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Steven Emerson
Emerson at a convention in June 2008
Occupation	Journalist; Author; Executive Director of the Investigative Project on Terrorism (IPT)
Nationality	U.S.
Alma mater	Brown University (B.A., 1976; M.A., 1977)
Subject	National security, terrorism, and Islamic extremism
Notable works	Jihad in America
Notable awards	1994 George Polk Award for best television documentary; top prize for best investigative report from Investigative Reporters and Editors Organization

Steven Emerson, an American former staff member of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, has been referred to by The New York Times as "an expert on intelligence" and by the New York Post as "the nation's foremost journalistic expert on terrorism". He is a journalist and author, who writes about national security, terrorism, and Islamic extremism.

Emerson is the author of six books, and co-author of two more. His television documentary Jihad in America won the 1994 George Polk Award for best Television Documentary, and top prize for best investigative reporting from Investigative Reporters and Editors. He is also the Executive Director of the Investigative Project on Terrorism (IPT), a data-gathering center on Islamist groups.

Education and early career

Emerson received a Bachelors of Arts from Brown University in 1976, and a Master of Arts in sociology in 1977.

He went to Washington, D.C., in 1977 with the intention of putting off his law school studies for a year. He worked on staff as an investigator for the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee until 1982, and as an executive assistant to Democratic Senator Frank Church of Idaho.

Journalist and commentator

Emerson was a freelance writer for The New Republic, for whom he wrote a series of articles in 1982 on the influence of Saudi Arabia in U.S. corporations, law firms, public-relations outfits, and educational institutions. In their pursuit of large contracts with Saudi Arabia, he argued, U.S. businesses became unofficial, unregistered lobbyists for Saudi interests.

He expanded this material in 1985 in his first book, The American House of Saud: The Secret Petrodollar Connection.

U.S. News and World Report and CNN

From 1986 to 1989 he worked for U.S. News and World Report as a senior editor specializing in national security issues. In 1988, he published Secret Warriors: Inside the Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era, a strongly critical review of Ronald Reagan-era efforts to strengthen U.S. covert capabilities. Reviewing the book, The New York Times wrote: "Among the grace notes of Mr. Emerson's fine book are many small, well-told stories".

In 1990, he co-authored The Fall of Pan Am 103: Inside the Lockerbie Investigation, which argued for the alternate theory that Iran was behind the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. Reviewing the book, The New York Times wrote: "Mr. Emerson and Mr. Duffy have put together a surpassing account of the investigation to date, rich with drama and studded with the sort of anecdotal details that give the story the appearance of depth and weight." The newspaper listed it as an "editors' choice" on their Best Sellers List, and cited it as a "notable book of the year". Libya accepted responsibility for that air crash, and paid each of the victim's families $10 million apiece.

In 1990, he joined CNN as an investigative correspondent and continued to write about terrorism. In 1991, he published Terrorist: The Inside Story of the Highest-Ranking Iraqi Terrorist Ever to Defect to the West, detailing his account of how Iraq had spread and increased its terror network in the 1980s with United States support.

Jihad in America

Emerson left CNN in 1993 to work on a documentary, Terrorists Among Us: Jihad in America, for the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). The documentary exposed clandestine operations of Islamist groups in the U.S.

In the documentary, which aired as a Frontline TV broadcast in November 1994, he stood in front of the Twin Towers and warned:

"The survivors of the explosion at the World Trade Center in 1993 are still suffering from the trauma, but as far as everyone else is concerned, all this was a spectacular news event that is over. Is it indeed over? The answer is: apparently not. A network of Muslim extremists is committed to a jihad against America. Their ultimate aim is to establish a Muslim empire."

He documented meetings in American hotels at which Muslims called for a holy war, raised funds for terror organizations, and predicted that terror would ultimately come to the U.S. He also filmed Muslim-American youth training with weapons in summer camps, and interviewed supporters of terror who operated under the cover of charitable organizations.

Emerson noted at the outset that "the overwhelming majority of Muslims are not members of militant groups." But the message of the documentary was that seemingly respectable Muslim organizations have ties with militants who preach violence against moderate Muslims, as well as against Christians and Jews, and that charitable contributions to those organizations make their way to extremists. He showed videos of Muslim fundamentalist speakers such as Abdullah Azzam in Brooklyn urging his audience to wage jihad in America (which Azzam explains "means fighting only, fighting with the sword"), Fayiz Azzam (a cousin of Abdullah) telling an Atlanta audience: "Blood must flow. There must be widows; there must be orphans," and Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman in Detroit (later convicted of conspiring to blow up several New York City landmarks, and sentenced to life in prison) calling for jihad against the infidel. Sheik Mohammed Al-Asi of Chicago said: "If the Americans are placing their forces in the Persian Gulf, we should be creating another war front for the Americans in the Muslim world," and at a November 1993 Hamas rally in New Jersey hundreds chanted: "We buy paradise with the blood of the Jews." The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), a Muslim organization in Washington later named as an unindicted co-conspirator in the Holy Land trial, complained that PBS denied requests by Arab and Muslim journalists to screen the program before its showing, and that Emerson was promoting "a wild theory about an Islamic terrorist network in America." The New York Times opined that CAIR's concerns "prove understandable (which is not to say the pressure to change or cancel the documentary was justified), since 'Jihad in America' is likely to awaken viewers' unease over what some some Muslim groups here may be up to".

Near the program's end, Emerson prophetically said: "As the activities of Muslim radicals expand in the United States, future attacks seem inevitable. Combating these groups within the boundaries of the Constitution will be the greatest challenge to law enforcement since the war on organized crime."

After his film Jihad in America aired in South Africa, Emerson said that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) informed him that a South African Muslim group had dispatched a team to the U.S. to assassinate him. According to Slate, people who visit his Washington, D.C., office are blindfolded en route, and employees call it "the bat cave."

He received the 1994 George Polk Award for best Television Documentary. He also received the top prize for best investigative report from the Investigative Reporters and Editors Organization (IRE).

Emerson elaborated on this subject in his 2006 book, Jihad Incorporated: A Guide to Militant Islam in the U.S.

Voiced concerns

In early 1997, Emerson told the Middle East Quarterly that the threat of terrorism "is greater now than before the World Trade Center bombing as the numbers of these groups and their members expands. In fact, I would say that the infrastructure now exists to carry off twenty simultaneous World Trade Center-type bombings across the United States."

On February 24, 1998, Emerson said: "The foreign terrorist threat in the United States is one of the most important issues we face.... We now face distinct possibilities of mass civilian murder the likes of which have not been seen since World War II." And just a few months before 9/11, he wrote on May 31, 2001: "Al Qaeda is ... planning new attacks on the US.... learned, for example, how to destroy large buildings.... Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups ... have silently declared war on the US; in turn, we must fight them as we would in a war."

In January 2001 it was reported that Emerson pointed out that the U.S. had missed clues that would have allowed it to focus on al-Qaeda early on. One of the men convicted in the World Trade Center bombing, Ahmad Ajaj, returned to the U.S. from Pakistan in 1992 with a bomb manual later seized by the U.S. An English translation of the document, entered into evidence in the World Trade Center trial, said that the manual was dated 1982, that it had been published in Amman, Jordan, and that it carried a heading on the front and succeeding pages: "The Basic Rule". But those were all errors, as Emerson pointed out. The heading said "al Qaeda"—which translates as The Base. In addition, the document was published in 1989, a year after al-Qaeda was founded, and the place of publication was Afghanistan, not Jordan.

When in February 2003 the U.S. indicted Sami Al-Arian, accusing him of being the North American leader of Palestinian Islamic Jihad and financing and helping support suicide bombings, The New York Times noted that Emerson "has complained about Mr. Al-Arian's activities in the United States for nearly a decade." It was his 1994 documentary Jihad in America that first linked Al-Arian to the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. In 2006, al-Arian pleaded guilty to conspiracy to help a "specially designated terrorist" organization, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad.

The Investigative Project

Emerson is also the founder and Executive Director of The Investigative Project, a large intelligence archive on Islamist groups around the world. He started the Project in 1995, after the broadcast of Jihad in America. Since September 2001, Emerson has testified before committees of both houses of Congress many times on terrorist funding and on the operational structures of groups including al-Qaeda, Hamas, Hezbollah, and Islamic Jihad. He has also given interviews debunking 9/11 conspiracy theories, and is a contributing expert to the Counterterrorism Blog.

Richard Clarke, former head of counter-terrorism for the United States National Security Council, said of Emerson:

"I think of Steve as the Paul Revere of terrorism ... We'd always learn things we weren’t hearing from the FBI or CIA, things which almost always proved to be true."

In March 2004, Newsweek ran an article entitled "How Clarke 'Outsourced' Terror Intel; the Former Counterterrorism Chief Tapped a Private Researcher to Develop Intelligence on Al Qaeda. The Disclosure Sheds New Light on White House Frustrations with the FBI," in which it detailed the high level of reliance Clarke placed on Emerson's information, in lieu of that of the FBI.

Criticism

In testimony on March 19, 1996, to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Emerson described the Holy Land Foundation as "the main fund raising arm for Hamas in the United States." In 2007, federal prosecutors brought charges against Holy Land for funding Hamas and other Islamic terrorist organizations. In 2009, the founders of Holy Land were given life sentences for "funneling $12 million to Hamas."

A 1999 article in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram Weekly, the main focus of which was the detention of two Saudis who mistakenly tried to open the cockpit door of the plane they were on, thinking it was the bathroom, claimed Emerson was the cause of the "Islamaphobia" that led to the authorities' overreaction, as he has "turned denigrating Islam into a full-time job."

Emerson was the target of some media critics and Muslim Americans after the Oklahoma bombing, because he said on CBS that the bomb was intended "to inflict as many casualties as possible. That is a Middle Eastern trait." But Emerson said he was referring only to a fanatical minority in the Islamic community, and pointed out that he was only one of many experts interviewed about the bombing who concluded that there were similarities between Oklahoma City and Middle Eastern terrorism.

A review by Michael Wines in The New York Times of The Fall of Pan Am 103, while noting that the authors were "respected journalists" and "not to be lightly dismissed," and that they "talked to 250 people, including senior law enforcement and intelligence officials in seven nations", opined that charges of Iranian complicity were "without much substantiation".

Media and testimony

Books

It has been suggested that American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2010.

• (1985), The American House of Saud: The Secret Petrodollar Connection, Franklin Watts, ISBN 0-531-09778-1
• (1988), Secret Warriors: Inside the Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era, Putnam, ISBN 0-399-13360-7
• (1990) The Fall of Pan Am 103: Inside the Lockerbie Investigation, with Brian Duffy, Putnam, ISBN 0-399-13521-9
• (1991), Terrorist: The Inside Story of the Highest-Ranking Iraqi Terrorist Ever to Defect to the West, Random House; Villard paperback edition, ISBN 0-679-73701-4
• (1995), The worldwide Jihad movement: Militant Islam targets the West (Policy forum), Institute of the World Jewish Congress
• (2002), American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us, Free Press; 2003 paperback edition, ISBN 0-7432-3435-9
• (2006), Jihad Incorporated: A Guide to Militant Islam in the US, Prometheus Books, ISBN 1-591-02453-6
• (2006), Al Qaeda in Europe: the new battleground of international jihad, with Lorenzo Vidino, Prometheus Books

Chapters

• (1997) Terrorism in the United States, Volume 69, Issue 1, "The Other Fundamentalists", Editor Frank McGuckin, H.W. Wilson Co., ISBN 0824209141

Documentaries

• (1994), Terrorists Among Us: Jihad in America
• (2005), Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West
• (2007), Radical Islam: Terror in Its Own Words

Select articles

• "Stymied Warriors", The New York Times Magazine, November 13, 1988
• "Where Have All His Spies Gone?", The New York Times, August 12, 1990
• "Get Ready for Twenty World Trade Center Bombings", Middle East Quarterly, Volume IV, Number 2, interview with Emerson, June 1997
• "Radicals in our Prisons; How to Stop the Muslim Extremists Recruiting Inmates to Terrorism", The New York Post, May 23, 2009
• "Screening must include religion, ethnicity", CNN, January 5, 2010

Select testimony

• "Terrorism in Buenos Aires, Panama, London", U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations and Human Rights, August 1, 1994
• "Foreign Terrorists in America: Five Years After the WTC Bombing", U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Government Information, February 24, 1998
• "The Operations of Terrorist Networks in the US and Canada", U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims, January 26, 2000
• "Classified Information to Prevent the Presence of Terrorists", U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, May 23, 2000
• "The MO of Terrorist Networks in the United States", U.S. House of Representatives Government Reform Committee, Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations, October 11, 2001
• "Preserving Our Freedoms While Defending Against Terrorism", U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, December 4, 2001
• "Fundraising Methods and Procedures for Terrorist Organizations", U.S. House of Representatives Financial Services Committee, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, February 12, 2002
• "Terrorism, Al Qaeda, and the Muslim World", National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, July 9, 2003
• "Money Laundering and Terror Financing Issues in the Middle East", U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, July 13, 2005
• "Saudi Arabia: Friend or Foe in the War on Terror", U.S. Senate Committee on Judiciary, November 8, 2005
• "The Homeland Security Implications of Radicalization", U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment, September 20, 2006
• "Assessing the Fight Against Al Qaeda", U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, April 9, 2008
• "State Department Outreach with Islamist Groups," U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade, July 31, 2008

References

1. Martin Tolchin and Richard Halloran, "Washington Talk Briefing; Undercover Talk," The New York Times, June 1, 1988, accessed January 28, 2010
2. Oppenheim, Noah, "Extremism and Its Apologists," The , October 22, 1999, accessed January 29, 2010]
3. "Biography", Steveemerson.com.
4. ^ Landau, Benny (December 26, 2009). "Foresight, hindsight". Haaretz. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
5. ^ Emerson, Steven. Secret Warriors: Inside the Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1988 (see bio on back flap).
6. "How Saudis manipulated to win the sale of AWACS, The Miami News, Feb 17, 1982, accessed January 28, 2010
7. Mink, Eric, "Fitting 'Iran-Contra' Into U.S. History," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 30, 1989, accessed January 28, 2010
8. Powers, Thomas, "Solderies of Misfortune," The New York Times, June 26, 1988, accessed January 28, 2010
9. Wines, Michael, "On the Trail of the Terrorists," The New York Times, April 29, 1990, accessed January 28, 2010
10. "Best Sellers", The New York Times, May 6, 1990, accessed January 28, 2010
11. "Notable Books of the Year," The New York Times, December 2, 1990, accessed January 28, 2010
12. "Bloc of Lockerbie Families Urges End to Libya Penalties" June 16, 2004, The New York Times
13. Emerson, Steven, "Islamic Extremists Are Active in U.S.," The New York Times, February 18, 1995, accessed January 29, 2010
14. Goodman, Walter, "Television Review; In 'Jihad in America,' Food for Uneasiness," The New York Times, November 21, 1994, accessed January 21, 2010
15. Mink, Eric, "Was 'Jihad' Extremely Prophetic?," The New York Daily News, April 21, 1995, accessed January 28, 2010
16. The Slate field guide to Iraq Pundits
17. George Polk Award
18. Perez-Pena, Richard, "Report on Nicotine Levels Wins Polk Award," The New York Times, March 7, 1995, accessed January 28, 2010
19. Steven Emerson's biography at speakers' bureau Web site.
20. Jihad Incorporated, interview with Steve Emerson, FrontPageMagazine, October 16, 2006
21. Pipes, Daniel, "U.S. Failure; The tactical blame falls on the U.S. government," National Review, September 11, 2001, accessed January 28, 2010
22. Jacoby, Jeff, "Steven Emerson and the NPR Blacklist," Jewish World Review, February 8, 2002, accessed January 20, 2010
23. Holy Warriors; A Network of Terror; One Man and a Global Web of Violence," The New York Times, January 14, 2001, accessed January 29, 2010
24. Lichtblau, Eric, and Miller, Judith, "Indictment Ties U.S. Professor and 8 Others to Terror Group," The New York Times, February 21, 2003, accessed January 29, 2010
25. Silvestrini, Elaine, "Al-Arian To Be Deported", The Tampa Tribune, April 15, 2006, accessed January 20, 2010
26. MegLaughlin, In his plea deal, what did Sami Al-Arian admit to?, St. Petersburg Times, April 23, 2006.
27. Steven Emerson, Counterterrorism Blog.
28. Brown Alumni Magazine, November-December 2002.
29. "Terror Watch: How Clarke 'Outsourced' Terror Intel; the Former Counterterrorism Chief Tapped a Private Researcher to Develop Intelligence on Al Qaeda. The Disclosure Sheds New Light on White House Frustrations with the FBI", Newsweek, March 31, 2004, accessed January 29, 2010
30. "Defending Judith Miller, II", The New York Sun, September 30, 2004, accessed January 29, 2010
31. "Holy Land founders get life sentences", JTA, May 28, 2009, accessed January 29, 2010]
32. Atia, Tarek, "Mistaken identities, part X," Al-Ahram Weekly, November 25 - 1 December 1 1999, accessed January 29, 2010
33. Penny Bender Fuchs, American Journalism Review Jumping to Conclusions in Oklahoma City? June 1995
34. Michael Wines, NY Times Books, On the Trail of the Terrorists, April 29, 1990