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Barack Obama
United States Senator from Illinois
Incumbent
Assumed office January 3, 2005Serving with Richard Durbin
Preceded by	Peter Fitzgerald
Personal details
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Michelle Obama
Alma mater	Columbia University, Harvard Law School
Signature

Barack Hussein Obama (born August 4, 1961) is the junior United States Senator from Illinois and a member of the Democratic Party. The U.S. Senate Historical Office lists him as the fifth African American Senator in U.S. history and the only African American currently serving in the U.S. Senate.

Born to a Kenyan father and an American mother, Obama grew up in culturally diverse surroundings. He spent most of his childhood in the majority-minority U.S. state of Hawaii and lived for four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University and Harvard Law School, Obama worked as a community organizer, university lecturer, and civil rights lawyer before entering politics. He served in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, launching his campaign for U.S. Senate in 2003.

Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention while still an Illinois state legislator. He went on to win election to the U.S. Senate in November 2004 with a landslide 70% of the vote in an election year marked by Republican gains. As a member of the Democratic minority in the 109th Congress, Obama co-sponsored the enactment of conventional weapons control and transparency legislation, and made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.

He is among the Democratic Party's leading candidates for nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Since announcing his candidacy in February 2007, Obama has emphasized ending the Iraq War and implementing universal health care as campaign themes. He married in 1992 and has two daughters. He has authored two bestselling books: a memoir of his youth entitled Dreams from My Father, and The Audacity of Hope, a personal commentary on U.S. politics.

Early life and career

Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama, Sr. (born in Nyanza Province, Kenya) and Ann Dunham (born in Wichita, Kansas). His parents met while both were attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was enrolled as a foreign student. Obama's parents separated when he was two years old and later divorced. His father went to Harvard University to pursue Ph.D. studies, then returned to Kenya, where he died in an auto accident when the younger Obama was twenty-one years old. His mother married Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesian foreign student, with whom she had one daughter, Maya. The family moved to Jakarta in 1967, where Obama attended local schools from ages 6 to 10. He then returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents while attending Punahou School from 5th grade until his graduation in 1979. Obama's mother died of ovarian cancer a few months after the publication of his 1995 memoir, Dreams from My Father.

In the memoir, Obama describes his experiences growing up in his mother's American middle class family. His knowledge about his absent Luo father came mainly through family stories and photographs. Of his early childhood, Obama writes: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind." The book describes his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. He used alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years, Obama writes, to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."

After graduating from Punahou, Obama studied at Occidental College for two years, then transferred to Columbia University, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations. He received his B.A. degree in 1983, then worked for one year at Business International Corporation. In 1985, Obama moved to Chicago to direct a non-profit project assisting local churches to organize job training programs. He entered Harvard Law School in 1988. In 1990, The New York Times reported his election as the Harvard Law Review's "first black president in its 104-year history." He completed his J.D. degree magna cum laude in 1991. On returning to Chicago, Obama directed a voter registration drive. As an associate attorney with Miner, Barnhill & Galland from 1993 to 1996, he represented community organizers, discrimination claims, and voting rights cases. He was a lecturer of constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1993 until his election to the U.S. Senate in 2004.

State legislature

Obama was elected to the Illinois State Senate in 1996 from the state's 13th District in the south-side Chicago neighborhood of Hyde Park. In 2000, he made an unsuccessful Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives seat held by four-term incumbent candidate Bobby Rush. He was overwhelmingly reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998 and 2002, officially resigning in November 2004, following his election to the U.S. Senate. Among his major accomplishments as a state legislator, Obama's U.S. Senate web site lists: "creating programs like the state Earned Income Tax Credit"; "an expansion of early childhood education"; and "legislation requiring the videotaping of interrogations and confessions in all capital cases." Reviewing Obama's career in the Illinois Senate, a February 2007 article in the Washington Post noted his work with both Democrats and Republicans in drafting bipartisan legislation on ethics and health care reform. During his 2004 U.S. Senate campaign, Obama won the endorsement of the Illinois Fraternal Order of Police, whose officials cited his "longtime support of gun control measures and his willingness to negotiate compromises," despite his support for some bills the police union had opposed. He was also criticized by a rival pro-choice candidate in the Democratic primary and by his Republican pro-life opponent in the general election for having voted either "present" or "no" on anti-abortion legislation.

Keynote address at 2004 Democratic National Convention

Obama wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts, while still serving as a state legislator. After describing his maternal grandfather's experiences as a World War II veteran and a beneficiary of the New Deal's FHA and G.I. Bill programs, Obama said:

No, people don't expect government to solve all their problems. But they sense, deep in their bones, that with just a slight change in priorities, we can make sure that every child in America has a decent shot at life, and that the doors of opportunity remain open to all. They know we can do better. And they want that choice.

Questioning the Bush administration's management of the Iraq War, Obama spoke of an enlisted Marine, Corporal Seamus Ahern from East Moline, Illinois, asking, "Are we serving Seamus as well as he is serving us?" He continued:

When we send our young men and women into harm's way, we have a solemn obligation not to fudge the numbers or shade the truth about why they're going, to care for their families while they're gone, to tend to the soldiers upon their return, and to never, ever go to war without enough troops to win the war, secure the peace, and earn the respect of the world.

Finally, he spoke for national unity:

The pundits like to slice-and-dice our country into Red States and Blue States; Red States for Republicans, Blue States for Democrats. But I've got news for them too. We worship an awesome God in the Blue States, and we don't like federal agents poking around in our libraries in the Red States. We coach Little League in the Blue States and yes, we got some gay friends in the Red States. There are patriots who opposed the war in Iraq and patriots who supported the war in Iraq. We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America.

The speech was Obama's introduction to most of America. Its enthusiastic reception at the convention and widespread coverage by national media gave him instant celebrity status.

Senate campaign

In 2003, Obama began his run for the U.S. Senate open seat vacated by Peter Fitzgerald. In early opinion polls leading up to the Democratic primary, Obama trailed multimillionaire businessman Blair Hull and Illinois Comptroller Dan Hynes. However, Hull's popularity declined following allegations of domestic abuse. Obama's candidacy was boosted by an advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and the late U.S. Senator Paul Simon; the support of Simon's daughter; and political endorsements by the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun-Times. Obama received over 52% of the vote in the March 2004 primary, emerging 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival.

His opponent in the general election was expected to be Republican primary winner Jack Ryan. However, Ryan withdrew from the race in June 2004, following public disclosure of child custody divorce records containing sexual allegations by Ryan's ex-wife, actress Jeri Ryan. In August 2004, with less than three months to go before election day, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan. A long-time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination. Through three televised debates, Obama and Keyes expressed opposing views on stem cell research, abortion, gun control, school vouchers, and tax cuts. In the November 2004 general election, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes's 27%.

Senate career

Obama was sworn in as a Senator on January 4, 2005. He hired former Senate Democratic Leader Tom Daschle's ex-chief of staff for the same position, and Karen Kornbluh, an economist who was deputy chief of staff to former Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin, as his policy adviser. In July 2005, Samantha Power, Pulitzer-winning author on human rights and genocide, joined Obama's team. An October 2005 article in the British journal New Statesman listed Obama as one of "10 people who could change the world." Three months into his Senate career, and again in 2007, Time magazine named Obama one of "the world's most influential people." During his first two and a half years in the Senate, Obama received Honorary Doctorates of Law from Knox College, University of Massachusetts Boston, Northwestern University, Xavier University of Louisiana, and Southern New Hampshire University. He is a member of the Senate committees on Foreign Relations; Health, Education, Labor and Pensions; Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs; and Veterans' Affairs; and the Congressional Black Caucus.

Legislation

Obama sponsored 152 bills and resolutions brought before the 109th Congress in 2005 and 2006, and cosponsored another 427. His first bill was the "Higher Education Opportunity through Pell Grant Expansion Act." Entered in fulfillment of a campaign promise, the bill proposed increasing the maximum amount of Pell Grant awards to help students from lower income families pay their college tuitions. The bill did not progress beyond committee and was never voted on by the Senate.

Obama took an active role in the Senate's drive for improved border security and immigration reform. Beginning in 2005, he co-sponsored the "Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act" introduced by Sen. John McCain (R-AZ). Obama later added three amendments to S. 2611, the "Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act," sponsored by Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA). S. 2611 passed the Senate in May 2006, but failed to gain majority support in the U.S. House of Representatives. In September 2006, Obama supported a related bill, the Secure Fence Act, authorizing construction of fencing and other security improvements along the United States–Mexico border. President Bush signed the Secure Fence Act into law in October 2006, calling it "an important step toward immigration reform."

Partnering first with Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN), and then with Sen. Tom Coburn (R-OK), Obama successfully introduced two initiatives bearing his name. "Lugar-Obama" expands the Nunn-Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons, including shoulder-fired missiles and anti-personnel mines. The "Coburn-Obama Transparency Act" provides for a web site, managed by the Office of Management and Budget, listing all organizations receiving Federal funds from 2007 onward, and providing breakdowns by the agency allocating the funds, the dollar amount given, and the purpose of the grant or contract. On December 22 2006, President Bush signed into law the "Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act," marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.

On the first day of the Democratic-controlled 110th Congress, in a column published in the Washington Post, Obama called for an end to "any and all practices that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a public servant has become indebted to a lobbyist." He joined with Sen. Russ Feingold (D-WI) in strengthening restrictions on travel in corporate jets to S.1, the Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2007, which passed the Senate with a 96-2 majority. Obama joined Charles Schumer (D-NY) in sponsoring S. 453, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections, including fraudulent flyers and automated phone calls, as witnessed in the 2006 midterm elections. Obama's energy initiatives scored pluses and minuses with environmentalists, who welcomed his sponsorship with Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) of a climate change bill to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by two-thirds by 2050, but were skeptical of Obama's support for a bill promoting liquefied coal production. Also during the first month of the 110th Congress, Obama introduced the "Iraq War De-Escalation Act," a bill that caps troop levels in Iraq at January 10, 2007 levels, begins phased redeployment on May 1, 2007, and removes all combat brigades from Iraq by March 31 2008.

Official travel

Obama traveled to Russia, Ukraine, and Azerbaijan in August 2005 with Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN), then Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The trip focused on strategies to control the world's supply of conventional weapons, biological weapons, and weapons of mass destruction, as a strategic first defense against the threat of future terrorist attacks. Lugar and Obama inspected a Nunn-Lugar program-supported nuclear warhead destruction facility at Saratov, in southern European Russia. In Ukraine, they toured a disease control and prevention facility and witnessed the signing of a bilateral pact to secure biological pathogens and combat risks of infectious disease outbreaks from natural causes or bioterrorism.

In January 2006, Obama joined a Congressional delegation for meetings with U.S. military in Kuwait and Iraq. After the visits, Obama traveled to Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian territories. While in Israel, Obama met with Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom. Obama also met with a group of Palestinian students two weeks before Hamas won the January 2006 Palestinian legislative election. ABC News 7 (Chicago) reported Obama telling the students that "the U.S. will never recognize winning Hamas candidates unless the group renounces its fundamental mission to eliminate Israel," and that he had conveyed the same message in his meeting with Palestinian authority President Mahmoud Abbas.

Obama left for his third official trip in August 2006, traveling to South Africa and Kenya, and making stops in Djibouti, Ethiopia and Chad. He flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya. Enthusiastic crowds greeted Obama's public appearances. In a public gesture aimed to encourage more Kenyans to undergo voluntary HIV testing, Obama and his wife took HIV tests at a Kenyan clinic. In a nationally televised speech at the University of Nairobi, he spoke forcefully on the influence of ethnic rivalries and corruption in Kenya. The speech touched off a public debate among rival leaders, some formally challenging Obama's remarks as unfair and improper, others defending his positions.

Presidential campaign

In February 2007, standing before the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois, Obama announced his candidacy for the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Describing his working life in Illinois, and symbolically linking his presidential campaign to Abraham Lincoln's 1858 House Divided speech, Obama said: "That is why, in the shadow of the Old State Capitol, where Lincoln once called on a house divided to stand together, where common hopes and common dreams still live, I stand before you today to announce my candidacy for President of the United States of America." The announcement followed months of speculation on whether Obama would run in 2008.

Through the fall of 2006, Obama had spoken at political events across the country in support of Democratic candidates for the midterm elections. In September 2006, he was the featured speaker at Iowa Senator Tom Harkin's annual steak fry, an event traditionally attended by presidential hopefuls in the lead-up to the Iowa caucus. Speculation intensified in October 2006 when Obama first said he had "thought about the possibility" of running for president, departing from earlier statements that he intended to serve out his six-year Senate term through 2010. Following Obama's statement, opinion polling organizations added his name to surveyed lists of Democratic candidates. The first such poll, taken in November 2006, ranked Obama in second place with 17% support among Democrats after Sen. Hillary Clinton (D-NY) who placed first with 28% of the responses. In December 2006, Obama spoke at a New Hampshire event celebrating Democratic Party midterm election victories in the first-in-the-nation U.S. presidential primary state.

Obama's campaign raised US$58 million during the first half of 2007, topping all other candidates and exceeding previous records for the first six months of any year before an election year. Observing that $9.7 million of his $33 million in second quarter donations came from contributions of $200 or less, the Los Angeles Times commented that it was "an unusually large number and one that surprises campaign finance experts." In May 2007, Obama became the earliest presidential candidate to be assigned Secret Service protection. The Rasmussen polling organization reported in May 2007 that 49% of Americans consider it "somewhat likely" or "very likely" that Obama will be elected. Also in May and again two months later, Zogby International reported that Obama leads all prospective Republican opponents in polling for the 2008 general election. If elected, Obama would become the first non-white U.S. president.

Political advocacy

On the role of government in economic affairs, Obama has written: "we should be asking ourselves what mix of policies will lead to a dynamic free market and widespread economic security, entrepreneurial innovation and upward mobility we should be guided by what works." Speaking before the National Press Club in April 2005, Obama defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, associating Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security with Social Darwinism. In a May 2006 letter to President Bush, he joined four other Midwest farming state Senators in calling for the preservation of a US$0.54 per gallon tariff on imported ethanol. Obama spoke out in June 2006 against making recent, temporary estate tax cuts permanent, calling the cuts a "Paris Hilton" tax break for "billionaire heirs and heiresses." Speaking in November 2006 to members of Wake Up Wal-Mart, a union-backed campaign group, Obama said: "You gotta pay your workers enough that they can actually not only shop at Wal-Mart, but ultimately send their kids to college and save for retirement." In January 2007, Obama spoke at an event organized by Families USA, a health care advocacy group. Obama said, "The time has come for universal health care in America I am absolutely determined that by the end of the first term of the next president, we should have universal health care in this country."

He was an early opponent of Bush administration policies on Iraq. In the fall of 2002, during an anti-war rally at Chicago's Federal Plaza, Obama said:

I know that an invasion of Iraq without a clear rationale and without strong international support will only fan the flames of the Middle East, and encourage the worst, rather than best, impulses of the Arab world, and strengthen the recruitment arm of al-Qaeda. I am not opposed to all wars. I'm opposed to dumb wars. You want a fight, President Bush? Let's finish the fight with Bin Laden and al-Qaeda, through effective, coordinated intelligence, and a shutting down of the financial networks that support terrorism, and a homeland security program that involves more than color-coded warnings.

Addressing the Chicago Council on Global Affairs in November 2006, Obama called for a phased withdrawal of troops and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Iraq's neighbors, Syria and Iran. In March 2007, speaking before AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that while the U.S. "should take no option, including military action, off the table, sustained and aggressive diplomacy combined with tough sanctions should be our primary means to prevent Iran from building nuclear weapons." At the Save Darfur rally in April 2006, he called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan. Obama has divested US$180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and he has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.

Obama began podcasting from his U.S. Senate web site in late 2005. He has responded to and personally participated in online discussions hosted on politically-oriented blog sites. In a June 2006 podcast, Obama expressed support for telecommunications legislation to protect network neutrality on the Internet, saying: "It is because the Internet is a neutral platform that I can put out this podcast and transmit it over the Internet without having to go through any corporate media middleman. I can say what I want without censorship or without having to pay a special charge. But the big telephone and cable companies want to change the Internet as we know it."

During his first year as a U.S. senator, in a move more typically taken after several years of holding high political office, Obama established a leadership political action committee, Hopefund, for channeling financial support to Democratic candidates. Obama participated in 38 fundraising events in 2005, helping to pull in US$6.55 million for candidates he supports and his own 2010 re-election fund. The New York Times described Obama as "the prize catch of the midterm campaign" because of his campaigning for fellow Democratic Party members running for election in the 2006 midterm elections. Hopefund gave US$374,000 to federal candidates in the 2006 election cycle, making it one of the top donors to federal candidates for the year.

Obama has encouraged Democrats to reach out to evangelicals and other religious people, saying, "if we truly hope to speak to people where they’re at—to communicate our hopes and values in a way that’s relevant to their own—we cannot abandon the field of religious discourse." In December 2006, Obama joined Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) at the "Global Summit on AIDS and the Church" organized by church leaders Kay and Rick Warren. Together with Warren and Brownback, Obama took an HIV test, as he had done in Kenya less than four months earlier. Obama encouraged "others in public life to do the same" to show "there is no shame in going for an HIV test." Before the conference, 18 pro-life groups published an open letter stating, in reference to Obama's support for legal abortion: "In the strongest possible terms, we oppose Rick Warren's decision to ignore Senator Obama's clear pro-death stance and invite him to Saddleback Church anyway."

In July 2007 Obama argued against impeaching President Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney, providing as reason that he thinks "it's very important for us not to get into the habit as a political culture that we impeach every President; it's supposed to be a rare occurrence and I think it'd be an enormous political distraction."

Personal life

In 1988, while employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley & Austin, Obama met Michelle Robinson, who also worked there. They were married in 1992 and have two daughters, Malia, born in 1999, and Natasha ("Sasha"), born in 2001. The family moved from their Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a nearby US$1.6-million home in 2005. The house purchase and subsequent acquisition of an adjoining strip of land drew media scrutiny in November 2006 because of financial links with controversial Illinois businessman Antoin Rezko. Obama plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team. Before announcing his presidential candidacy, he began a well-publicized effort to quit smoking. "I've never been a heavy smoker," Obama told the Chicago Tribune. "I've quit periodically over the last several years. I've got an ironclad demand from my wife that in the stresses of the campaign I don't succumb. I've been chewing Nicorette strenuously." Replying to an Associated Press survey of 2008 presidential candidates' personal tastes, he specified "architect" as his alternate career choice and "chili" as his favorite meal to cook. Asked to name a "hidden talent," Obama answered: "I'm a pretty good poker player."

A theme of Obama's keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and the title of his 2006 book, The Audacity of Hope, was inspired by his pastor, Rev. Jeremiah Wright. In Chapter 6 of the book, titled "Faith," Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household." He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He describes his Kenyan father as "raised a Muslim," but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his Indonesian step-father as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." The chapter details how Obama, in his twenties, while working with local churches as a community organizer, came to understand "the power of the African American religious tradition to spur social change." Obama writes: "It was because of these newfound understandings—that religious commitment did not require me to suspend critical thinking, disengage from the battle for economic and social justice, or otherwise retreat from the world that I knew and loved—that I was finally able to walk down the aisle of Trinity United Church of Christ one day and be baptized."

Books authored

Obama has authored two bestselling books. The first, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, was published after his graduation from law school and before entering politics. In it he recalls his childhood in Honolulu and Jakarta, college years in Los Angeles and New York City, and his employment as a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s. The book's last chapters describe his first visit to Kenya, a journey to connect with his Luo family and heritage. In his preface to the 2004 revised edition, Obama explains that he had hoped the story of his family "might speak in some way to the fissures of race that have characterized the American experience, as well as the fluid state of identity—the leaps through time, the collision of cultures—that mark our modern life." Time magazine's Joe Klein wrote that the book "may be the best-written memoir ever produced by an American politician." The audio book edition earned Obama the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.

His second book, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, was published in October 2006, three weeks before the 2006 midterm election. It was an immediate bestseller and remains on the New York Times Best Seller List. The Chicago Tribune credits the large crowds that gathered at book signings with influencing Obama's decision to run for president. Former presidential candidate Gary Hart describes the book as Obama's "thesis submission" for the U.S. presidency: "It presents a man of relative youth yet maturity, a wise observer of the human condition, a figure who possesses perseverance and writing skills that have flashes of grandeur." Reviewer Michael Tomasky writes that it does not contain "boldly innovative policy prescriptions that will lead the Democrats out of their wilderness," but does show Obama's potential to "construct a new politics that is progressive but grounded in civic traditions that speak to a wider range of Americans." An Italian translation was published in April 2007 with a preface by Walter Veltroni, Mayor of Rome. Spanish and German editions were published in June 2007.

Cultural and political image

Supporters and critics have likened Obama's popular image to a cultural Rorschach test, a neutral persona on which people can project their personal histories and aspirations. Obama's own self-narrative reinforces what a May 2004 New Yorker magazine article described as his "everyman" image. In Dreams from My Father, he ties his maternal family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, president of the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War. Speaking to an elderly Jewish audience during his 2004 campaign for U.S. Senate, Obama linked the linguistic roots of his East African first name Barack to the Hebrew word baruch, meaning "blessed." In an October 2006 interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "Michelle will tell you that when we get together for Christmas or Thanksgiving, it's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher. We've got it all."

Obama's rapid rise from Illinois state legislator to U.S. presidential candidate has attracted conflicting analyses among commentators challenged to align him with traditional social categories. In her January 2007 Salon article asserting that Obama "isn't black," columnist Debra Dickerson writes: "lumping us all together erases the significance of slavery and continuing racism while giving the appearance of progress." Expressing a similar view, New York Daily News columnist Stanley Crouch wrote: "When black Americans refer to Obama as 'one of us,' I do not know what they are talking about." But in an October 2006 article titled "Obama: Black Like Me," British columnist Gary Younge describes Obama as "a black man who does not scare white people." Film critic David Ehrenstein, writing in a March 2007 Los Angeles Times article, compares the cultural sources of candidate Obama's favorable polling among whites to those of "magical negro" roles played by black actors in Hollywood movies. Ehrenstein says these films are popular because they offer U.S. audiences a comfort for "white guilt."

Writing about Obama's political image in a March 2007 Washington Post opinion column, Eugene Robinson characterized him as "the personification of both-and," a messenger who rejects "either-or" political choices, and could "move the nation beyond the culture wars" of the 1960s. Obama, who defines himself in The Audacity of Hope as "a Democrat, after all," has been criticized for his political actions by self-described progressive commentator David Sirota, and complimented for his "Can't we all just get along?" manner by conservative columnist George Will. But in a December 2006 Wall Street Journal editorial headlined "The Man from Nowhere," former Ronald Reagan speech writer Peggy Noonan advised Will and other "establishment" commentators to get "down from your tippy toes" and avoid becoming too quickly excited about Obama's still early political career. Agreeing with Obama's own assessment that "people project their hopes on him," Noonan attributed some of Obama's popularity to "a certain unknowability."

References

1. "Breaking New Ground: African American Senators". U.S. Senate Historical Office. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
2. Archibold, Randal C (July 29 2004). "The Illinois Candidate; Day After, Keynote Speaker Finds Admirers Everywhere". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
3. "U.S. Senate and House - Illinois". USA Today. Last updated: 2004-11-11. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
4. Malone, Jim (May 18 2007). "2008 US Presidential Campaign in Full Swing". Voice of America. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: "White House 2008: Democratic Nomination". Polling Report. Retrieved 2007-07-22. "Top Democratic Contenders: Support in National Samples of Democratic Voters". Pollster.com. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
5. ^ "Obama Launches Presidential Bid". BBC News. February 10 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Video at Brightcove.com.
6. Toner, Robin (May 30 2007). "Obama Calls for Wider and Less Costly Health Care Coverage". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Galloway, Angela (June 2 2007). "Obama Fires Up Crowd in Seattle". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
7. Memmott, Carol (January 30 2007). "Obama's Books Drive Talk of '08 Presidential Run". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
8. "Meet Barack". BarackObama.com. Retrieved 2007-07-22. See also: Obama (1995), Chapter 1.
9. Obama (1995), pp. 9–10. For book excerpts, see "Barack Obama: Creation of Tales". East African. November 1, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
10. Obama (1995), pp. 125–126. See also: Jones, Tim (March 27 2007). "Obama's Mom: Not Just a Girl from Kansas". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
11. Obama (1995), pp. 3–5, 9–10. See also: Ochieng, Philip (November 1 2004). "From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found". East African. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
12. From his father's side, Obama has two half-sisters and five surviving half-brothers. Sheridan, Michael (January 28 2007). "Secrets of Obama Family Unlocked". Sunday Times (UK). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) See also: Obama (1995), Chapter 2 and Chapters 15–19 (Part 3: Kenya).
13. For details of Obama's early primary schooling in Indonesia, see Obama (1995), p. 154, and Obama (2006), p. 274. For media responses to the January 2007 Insight article titled "Hillary's Team Has Questions About Obama's Muslim Background", see : Barker, Kim (March 25 2007). "Obama Madrassa Myth Debunked". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Kirkpatrick, David D (January 29 2007). "Feeding Frenzy for a Big Story, Even If It's False". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: "Debunked Insight Magazine and Fox News Smear Campaign". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. January 23 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) "Obama, School Deny Radical Islam Claim". Associated Press (in video). WPVI-TV Philadelphia (ABC). January 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
14. Obama (1995), Chapters 3 and 4. See also: B.J., Reyes (February 8, 2007). "Punahou Left Lasting Impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
15. Obama (1995), Preface to the 2004 Edition, p. xi. See also: Suryakusuma, Julia (November 29, 2006). "Obama for President ... of Indonesia". Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
16. Obama writes: "He was an African, I would learn, a Kenyan of the Luo tribe, born on the shores of Lake Victoria in a place called Alego." Obama (1995), p. 9. See also Gnecchi, Nico (August 27 2006). "Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya". Voice of America. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
17. Obama (1995), pp. 9–10.
18. Obama (1995), Chapters 4 and 5. See also: Serrano, Richard A (March 11 2007). "Obama's Peers Didn't See His Angst". Los Angeles Times (in paid archive). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
19. In the book, Obama writes: "Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it." Obama (1995), pp. 93–94. For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled."), see: Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's Candor Remains to Be Seen". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Seelye, Katharine Q (October 24, 2006). "Obama Offers More Variations From the Norm". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
20. Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental Recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
21. Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83: Is He the New Face of The Democratic Party?". Columbia College Today. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
22. "Curriculum Vitae". University of Chicago Law School. Retrieved 2007-07-22. See also: Obama (1995), pp. 135–136.
23. Obama (1995), Part 2. See also: Secter, Bob (March 30 2007). "Portrait of a Pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
24. Levenson, Michael (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a Unifying Voice". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
25. Butterfield, Fox (February 6 1990). "First Black Elected to Head Harvard's Law Review". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
26. ^ "Curriculum Vitae". University of Chicago Law School. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
27. "Law Graduate Obama Got His Start in Civil Rights Practice". Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. February 19 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
28. Pallasch, Abdon M (February 12 2007). "Professor Obama was a Listener, Students Say". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
29. Jackson, David (April 3 2007). "Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
30. McClelland, Edward (February 12 2007). "How Obama Learned to Be a Natural". Salon. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
31. "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats, Internet Archive. August 24 2000. Archived from the original on 2000-08-24. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats, Internet Archive. October 9 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-10-09. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
32. Cohen, Jodi S (November 7 2004). "Obama's Springfield Seat Goes to Lawyer". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
33. "About Barack Obama". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: Pearson, Rick (May 3 2007). "Careful Steps, Looking Ahead". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
34. ^ Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). "Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
35. See also: "In-Depth Look at Obama's Political Career". CLTV. Chicago Tribune. February 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
36. Mastony, Colleen (August 20, 2004). "Cops Give Obama Subdued Reception". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: Youngman, Sam (March 14 2007). "Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals". The Hill. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
37. Chase, John (October 4 2004). "A Big Split Over Abortion, Stem Cells". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: Youngman, Sam (February 15 2007). "Abortion Foes Target Obama Because of His Vote Record on Illinois Legislation". The Hill. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
38. For details about the speech's genesis and delivery, see: Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83: Is He the New Face of The Democratic Party?". Columbia College Today. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
39. Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
40. Obama, Barack (July 27 2004). "Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention". BarackObama.com. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
41. Wolf, Richard (October 22, 2006). "Illinois' Obama Revisits Idea of 2008 Run for White House". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
42. Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). "The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?". Washington Monthly. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
43. ^ Mendell, David (March 17, 2004). "Obama Routs Democratic Foes; Ryan Tops Crowded GOP Field". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
44. Fornek, Scott (March 18, 2004). "Obama's Appeal Spans Racial Lines". Chicago Sun-Times. at Find Articles. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
45. Hayes, Christopher (March 17, 2004). "Check Bounce". TNR Online (in alternate site). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |language= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
46. "Illinois Primary 2004: Primary Elections Results". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
47. "Ryan Drops Out of Senate race in Illinois". CNN. June 25, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
48. Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). "Alan Keyes Enters U.S. Senate Race in Illinois Against Rising Democratic Star". Associated Press. Union-Tribune (San Diego). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
49. Liam, Ford (August 13, 2004). "Keyes Sets Up House in Cal City". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
50. "Keyes-Obama Debates" (video, audio, and text). Keyes Obama Debates. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
51. "America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois". CNN. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
52. "Barack Obama Sworn in to U.S. Senate". WLS-TV (ABC 7, Chicago). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
53. Enda, Jodi (February 5, 2006). "Great Expectations". The American Prospect. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
54. Linn, Brendan R. (July 25, 2005). "Power to Advise Obama for Year". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
55. Skidelsky, William (October 17, 2005). "Revolutionising the Future: From Tennis to Teleportation". New Statesman. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
56. Bacon Jr., Perry (April 18, 2005). "Barack Obama: The Future of the Democratic Party?". Time. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Klein, Joe (May 14 2007). "The TIME 100: Barack Obama". Time. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
57. "Commencement 2005: Knox honors U.S. Senator Barack Obama". Knox College. May 10, 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
58. "U.S. Sen. Barack Obama to Receive Honorary Degree, Address 2,500 UMass Boston Graduates". University of Massachusetts Boston. May 26, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
59. "Commencement 2006: Sen. Obama to Address Grads". Northwestern University. June 6, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
60. "Sen. Obama Addresses Xavier Graduates". Associated Press. USA Today. August 13, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
61. "SNHU Commencement with Sen. Barack Obama". Southern New Hampshire University. May 19 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
62. "Committee Assignments". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
63. "Member Info". Congressional Black Caucus. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: Zeleny, Jeff (June 26 2005). "When It Comes to Race, Obama Makes His Point--With Subtlety". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
64. U.S. Senate, 109th Congress. "Bills, Resolutions > Search Results". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
65. U.S. Senate, 109th Congress. "Bills, Resolutions > Search Results". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
66. U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (April 5 2005). "S. 697, Higher Education Opportunity Through Pell Grant Expansion Act". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
67. Sweet, Lynn (March 29 2005). "Obama's 1st Bill: Raising Pell Grants". Chicago Sun-Times. FindArticles. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
68. U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (May 12 2005). "S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
69. U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 2nd Session (May 25, 2006). "S. 2611, Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) See also: "S. Amdt. 3971". Thomas. January 14 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
70. "Obama Statement on Senate Passage of Immigration Reform Bill". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. May 25 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
71. "Immigration Bill Divides House, Senate". USA Today. September 22, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
72. "Latinos Upset Obama Voted for Border Fence". CBS 2 (Chicago). November 20 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
73. "President Bush Signs Secure Fence Act". White House. October 26 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
74. White House Press Release, President Bush Signs Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act, September 26, 2006
75. U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 2nd Session (May 25 2006). "S. 2566, Cooperative Proliferation Detection, Interdiction Assistance, and Conventional Threat Reduction Act of 2006". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) See also: Lugar, Richard G. (December 3, 2005). "Junkyard Dogs of War". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
76. "Lugar-Obama Signed into Law". Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
77. U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 2nd Session (April 6 2006). "S. 2590, Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
78. "President Bush Signs Coburn-Obama Transparency Act". Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
79. U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 2nd Session (January 3 2006). "S. 2125, Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
80. Obama, Barack (January 4 2007). "A Chance To Change The Game". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
81. Parsons, Christi (January 19 2007). "Senate OKs Tougher Ethics Bill 96-2". Chicago Tribune (in paid archive). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
82. U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 18 2007). "S. 1, Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2007". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
83. Stern, Seth (January 31 2007). "Obama-Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation". CQPolitics.com. Congressional Quarterly. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
84. U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31 2007). "S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
85. H. Josef, Hebert (January 29 2007). "Congress Begins Tackling Climate Issues". Associated Press. CBS News. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
86. Williamson, Elizabeth (January 10, 2007). "The Green Gripe With Obama: Liquefied Coal Is Still . . . Coal". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
87. Krystin, E. Kasak (February 7, 2007). "Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home". Medill News Service. nwi.com. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
88. U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 30 2007). "S. 433, Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007". Thomas. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
89. "Obama: 'Press Freedom is Like Tending a Garden'". Sapa-AFP. Mail & Guardian (South Africa). August 28 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
90. Larson, Christina (September 2006). "Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP". The Washington Monthly. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
91. "Lugar Visits Russia, Ukraine and Azerbaijan to Advance Nunn-Lugar Agreements". The Lugar Letter. Richard G. Lugar U.S. Senate Office. September 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
92. Jeff, Zeleny (August 30, 2005). "U.S., Ukraine Sign Pact on Germ Threat". Chicago Tribune (in alternate site). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |language= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
93. "Obama Meets Shalom, Offers Support for Israel". Associated Press. Israel Insider. January 11, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
94. Goudie, Chuck (January 12, 2006). "Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor". ABC 7 News (Chicago). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
95. Cose, Ellis (September 11, 2006). "Walking the World Stage". Newsweek International Edition. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
96. Wrong, Michela (September 11, 2006). "Africa: Kenya Glimpses a New Kind of Hero". New Statesman. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
97. "Screaming Crowds Welcome U.S. Senator 'Home'". CNN. August 27, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
98. "Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud". News24.com. August 28, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
99. Wamalwa, Chris (September 2, 2006). "Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark". The Standard (Nairobi). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
100. Moracha, Vincent (September 4, 2006). "Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims". The Standard (Nairobi). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
101. "More Than 20,000 Gather for Barack Obama". CBS 42 (Austin). February 23 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: Elliott, Philip (May 28 2007). "Obama Measuring Campaign Success not Just in Cash, but Crowds Too". Associated Press. Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
102. "Presidential Campaign Announcement". Obama for America. Brightcove.com. February 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
103. Kornblut, Anne E. (September 18, 2006). "For This Red Meat Crowd, Obama's '08 Choice Is Clear". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
104. "MTP Transcript for Oct. 22". Meet The Press. October 22, 2006. p. 3. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
105. "Poll: Obama Now Trails Only Clinton on '08 List". CNN. November 2, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
106. Brooks, Scott (December 11, 2006). "Obama Fever Grips NH". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
107. "Obama's New Hampshire Trip Sparks Interest in 2008 Presidential Race". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. December 11, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
108. Malone, Jim (July 2 2007). "Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination". Voice of America. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
109. Morain, Dan. "Small Donors Give Big to Obama". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
110. "Obama Placed Under Secret Service Protection". CNN. May 3 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
111. "49% Say Obama May Be Next President". Rasmussen Reports. May 21 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
112. "Obama Remains Strong Against GOPers". Zogby International. July 18 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
113. Alter, Jonathan (December 25 2006 - January 1 2007). "Is America Ready?". Newsweek. MSNBC. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
114. Obama (2006), p. 159.
115. Franklin, Ben A. (June 1 2005). "The Fifth Black Senator in U.S. History Makes F.D.R. His Icon". Washington Spectator. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
116. Harkin, Tom (May 9 2006). "Harkin Urges Bush to Stop Undercutting U.S. Ethanol Production". Harkin U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) See also: Silverstein, Ken (November 2006). "Barack Obama Inc.: The Birth of a Washington Machine". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
117. Obama, Barack (June 7 2006). "Remarks by Senator Barack Obama on the Paris Hilton Tax Break". Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
118. Gogoi, Pallavi (November 16 2006). "Can Barack Wake Up Wal-Mart?". BusinessWeek.Com. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: "Sen. Obama: 'You Gotta Pay Your Workers Enough'". WLTX-TV 19 (Columbia, SC). November 16 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
119. Pickler, Nedra (January 25 2007). "Obama Calls for Universal Health Care within Six Years". Associated Press. Union-Tribune (San Diego). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
120. Obama, Barack (October 26 2002). "Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq". BarackObama.com. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
121. Obama, Barack (November 20 2006). "A Way Forward in Iraq". Chicago Council on Global Affairs (in PDF and audio). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link). Available in HTML text at BarackObama.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
122. Obama, Barack (March 2 2007). "AIPAC Policy Forum Remarks". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) For Obama's 2004 Senate campaign remarks on possible missile strikes against Iran, see: Mendell, David (September 25 2004). "Obama Would Consider Missile Strikes on Iran". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
123. Doyle, Jim (May 1 2006). "Tens of Thousands Rally for Darfur". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
124. Kuhnhenn, Jim (May 17 2007). "Giuliani, Edwards Have Sudan Holdings". Associated Press. WTOP (Washington, DC). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
125. "Obama, Brownback Want Iran Divestment". Associated Press. Yahoo. May 18 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
126. Terdiman, Daniel (January 26 2006). "Congress Catching on to the Value of Blogs". CNET News.com. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
127. Obama, Barack (June 8 2006 (text and audio)). "Network Neutrality". Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
128. Sweet, Lynn (January 22 2006). "After Cautious, Bipartisan Year, Obama Opens New Chapter". Chicago Sun-Times (FindArticles.com). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
129. ^ Kornblut, Anne E (November 1 2006). "A Senate Newcomer, Helping Fellow Democrats on the Trail and Drawing Big Crowds". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
130. Lerner, Michael (July 3 2006). "U.S. Senator Barack Obama Critiques Democrats' Religiophobia". Tikkun Magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
131. "Sen. Barack Obama: Call to Renewal Keynote Address". Beliefnet. June 28, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
132. Gibson, Manda (June 28 2006). "At Global AIDS Summit, Churches Challenged to Take the Lead". PurposeDriven.com. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
133. Obama, Barack (December 1 2006). "Race Against Time—World AIDS Day Speech". Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
134. "Rick Warren/Barack Obama AIDS Partnership Must End, Say Pro-Life Groups". Christian Newswire Press Release. November 28 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: Van Biema, David (December 1 2006). "The Real Losers in the Obama-Warren Controversy". TIME. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
135. Obama (2006), pp. 327-332. See also: Tucker, Eric (March 1 2007). "Family Ties: Brown Coach, Barack Obama". Associated Press. ABC News. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
136. Obama (1995), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339-340. See also:Rossi, Rosalind (January 21 2007). "The Woman Behind Obama". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
137. Zeleny, Jeff (December 24 2005). "The First Time Around: Sen. Obama's Freshman Year". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
138. Slevin, Peter (December 17 2006). "Obama Says He Regrets Land Deal With Fundraiser". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: Clarke, Conor (December 20 2006). "Show Trial: Barack Obama's Non-Scandal". New Republic (in web only). Google cache. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
139. Kantor, Jodi (June 1 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
140. Dan Morris, Neal Karlinsky. "The 'Rat-Ballers': Obama's High School Crew". Nightline. ABC News. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
141. Parsons, Christi (February 6 2007). "Obama Launches an '07 Campaign--To Quit Smoking". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
142. "Questions for the Candidates". Associated Press. WTOP News. May 17 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
143. Kantor, Jodi (April 30 2007). "A Candidate, His Minister and the Search for Faith". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: Obama (1995), pp. 292–295.
144. Obama (2006), pp. 202-208. Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (October 23 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". TIME. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: Guess, J. Bennett (February 9 2007). "Barack Obama, Candidate for President, is 'UCC'". United Church News. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
145. Obama (1995), p. vii.
146. Klein, Joe (October 23 2006). "The Fresh Face". Time. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
147. Boliek, Brooks (September 6, 2006). "Sen. Obama Finally Gets His Grammy". Reuters/Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
148. Bosman, Julie (November 9 2006). "Obama's New Book Is a Surprise Best Seller". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) "Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction". New York Times. July 22 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
149. Dorning, Mike (June 12 2007). "Carefully Crafting the Obama 'Brand'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
150. Hart, Gary (December 24 2006). "American Idol". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
151. Tomasky, Michael (November 30 2006). "The Phenomenon". New York Review of Books. Internet Archive. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
152. "L'Audacia Della Speranza. Il Sogno Americano Per Un Mondo Nuovo". Libreria Rizzoli. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
153. Lobb, Annelena (June 19 2007). "Obama, en Español". Wall Street Journal Online. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) "Riemann - Barack Obama - Hoffnung wagen". Riemann. June 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-20. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
154. Enda, Jodi (February 5 2006). "Great Expectations". The American Prospect. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) See also: Graff, Garrett M. (November 1 2006). "The Legend of Barack Obama". Washingtonian. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
155. Podhoretz, John (December 12 2006). "Obama: Rorschach Candidate". New York Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
156. Finnegan, William (24 May 2004). "The Candidate: How the Son of a Kenyan Economist Became an Illinois Everyman". New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) See also: Tilove, Jonathan (February 8 2007). "In Obama Candidacy, America Examines Itself". Times-Picayune (New Orleans). Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
157. Obama (1995), p. 13. See also: Nitkin, David. "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Jordan, Mary (May 13 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
158. Kampeas, Ron (August 6 2004). "Obama, Democrats' Rising Star, Known for Harmony with Jews". Jewish News Weekly of Northern California. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
159. "Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 18 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
160. Dickerson, Debra J (January 22 2007). "Colorblind". Salon. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
161. Crouch continues: "Obama makes it clear that, while he has experienced some light versions of typical racial stereotypes, he cannot claim those problems as his own — nor has he lived the life of a black American." Crouch, Stanley (November 2 2006). "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me". New York Daily News. Internet Archive. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) See also: Page, Clarence (February 25 2007). "Is Barack Black Enough? Now That's a Silly Question". Houston Chronicle. Internet Archive. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
162. Younge, Gary (posted October 27 2006 (November 13, 2006 issue)). "Obama: Black Like Me". The Nation. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
163. Ehrenstein, David (March 19 2007). "Obama the 'Magic Negro'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
164. Robinson, Eugene (March 13 2007). "The Moment for This Messenger?". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) See also: Senior, Jennifer (October 2 2006). "Dreaming of Obama". New York Magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
165. Obama (2006), p. 10. See also: Tomasky, Michael (November 30 2006). "The Phenomenon". New York Review of Books. Internet Archive. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
166. Sirota, David (June 26 2006). "Mr. Obama Goes to Washington". The Nation. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
167. Will, George F (December 14 2006). "Run Now, Obama". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
168. Noonan, Peggy (December 15 2006). "The Man From Nowhere". OpinionJournal from The Wall Street Journal Editorial Page. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Cited works

• Obama, Barack. Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, Times Books, 1995. Reprint edition, 2004; ISBN 1-4000-8277-3
• Obama, Barack.The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, Crown, 2006. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.

Further reading

• Curry, Jessica (Fall 2004). "Barack Obama: Under the Lights". Chicago Life. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Klein, Joe (October 23 2006). "The Fresh Face". Time. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) (cover image)
• Lizza, Ryan (March 19 2007). "The Agitator: Barack Obama's Unlikely Political Education". New Republic. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) (alternate site)
• MacFarquhar, Larissa (May 7 2007). "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?". New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Obama, Barack (July–August 2007). "Renewing American Leadership". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)
• Scharnberg, Kirsten (March 25 2007). "The Not-So-Simple Story of Barack Obama's Youth". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Wallace-Wells, Ben (February 07 2007). "Destiny's Child". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Wolffe, Richard (July 16 2007). "How Obama Is Shaking Up Campaign". Newsweek. MSNBC. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

External links

2. Part 2

Official sites

• Obama '08 — BarackObama.com (includes links to other official Obama campaign sites)
• U.S. Senate office

Site directory and selected databases

• Template:Dmoz
• On The Issues
• Project Vote Smart
• U.S. Congress votes, Washington Post
• Campaign financing, OpenSecrets.org (Center for Responsive Politics)

v t e Current United States senators
President: ▌ Kamala Harris (D) ‧ President pro tempore: ▌ Patty Murray (D)
AL: ▌ Tuberville (R)⎣ ▌ Britt (R) AK: ▌ Murkowski (R)⎣ ▌ Sullivan (R) AZ: ▌ Sinema (I)⎣ ▌ Kelly (D) AR: ▌ Boozman (R)⎣ ▌ Cotton (R) CA: ▌ Padilla (D)⎣ ▌ Schiff (D) CO: ▌ Bennet (D)⎣ ▌ Hickenlooper (D) CT: ▌ Blumenthal (D)⎣ ▌ Murphy (D) DE: ▌ Carper (D)⎣ ▌ Coons (D) FL: ▌ Rubio (R)⎣ ▌ R. Scott (R) GA: ▌ Ossoff (D)⎣ ▌ Warnock (D) HI: ▌ Schatz (D)⎣ ▌ Hirono (D) ID: ▌ Crapo (R)⎣ ▌ Risch (R) IL: ▌ Durbin (D)⎣ ▌ Duckworth (D) IN: ▌ Young (R)⎣ ▌ Braun (R) IA: ▌ Grassley (R)⎣ ▌ Ernst (R) KS: ▌ Moran (R)⎣ ▌ Marshall (R) KY: ▌ McConnell (R)⎣ ▌ Paul (R) LA: ▌ Cassidy (R)⎣ ▌ Kennedy (R) ME: ▌ Collins (R)⎣ ▌ King (I) MD: ▌ Cardin (D)⎣ ▌ Van Hollen (D) MA: ▌ Warren (D)⎣ ▌ Markey (D) MI: ▌ Stabenow (D)⎣ ▌ Peters (D) MN: ▌ Klobuchar (D)⎣ ▌ Smith (D) MS: ▌ Wicker (R)⎣ ▌ Hyde-Smith (R) MO: ▌ Hawley (R)⎣ ▌ Schmitt (R) MT: ▌ Tester (D)⎣ ▌ Daines (R) NE: ▌ Fischer (R)⎣ ▌ Ricketts (R) NV: ▌ Cortez Masto (D)⎣ ▌ Rosen (D) NH: ▌ Shaheen (D)⎣ ▌ Hassan (D) NJ: ▌ Booker (D)⎣ ▌ Kim (D) NM: ▌ Heinrich (D)⎣ ▌ Luján (D) NY: ▌ Schumer (D)⎣ ▌ Gillibrand (D) NC: ▌ Tillis (R)⎣ ▌ Budd (R) ND: ▌ Hoeven (R)⎣ ▌ Cramer (R) OH: ▌ Brown (D)⎣ ▌ Vance (R) OK: ▌ Lankford (R)⎣ ▌ Mullin (R) OR: ▌ Wyden (D)⎣ ▌ Merkley (D) PA: ▌ Casey (D)⎣ ▌ Fetterman (D) RI: ▌ Reed (D)⎣ ▌ Whitehouse (D) SC: ▌ Graham (R)⎣ ▌ T. Scott (R) SD: ▌ Thune (R)⎣ ▌ Rounds (R) TN: ▌ Blackburn (R)⎣ ▌ Hagerty (R) TX: ▌ Cornyn (R)⎣ ▌ Cruz (R) UT: ▌ Lee (R)⎣ ▌ Romney (R) VT: ▌ Sanders (I)⎣ ▌ Welch (D) VA: ▌ Warner (D)⎣ ▌ Kaine (D) WA: ▌ Murray (D)⎣ ▌ Cantwell (D) WV: ▌ Manchin (I)⎣ ▌ Capito (R) WI: ▌ Johnson (R)⎣ ▌ Baldwin (D) WY: ▌ Barrasso (R)⎣ ▌ Lummis (R)
▌ Republican: 49 ▌ Democratic: 47 ▌ Independent: 4

Template:Persondata

Template:Link FA

• 1961 births
• African American Senators
• American anti Iraq War activists
• American Congregationalists
• American legal academics
• American memoirists
• Chicago politicians
• Columbia University alumni
• Grammy Award winners
• Harvard Law School alumni
• Illinois lawyers
• Illinois State Senators
• Kenyan-Americans
• Living people
• People from Honolulu
• University of Chicago faculty
• United States Senators from Illinois