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This list includes people who were born in or lived in Wrocław/Breslau before 1945. For a list of famous residents after 1945, see List of notable people from Wrocław
- Alois Alzheimer - discoverer of Alzheimer's Disease.
- Günther Anders - philosopher and journalist.
- Adolf Anderssen - 19th-century chess master.
- Max Berg — architect, designer of Centennial Hall.
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer - Lutheran clergyman, religious leader in the resistance movement against Nazism.
- Max Born - Physicist
- August Borsig - entrepreneur.
- Ernst Cassirer - philosopher.
- Ferdinand Cohn - biologist
- Louis M. Cohn - a person suspected of starting the Great Chicago Fire
- Richard Courant - mathematician
- Jan Dzierżon - apiarist.
- Norbert Elias - sociologist
- Friedrich Karl Georg Fedde - botanist.
- Otfrid Förster — neuro-surgeon.
- Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat - virologist
- Zecharias Frankel - rabbi and founder of Conservative Judaism
- Felix Hausdorff - mathematician, one of the founders of algebraic topology
- Martin Helwig cartographer, first map of Silesia
- Johann Heß - Lutheran theologian, Protestant reformer of Breslau and Silesia
- Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau - Baroque poet
- Karl Eduard von Holtei - poet and actor
- Heinz Hopf - mathematician (topology)
- Vernon Ingram - biologist.
- Alfred Kerr - theatre critic and essayist
- Gustav Robert Kirchhoff - physicist
- Gerhard Kittel - New Testament scholar and philologist
- Otto Klemperer (* 1885) - conductor
- Wojciech Korfanty - political activist
- Arthur Korn - Physicist - Invented transmission of photographs by facsimile and wireless.
- Arthur Korn - Architect and town planner.
- Carl Ferdinand Langhans - architect
- Carl Gotthard Langhans - architect
- Ferdinand Lassalle - socialist politician and reformer
- Carl Friedrich Lessing - artist
- Daniel Casper von Lohenstein - poet and diplomat
- Peter Lorre- actor
- Rudolf Meidner - economist and socialist theorist
- Joachim Meisner - Cardinal priest and archbishop of Cologne
- Adolph von Menzel - artist
- Jan Mikulicz-Radecki - surgeon, contributed to development of modern surgery
- Edda Moser - soprano opera singer
- Hugo von Pohl - German admiral, commander of High Seas Fleet.
- Louis Prang - printer, lithographer and publisher
- Manfred von Richthofen - World War I flying ace
- Oskar von Riesenthal - ornithologist, forester, author
- Julius von Sachs - botanist
- Johann Gottfried Scheibel - theological professor and dissenter to the Prussian Union
- Friedrich Schleiermacher - theologian and philosopher
- Margarethe Siems - operatic soprano
- Angelus Silesius - 17th century religious poet
- Edith Stein - philosopher and Roman Catholic martyr
- Fritz Stern - historian
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben - inspector general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
- Siegbert Tarrasch - chess player
- Michel Thomas - war hero and language teacher
- Christian Wolff - philosopher
- Johann Heinrich Zedler (1706–1751) publisher of a German encyclopedia, the Zedler's Grosses Universal-Lexicon
Nobel laureates
listed by year of award
- Theodor Mommsen (1902)
- Philipp Lenard (1905)
- Eduard Buchner (1907)
- Paul Ehrlich (1908)
- Gerhart Hauptmann (1912)
- Fritz Haber (1918)
- Friedrich Bergius (1931)
- Erwin Schrödinger (1933)
- Otto Stern (1943)
- Max Born (1954)
- Reinhard Selten (1994)