)
Chronology
Predecessor	Austin A60 Cambridge
Successor	Austin Maestro

The Austin Maxi is a medium-sized, 5-door hatchback family car that was produced by Austin and later British Leyland between 1969 and 1981. It was the first British five-door hatchback.

British Leyland built and sold the Maxi alongside the 1971 Morris Marina and 1973 Austin Allegro. All three were replaced by the 1982 Austin Maestro.

History

The Maxi (code name ADO14) was the last car designed under the British Motor Corporation (BMC) before it was incorporated into the new British Leyland group, and was the last production car designed by famed designer Alec Issigonis. Originally under BMC's plan for its new model range, which it had been developing since 1965, the Maxi was to have been called the "Austin 1500" on its spring 1969 launch, and a saloon version the "Morris 1500" was to follow in the autumn.

However, upon the merger of BMC and Leyland the new management abandoned the four-door saloon notchback and developed the Morris Marina instead. The Marina, launched in April 1971, was a rear-wheel drive car available as a saloon, coupe or estate.

The new chairman Lord Stokes decided to also change the hatchback's name to the Maxi in homage to the Mini of 10 years earlier. All Maxis were produced at the Cowley plant in Oxford, although the E-Series engines were made at a new factory at Cofton Hackett in Longbridge.

The Maxi was launched in Oporto, Portugal, on 24 April 1969, in a blaze of publicity; it was one of the first cars to appear on the BBC's new car programme Wheelbase, a forerunner to Top Gear, which debuted in 1977. It was also the first car to be launched after the creation of British Leyland. It was one of the first hatchback models to be produced in the world, and the first in Britain; the five-door hatchback echoed the French-produced Renault 16, which was European Car of the Year following its launch in 1965. This type of car increased in popularity rapidly during the 1970s and during the 1980s became the most popular type of car in most European markets.

Underneath the Maxi's practical and spacious bodyshell lay an all-new Front-wheel drive chassis, which was interlinked with an innovative five-speed manual transmission, another rarity on family cars in 1969 and one which many manufacturers did not largely adopt until more than a decade later. The transmission suffered from notorious problems with its control linkage, especially in early models which had a cable-operated linkage prone to cable stretch and other problems. These were noted by autotesters such as Vicar in Today's Driver (1969), who wrote: "This is probably a good idea that just needs a little bit of working on." This criticism actually came as a result of a road test two months before the car officially went on sale. The later rod linkage was less problematic. All models were prone to problems brought on by the "cogs in the sump" layout, whereby the gearbox and engine shared a common oil supply. The clutch oil seal was also prone to leakage.

Power came from a 1,485 cc (90.6 cu in), E-Series petrol engine which would later be used in other British Leyland products, such as the Austin Allegro. The 1750 and twin-carburettor 1750 HL models, added to the range in 1971, offered good performance by the standards of this era, with a top speed of 97 mph, while the smaller-engine version could exceed 90 mph.

Despite the new platform, the Maxi's styling suffered from the decision to save tooling costs by using door panels from the Austin 1800 "Landcrab", which gave the Maxi an unusually long wheelbase in relation to its length, coupled with the fact that the carryover doors made the Maxi resemble a scaled down version of the 1800 (and indeed, the Austin 3-Litre, which also used the same doors). This design was, by then, five-years-old, at a time when curvaceous American-inspired "coke bottle" styling (typified by contemporaries such as the Ford Cortina Mk III and Hillman Avenger) was very much in vogue, contrasting sharply with the Maxi's very obvious mid-1960s looks. Another styling ambition for the car was a four-door saloon version, to compete directly with the Ford Cortina. A prototype was built, badged as a Morris, but it was not put into production, since the booted extension made the Maxi almost the same size as the 1800 model, which itself was replaced in March 1975 by the 18-22 series models (renamed the Princess just months after its launch). Also worthy of note is that the Maxi was voted the least stolen car in 1971 & 1972.

In Australia, owing to recently increased local content assembly tariffs which would have resulted in the Maxi being uneconomic to build, Leyland Motor Corporation of Australia developed in the UK the Morris Nomad effectively a hybrid, utilizing the Maxi's E-series engine/transmission and rear tailgate and fitting them to the then currently assembled Morris 1100 body. For a short while the Nomad (under the Austin name) was exported to New Zealand and offered alongside the locally assembled Maxi.

The Maxi featured a spacious interior, comfortable passenger accommodation, competitive prices and reasonable running costs, but it was let down by a dull interior and poor build quality, although it was not as notorious for its failings as the Austin Allegro and Morris Marina were during the 1970s.

The Maxi had several rivals during the 1970s, including the Volkswagen Passat (1973) and Chrysler Alpine (1975), although its best-selling rivals from Ford and Vauxhall did not adopt a hatchback until the early 1980s.

One unusual feature of this car was that the rear seat back, as well as folding forward as in a conventional hatchback, also folded back. In combination with fully reclining front seats this gave satisfactory, if spartan, sleeping accommodation.

Towards the end of the Maxi's life, in 1980, a lightly revised model was marketed as the "Maxi 2", although by now sales were declining and a new car to succeed the Allegro and Maxi was being developed. Its launch was being delayed due to extra investment being required to develop the Austin Metro, launched in October 1980.

End of production

On 8 July 1981, the Austin Maxi's 12-year production run came to an end. Its replacement, the Austin Maestro, which also replaced the smaller Allegro, was introduced in March 1983. Shortly after the Maxi's demise, BL met the demand for a larger family hatchback by revamping the Princess and renaming it the Austin Ambassador, although this was a short-lived model which only lasted until 1984, when the Austin Montego was launched. This completed BL's rationalisation, as it now had just one model competing in this market sector, five years after offering four similar-sized cars.

The Maxi production lines at Cowley were changed to the production of the Triumph Acclaim, which was launched in September 1981.

Despite its practical design and remarkable space efficiency (it is shorter, narrower and lower than the sixth generation Ford Fiesta), the Maxi never came close to reaching its projected sales targets. BL management decisions involving the Maxi had significant knock-on effects to the rest of the car line-up. BL marketing decreed that the Maxi should be the only car in the range to feature a hatchback. This stance prevented the Morris Marina, Austin Allegro and Princess models gaining hatchbacks despite those designs all being capable of receiving them. The policy was discontinued with the arrival of the Rover SD1 in 1976 and the fast-growing popularity of hatchbacks during the 1970s and 1980s saw British Leyland launch a raft of new hatchback models. The Austin Metro, launched in 1980, was only available as a hatchback, as was the 1983 Austin Maestro, which itself formed the basis for the Montego saloon and estate launched shortly afterwards. Although the Rover SD1 was only ever produced as a hatchback, its successor (the Rover 800 Series) was sold as a saloon and a hatchback.

Popular culture

In 1972, a married couple escaped the Soviet quarter of Berlin at Checkpoint Charlie in the back of a Maxi. Once over into the western sector, the British Royal Military Police and the West German Polizei were so surprised that two people could fit into a Maxi's boot, that it was then taken up by Leyland West Germany and re-created in a television advert shown across West Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

Also in 1972 at the Earls Court Motor Show a competition was staged by The Daily Telegraph, the Institute of British Coachbuilders and Motor Manufactures (later incorporated into the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders) to design a futuristic concept car based on a Maxi. The winning design was done by young talented designer Chris Field, and the prize was to have his design on paper turned into reality. The "Aquila" was constructed by Woodhall Nicolson of Halifax with help from Lucas, Smiths (Motor Accessory Division & Radiomobile) and Triplex. The resultant car was then exhibited at the 1973 show and then given to Field. He then went on the design speed cycles with help from Lotus and his designs for high speed cycles have been used through subsequent Olympic teams. The car survives at Poole in Dorset.

Timeline

• May 1969: Introduction of the Austin Maxi 1500 5-door hatchback with transversely-mounted 1485 cc E Series engine and 5-speed manual gearbox driving the front wheels, independent suspension with hydrolastic shock absorbers (often referred to as "The Cable-Change" models).
• October 1970: Revisions: redesigned front grille with centre badge, bodyside strips, gearchange rods (instead of previous gear cables), better sound insulation, new seat facings, all-new veneered wood dash design and smaller steering wheel. Introduction of the Austin Maxi 1750 with larger 1748 cc engine and revisions as for Maxi 1500. Assembly by IMV in Yugoslavia also commenced in 1970.
• 1971: Alternator fitted to all UK Models, revised direction indicator circuit, matt finish wood dash, Plastic engine shield mow black instead of cream. 1750 now has its own gold/yellow chequered grill badge.
• 1972: Introduction of the Austin Maxi 1750 HL, with twin SU HS6 carburettor version of the 1748 cc engine, which gave a higher output of 91 bhp (68 kW) at 5250 rpm. Other additional features for the HL were 165 x 13 radial ply tyres, black grille with chrome upper and lower strips, with red "HL" motif fitted, red chequered front badge, front bumper under-riders, chrome exhaust trim, black rimmed hub caps, body coloured mouldings along the sides and rear, electric windscreen washers, 3 spoke-alloy steering wheel with leather-bound rim, padded vinyl dashboard, dipping rear view mirror, vanity mirror on passenger sun visor, front door pockets, simulated wooden gear knob and brushed nylon upholstery.
• 1973: Hazard flashers introduced on UK models. Also with the Austin/Morris 1800, there are body changes to the Maxi to simplify production and reduce costs (the A posts are no longer lead loaded).
• 1974: Optional 4-speed automatic transmission available on 1750 & (from May 1979) 1750 HL.
• 1975: Fuel tank enlarged, revisions to the rear squab bed adaption facility. All models now feature cigar lighter and heated rear window as standard.
• 1976: All export LHD Models now designated "Maxi HL" with specification similar to UK 1750 HL without twin carburettor or three-spoke alloy steering wheel.
• 1977: Austin name officially dropped by BL under recommendation by the Ryder Report. Model now officially designated "Maxi". The only subtle difference to the owner was the rear tailgate badge along with the handbooks, so general public and dealers unofficially still called it the same name. Dual circuit brakes now fitted to UK spec cars.
• 1978: All models now have hydragas suspension instead of previous hydrolastic system which required a revised front subframe design, and all models now feature electric windscreen washers. The HL loses its three-spoke steering wheel and a walnut finish dash replaces its padded dash.
• May 1979: Introduction of the Maxi 1750 HLS with walnut dash and twin carburettor 91 bhp (68 kW) engine previously restricted to the HL (HL now with the single carburettor and wood dash). All models now feature the same copper colored front grill badge, black wipers and door mirrors, the rear tailgate badge is now located below the trim line, also revised illuminated switches, cigar lighter and revised windscreen wiper control instrumentation. The 1500/1750 now have 'Marle' fabric seat facings replacing the previous PVC "basketweave" leatherette. Single rear foglight now fitted across the range.
• Dec 1979: Maxi 1500 discontinued.
• Aug 1980: Introduction of the Maxi 2 range in 1750 L, 1750 HL and 1750 HLS variations. All models feature new revisions including new bumpers incorporating indicators (front) and reversing lights (rear), new side repeaters, full cover plastic wheel trims and broader side moulding inserts. Inside the instrument bezels were now in matt black, the switchgear was also again revised, the headlight switch was now on the steering column and there was a choke warning light. The L replaced the previous Base model and added LM/MW push button radio, nylon trim, door bins, laminated windscreen and walnut veneer dashboard. The HL gained intermittent screen wipe, velour seats, tinted glass and extra sound insulation. The HLS gained a burr walnut veneer dashboard. However, LHD export Maxi 2s were still referred to as 'Austin' Maxis in sales literature, only one version being available, the single carburettor HL, though unlike the UK spec cars it did not feature a radio as standard.
• 1981: Chrome bumpers replaced by matt black.

• July 1981: Last Maxi 2 rolls off production line, its place at Cowley taken by the new Triumph Acclaim. The last Maxi, a champagne L model, is now owned by the British Motor Museum, Gaydon.

Model versions

• Airfix : 1/32 1500 "Cable-changer" Plastic kit made between 1970 and 1975
• Gearbox Models : 1/43 1750 Green Mallard Pewter constructed limited 250 made for the Maxi Owners Club in 1994
• Milestone Models : 1/43 1750 & Series 2 white metal versions made in various colours 1997
• Silas Models : 1/43 "Cable-changer" Plastic constructed three limited colours available 2015
• Silas Models : 1/43 1750 HL Plastic constructed three limited colours of Harvest Gold,Tartan Red & Teal Blue 2017
• Oxford Diecast : OO gauge 1750HLS Java Green Metallic / 1750HL Damask Red 2019 / 1750HL Harvest Gold / 1750 Pageant Blue 2020

References

1. ^ History of the Company, www.austinmemories.com Retrieved on 26 October 2017
2. Scandinavian Leyland Maxi sales brochure, www.lov2xlr8.no Retrieved 26 October 2017
3. "Around the World : Yugoslavia". May 2016.
4. "Around the World : New Zealand". 30 April 2016.
5. ^ Culshaw; Horrobin (1974). Complete Catalogue of British Cars. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-16689-2.
6. "Autotest: Austin Maxi". Autocar. 130. Vol. (nbr 3821). 8 May 1969. pp. 8–13.
7. "The cars : Austin Maxi development story". AROnline. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
8. Today's Driver, February 1969
9. From "Today's Driver" February 1969. http://driventowrite.com/2013/11/01/1969-austin-maxi/
10. http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/cars/bmc-cars/1100-1300/11001300-international-variations/bmc-11001300-australian-variations/
11. Adams, Keith. "Austin Maxi development history". AROnline. AROnline. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
12. "1972 Austin Maxi HL technical specifications". Carfolio database. Carfolio.com. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
13. "2012 Ford Fiesta 1.6 Hatchback technical specifications". Carfolio database. Carfolio.com. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
14. "The best of the British car industry". AROnline. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
15. Adams, Keith (2 October 2011). "Yugoslav 1100s". AROnline.
16. Maxi advertisement, www.pinterest.co.uk Retrieved 26 October 2017

External links

• The Austin Maxi Owners Club
• The unofficial AustinRover Web Resource: Austin Maxi index
• Private Austin Maxi Website, J.D. Meyberg, Germany
• http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Community/Forum-Landing/Forum-Categories/Topic/?&topic-id=6269

• Austin vehicles
• British Leyland vehicles
• Front-wheel-drive vehicles
• Issigonis vehicles
• Hatchbacks
• Cars introduced in 1969
• 1960s cars
• 1970s cars
• 1980s cars