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Economy of Uttar Pradesh

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Economy of Uttar Pradesh
CurrencyIndian Rupee
Fiscal year1 April - 31 March
Country group
Statistics
GDPIncrease ₹24.39 lakh crore (US$292 billion) (2023-24 est.)
GDP rank3rd
GDP growthIncrease 19% (2023–24 est.)
GDP per capitaIncrease ₹105,000 (US$1,258) (2023–24 est.)
GDP per capita rank28th
Population below poverty linePositive decrease 22.93% in poverty (2019-21)
UnemploymentPositive decrease 2.9% (June 2022)
Main industriesAgriculture, Livestock, Farming, Fishing, Pottery, Gold market, Brass Industry, IT Industry, Construction Industry, Infrastructure Industry, IT Consulting, Electronics Industry, Garment, Textile industry, Advertising Industry, Automobile Industry, Leather Industry and others
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.


Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with a population of nearly 200 million people. The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the third largest of all the states in India. At current prices, the gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Uttar Pradesh is estimated to be Rs. 20.48 trillion (US$248.66 billion) in 2022–23. Merchandise exports from Uttar Pradesh reached US$21.03 billion in FY22.

Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of food grains in India and accounted for about 17.83% share in the country's total food grain output in 2016–17. Food grain production in the state stood at 49,903.1 thousand tonnes in 2016-17 and 51,252.7 thousand tonnes in 2017–18. Major food grains produced in the state include rice, wheat, maize, millet (bajra), gram, pea and lentils.

Uttar Pradesh is a favoured tourist destination in India with Varanasi, considered by Hindus to be the oldest city of the world, a holy place for devotees of Lord Shiva and Taj Mahal, one of the eight Wonders of the World, located in Agra. In 2022, domestic tourist arrivals in the state stood at 317.91 million.

Cities like Noida, Kanpur Nagar, Agra, Lucknow, Greater Noida, and Ghaziabad are leading economic centers in the state.

The growth of Noida has come due to Yamuna Expressway. Now the government is pushing to create Meerut as the next Industrial hub and the Ganga Expressway is expected to fuel this.

Agriculture, livestock and fishing

Main article: Agriculture in Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is a major contributor to the national food grain stock. In 2013–14, this state produced 5 crores (50.05 million) tonnes of food grain, 18.90% of the country's total production. This is partly due to the fertile regions of the Indo-Gangetic plain and partly due to irrigation facilities such as canals and tube wells. Lakhimpur Kheri is a densely populated sugar-producing district in the country. It has been the most common producer of food grains in India since the 1950s, due to high-yielding varieties of seed, greater availability of fertilisers, and increased use of irrigation.

Western Uttar Pradesh is more advanced in terms of agriculture as compared to the other regions in the state. The majority of the state's population depends upon farming activities. Wheat, rice, pulses, oilseeds, and potatoes are major agricultural products. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop throughout the state. Uttar Pradesh is one of the most important states in India as far as horticulture is concerned. Mangoes are also produced in the state.

Industry

Uttar Pradesh has a robust industrial infrastructure, including 15 industrial areas, 12 specialised parks, four growth centres and industrial infrastructure development centres (IIDC). As of January 2019, Uttar Pradesh had 21 notified, 12 operational SEZs and 24 formally approved SEZs.

The Noida-Greater Noida- Yamuna Expressway belt has been a keen choice for many IT/ITES and electronic manufacturing firms. This belt alone has contributed about 40 percent to the manufacturing of mobiles in the country and about 55 per cent of their components.

Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices

figures in crores of Indian Rupees

Year Gross State Domestic Product
1980–81 15,554 crore (equivalent to ₹3.6 trillion or US$43 billion in 2023)
1985–86 27,748 crore (equivalent to ₹4.1 trillion or US$49 billion in 2023)
1990–91 55,506 crore (equivalent to ₹5.4 trillion or US$65 billion in 2023)
1995–96 106,249 crore (equivalent to ₹6.3 trillion or US$76 billion in 2023)
2000-01 173,068 crore (equivalent to ₹7.1 trillion or US$86 billion in 2023)
2005-06 241,196 crore (equivalent to ₹8.2 trillion or US$98 billion in 2023)
2010-11 532,218 crore (equivalent to ₹12 trillion or US$140 billion in 2023)
2015–16 1,137,808 crore (equivalent to ₹17 trillion or US$210 billion in 2023)
2016–17 1,288,700 crore (equivalent to ₹19 trillion or US$220 billion in 2023)
2017–18 1,416,006 crore (equivalent to ₹20 trillion or US$240 billion in 2023)
2018–19 1,584,764 crore (equivalent to ₹21 trillion or US$250 billion in 2023)
2019–20 1,687,818 crore (equivalent to ₹21 trillion or US$250 billion in 2023)
2020–21 1,705,593 crore (equivalent to ₹20 trillion or US$240 billion in 2023)
2021-22 1,749,469 crore (equivalent to ₹20 trillion or US$240 billion in 2023) (est.)

There are a huge quantity of mineral resources found in the Vindhya mountain range of Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh has many resources like limestone, Magnesite, Copper, Gypsum. There are several cement plants in Mirzapur in the Vindhya region, a bauxite-based aluminium plant in the Banda region, and the Sonbhadra region.Coal deposits are found in the Singrauli region.

Cottage industries, such as handloom and handicrafts, have traditionally provided livelihood to a large number of people in the state. These industries include:

  • Meerut is leading logistic hub for good, transportation and also has India's biggest sports and good production. Meerut also has tyres, textile, transformer, sugar, distillery, chemical, engineering, paper, publishing and other industries.
  • Varanasi is world-famous for handloom woven, embroidered textiles; the main products are Zari-embroidery and brocade-work on silk sarees.
  • Lucknow is a centre of 'Chikan' embroidery, renowned for its grace and delicacy, a skill more than 200 years old. Uttar Pradesh produces about 15% of the total fabric production of the country, employs about 30% of the total workforce of artisans in India.
  • The state has two major production centres of leather and leather products, with over 11,500 units; Agra and Kanpur are the key centres. About 200 tanneries are located in Kanpur.
  • Moradabad is renowned for brass work and has carved a niche for itself in the handicraft industry throughout the world. Lately, other products that are produced here like iron sheet metalwares, aluminium artworks, woodworks, and glasswares have become popular with numerous foreign buyers, and are therefore being exported in large quantities. On average Moradabad exports goods worth ₹3000–4000 crore each year, which constitutes 40% of total exports from India under this category.
  • Dibiyapur is a notable industrial town in the Kanpur–Agra region. The town is well equipped with industries. Many small scale industries also operate in the town. Agriculture being the most popular occupation in the rural sides of the town, shops, and organised retail outlets also serve as "money raisers in the town".

Large-scale industries

Dibiyapur is a notable industrial town of Auraiya district which has installations of India's leading public sector enterprises viz.

Cycle power plant of NTPC. Pata Petrochemical plant Gas compressor station of GAIL (previously known as Gas Authority of India Limited).

Small-scale industries

The Rice-mills and Dal-mills are working well. Other than these mills some steel furniture and cement products small scale industries are there in town located at different places. The raw material for these small-scale industries is imported from Agra and Kanpur. Mainly, the rice, pulses and desi ghee is transported at large scale to the other districts and states. In the Dibiyapur town itself the wooden furniture work is on large scale and due to its cost and quality factor, the furniture has made a good place in the market of nearby districts.

Minerals and heavy industries

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Meerut, Ghaziabad, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Kanpur, Faizabad, Sonbhadra, Mirzapur, and Balrampur are the most industrious areas in the state.

Mathura Refinery situated in Mathura is the only oil refinery in Uttar Pradesh, and is the 6th largest oil refinery in India.

Handloom and handicrafts

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Handlooms and handicrafts are a very important source of income in Uttar Pradesh. There are thousands of power looms and handlooms in the state, most of which are situated in eastern UP. Many people depend on it for their livelihood. Main centres in eastern Uttar Pradesh include Tanda, Varanasi, Azamgarh, Bhadohi, Mirzapur, Mau and Mau Aima (Prayagraj). In Western Uttar Pradesh some of the important centres are Meerut, Etawah, Etah and Kasganj. In Eastern UP, Tanda is a small town with a population of approximately 1,50,000 people with over 1,00,000 power looms. The main products include Lungis, Gamchas, Shawls, Rumaal, and garment clothes.

One District One Product scheme

One District One Product is a State Government scheme to encourage local handicrafts and specialized product from each district by helping workers financially. By providing them machineries and tools government helps small local workers.

Services

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Uttar Pradesh is the 'IT-Hub' of northern India, with a share of software exports next to that of Karnataka. IT enterprises are limited to particular areas, such as Noida, Greater Noida and Ghaziabad, which lie in the National Capital Region (NCR), commercial capital Kanpur and in the state capital Lucknow.

Noida is also famous for TV News broadcasters. Almost all News channels such as ABP News, Zee News and Mahua News are located in Film City.

Infrastructure

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The infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh is improving in comparison to the other advanced states of India. In 2013, the Government of India declared the construction of Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport in Varanasi, and both became operational in 2016. Lucknow Metro and Kanpur Metro became operational in September 2017 and December 2021 respectively with Kanpur Metro being the fastest built metro network in India. The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation bus service is one of the largest in the country with more than 10,000 buses. UPSRTC ALSO introduced Volvo, Scania, and Janrath ac buses service across the state.

The length of the national highway and railway track is highest in India. A new international airport had been proposed in Gautambudh Nagar district passed by the central government and supposed to start by 2024. Kushinagar international airport also is due to become operational in 2021.

Work has also started on Ayodhya airport. Uttar Pradesh has the most national highways and the state's 8th airport Bareilly Airport began operation in March 2021, with the first route between Bareilly and Delhi, the flight will take an hour. The Yamuna Expressway, which is between New Delhi to Agra, is one of the best highways in the country. In 2015, the state government started another expressway project between Agra to Lucknow that has reduced the journey time; it was inaugurated on 21 November 2016.

RRTS & Freight Corridors

India's first inter city metro, Delhi Meerut RRTS is also partially operational. Delhi – Meerut RRTS (RAPIDX) is an 82.15 km under-construction semi-high speed rail line with 22 stations connecting Delhi – Meerut through a series of tunnels and elevated viaducts as part of Delhi’s Regional Rapid Transit System.

Uttar Pradesh is also set to get operational Eastern and Western dedicated freight corridors. The primary objective of the National Rail Plan is to increase the freight share of railways from 28 per cent to 44 per cent by the year 2051. Uttar Pradesh will have big logistic hubs at Meerut and Khurja.

Ganga Expressway

Ganga Expressway, is an under-construction, 594 km (369 mi) long, 6-lane (expandable to 8) wide greenfield expressway in the state. Pharma parks, textile parks will be developed around Ganga Expressway. Plans are underway to build large industrial corridors at the beginning and end of the expressway. Due to its proximity to the expressway, many investors are expected to set up industries here.

The land around the departure points of Meerut, from where the expressway is to begin, will be developed for industries.

Delhi Meerut Expressway

On 31 December 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced an expressway between New Delhi and Meerut, which will cost ₹7,500 crore. It will reduce the journey time to one hour. Delhi-Meerut expressway was opened for public use in April 2021. In 2018 four new expressways - Purvanchal expressway, Bundelkhand expressway, Kanpur-Lucknow expressway, Gorakhpur Link expressway, Ganga expressway, Ballia link expressway are being constructed. Purvanchal expressway has been opened for public use in February 2022, while the Bundelkhand expressway has started operating in July 2022.

Jewar Airport

Asia's largest airport is also expected to open in Jewar, Noida.

Economic Distribution

There is a huge income parity in Uttar Pradesh. Western Uttar Pradesh contributes more than 50% of revenues to the state government. Also the per capita income is also visibly higher in districts in western Uttar Pradesh.

This is also due to more fertile soil, suitable infrastructure for industries, better transportation and logistic channels like expressways and dedicated freight corridors and also due to its proximity to national capital delhi.

Cities like Noida which is an IT hub in the state, Meerut and Agra are leading districts in the state with highest per capita income.

Per Capita Income of Top 10 Districts of Uttar Pradesh
District Per Capita Income (2019 - 20)
Noida Rs. 612,617
Meerut Rs. 127,306
Agra Rs. 106,354
Etah Rs. 101,878
Hamirpur Rs. 100,673
Amroha Rs. 97,175
Lucknow Rs. 95,990
Hapur Rs. 91,764
Kanpur Rs. 86,709
Mahboba Rs. 83,593

While west UP accounts for 51.71% of state GDP, the lagging Bundelkhand accounts for just 5.22%, though it has risen from 4.95% bringing some solace to the government.

Tourism

Further information: Tourism in Uttar Pradesh

Among all the monuments in India, the Taj Mahal, Agra (5.65 million) was the most visited monument in 2018-19 for domestic visitors. In respect of foreign visitors too Taj Mahal (10.87 million) was the most visited monument.

Just an hour's drive from Agra, on the banks of the river Yamuna, is situated the birthplace of Lord Krishna, Mathura. The entire land is dotted with magnificent temples, dedicated to various aspects of his life. Gokul, Barsana and Govardhan are the other township associated with the legend of Lord Krishna. Gokul is the hideout where Lord Krishna was secretly brought up- away from the eyes of his maternal uncle Kansa. His consort Goddess Radha belonged to Barsana, where the unique Holi festival Latthamar Holi is celebrated with great gusto.

Varanasi, in eastern Uttar Pradesh is among the oldest living cities in the world and its antiquity finds place in ancient scriptures. Located along the Ganga it is a sacred place for all Hindus, Jains and Buddhists.

Percentage share of Top 10 States/UT in Domestic Tourist Visits In 2022.

  Uttar Pradesh (18.4%)  Tamil Nadu (12.6%)  Andhra Pradesh (11.1%)  Karnataka (10.5%)  Maharashtra (6.4%)  Rajasthan (6.3%)  Other (34.7%)

Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, famed for its Nawabi era finesse and amazing food, is a unique mix of the ancient and the modern. It is home to extraordinary monuments depicting a fascinating blend of ancient, colonial and oriental architecture.

Kushinagar is one of the principal centers of the Buddhist pilgrimage, is the place where Lord Buddha left his corporal self and attained Mahaparinirvana. It attracts thousands of visitors from all over the world every year. In the uniquely designed Mahaparinirvana temple is a huge statue of the reclining Buddha, excavated in 1876. The monuments here are clustered in three groups – the Nirvana site, the central Stupa and the surrounding monasteries, Mathakuar Kot and Ramabhar Stupa.

Located on the east bank of River Saryu in central Uttar Pradesh, Ayodhya is brimming with the remnants of a bygone era. The famous epics, Ramayana and Shri Ramcharitmanas exhibit the splendor of Ayodhya. Many eminent kings such as Ikshvaku, Prithu, Mandhata, Harishchandra, Sagar, Bhagirath, Raghu, Dileep, Dashrath and Lord Rama ruled the capital city of Kosala. It was during their reign, that the grandeur of the kingdom reached its pinnacle and epitomized Ram Rajya. An episode of Ramayana, a page of ancient history and a cluster of tourist attractions, this town has been a major centre for pilgrims, historians, archaeologists and students alike.

Education

Further information: Education in Uttar Pradesh

The literacy rate of Uttar Pradesh is 74% with male literacy rate at 82% and female literacy rate at 66.1%.

Poverty

According to NITI Aayog's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) based on NFHS-5, 22.93% population of Uttar Pradesh is poor.

Challenges to Economic Growth

Uttar Pradesh's economic growth can be even more if a few challenges are addressed.

Judicial Decentralisation

Uttar Pradesh is a very big state and if it were a separate country then by population it would be the 5th largest country in the world. BR Ambedkar proposed that the state be divided into 3 separate states for better administration.

Western Uttar Pradesh has lost and is at risk of losing a lot of investments to other states. Since its judicial system is one of the most inefficient. Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of pending cases by any state in India. It had almost 56 Lakhs pending cases.

While states like Telangana and Tamil Nadu have 3 Lakh and 9 Lakh respectively. People have argued that companies like Winston and Foxconn chose other states as their manufacturing bases and one of the reasons could be attributed to the judicial system.

Western Uttar Pradesh which has an industrialised presence at Noida, Meerut, Ghaziabad, and Greater Noida must have a high court bench. A high court bench has been long proposed in Meerut. Shockingly, eight other High Courts are closer to litigants of the Western High Court than their own High Court in Allahabad. These High Courts are:

  • High Court at Delhi
  • High Court at Shimla
  • High Court at Chandigarh
  • High Court at Nainital
  • High Court at Jammu
  • High Court Jaipur
  • High Court Gwalior

Even Lahore High Court is closer to western Uttar Pradesh than Allahabad.

Uttar Pradesh has at least 9 times more pending cases than any other state even in fast track mode.

Allahabad High Court as of 2022, has 9.33 lakh cases pending in the fast-track courts of Uttar Pradesh, followed by over 1.04 lakh cases in Maharashtra, 1.02 lakh cases in Tamil Nadu, 71,260 cases in West Bengal and 12,538 cases in Telangana.

If Uttar Pradesh wants to attract investments then it is recommended by the NCR planning committee to work on setting up a High Court bench in Meerut with utmost priority.

Demands for a separate state

Union minister Sanjeev Baliyan said that a separate state Harit Pradesh must be made Meerut should become its capital. The population here is eight crore and the high court is 750 kilometres from here. So this demand is completely justified.

Even BR Ambedkar proposed that Uttar Pradesh must be split into 3 different states since it is too big to have efficient administration.

See also

References

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  14. "List of Mineral Resources found in the districts of Uttar Pradesh". Jagranjosh.com. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  15. https://planning.up.nic.in/Go/BOOK-2/PDF-Manufacturing/4.33.%20MANUFACTURING%20PAPER-33.pdf
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