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Operation Nemesis (Template:Lang-hy) was the Armenian Revolutionary Federation's code-name for a covert operation in early 1920s to assassinate the Turkish planners of the Armenian Genocide. Those involved with the planning and prosecution of the operation (including Shahan Natalie and Soghomon Tehlirian) were survivors of genocidal massacres. The Operation, between 1920–1922, assassinated many significant political and military figures of the Ottoman Empire, the Internal Affairs Minister of Azerbaijan and some Armenians who were worked against the Armenian cause.

It was named after the Greek goddess of divine retribution, Nemesis.

Background

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), an Armenian political party, was active within the Ottoman Empire in the early 1890s with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire who were advocating for reform and the formation of an independent Armenian state with the aid of Russian Empire. ARF members formed Fedayeen guerilla groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance.

In 1914, the 8th congress of ARF, beginning at the end of July ending on August 2, was a watershed event between the Ottoman government and Ottoman Armenian citizens, of which members of [[List of parties in the Ottoman Empire|The Committee of Union and Progress requested from Ottoman Armenians aid in the conquest of Transcaucasia by inciting a rebellion with the Russian Armenians against the Tsarist Army in the event of a Caucasus front opening up. The Armenians agreed to remain loyal to their government, but declared their inability to agree to the other proposal, which was inciting their compatriots under Russian rule to engage in insurrection.

In 1915, ARF was one of the groups that were targeted by the Red Sunday Group who were the leaders of the Armenian community of the Ottoman Empire in Constantinople, and later extending to other centers, who were arrested and moved to two holding centers near Ankara under The Minister of the Interior Mehmed Talat order on April 24, 1915.

In 1919, after the Armistice of Mudros, a Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–1920 convened in Constantinople and convicted sentenced to death the principal perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide. The UK also detained some men held in the Malta exiles.

Armenian Congress in Yerevan

On May 28, 1918, the Armenian National Council, based in Tiflis, Georgia and led by Russian Armenia, na group of professionals declared The Democratic Republic of Armenia's independence Hovhannes Kachaznuni and Alexander Khatisyan, both members of the ARF, moved to Yerevan, Armenia to seize power and issued the official announcement of Armenian independence on May 30, 1918. Yerevan became the capital which was largest city in Armenia. At this city, from September 27 to the end of October 1919, the "ARF's 9th General Congress" convened.

In October 1919, at ARF's 9th General Congress, the issue of justice against those responsible for the Armenian Genocide was on the agenda. Over many of the Russian Armenian delegates' vociferous objections, it was decided to mete out justice through Armenian armed force. ARF Bureau members, specifically 4th Prime Minister Simon Vratsyan, Defense Minister of Armenia Ruben Ter Minasian, and Ruben Darbinian, opposed Natalie's operation. However, a "black list" was created, containing the names of 200 persons deemed responsible for organizing the genocide against the Armenian people.

Operation

The leader of the group responsible for the task was Shahan Natalie, working with Grigor Merjanov. Natalie's aim was to turn Tehlirian's trial into the political trial of those responsible for the Armenian Genocide. In his memoirs, Natalie revealed his orders to Tehlirian: "you blow up the skull of the Number One nation-murderer and you don't try to flee. You stand there, your foot on the corpse and surrender to the police, who will come and handcuff you." For Natalie, the primary target was Talât Pasha, whom Shahan called "Number One." The mission to kill Talât was entrusted to Soghomon Tehlirian.

After the Sovietization of Armenia, many of the Armenian Republic's expatriate revolutionary activists did not hesitate to collaborate with Azeri and Turk Armenophobe activists to regain governmental control. This policy was contrary to Shahan Natalie's conviction that "Over and above the Turk, the Armenian has no enemy, and Armenian revenge is just and godly." There was deep dissent on both sides, but not yet to the point of separation.

To forestall the probable victory of the "Freedom Fighters" at the upcoming 11th General Congress (27 March to 2 May 1929), on the eve of the meeting, the Bureau began a "cleansing campaign." The first to be "removed"(3) from the party was Bureau member, Shahan Natalie. "Knowingly" (by his definition) having joined the ARF and unjustly separated from it, Shahan Natalie wrote about this: "With Shahan began again that which had begun with Antranig; Bureau member, Shahan, was 'ousted'" After Shahan were successively ousted Haig Kntouni, Armenian Republic army officer Bagrevandian with his group, Glejian and Tartizian with their partisans, General Smbad, Ferrahian with his group, future "Mardgots" (Bastion)-ists Mgrdich Yeretziants, Levon Mozian, Vazgen Shoushanian, Mesrob Kouyoumjian, Levon Kevonian and many others. As a protest to this "cleansing" by the Bureau, some members of the ARF French Central Committee also resigned.

Aftermath

On July 24, 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne, in Lausanne, Switzerland, settled the Anatolian and East Thracian issue of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by annulment of the Treaty of Sèvres that was signed by the Constantinople-based Ottoman government. Part of negotiations that established the Treaty of Lausanne was the Malta exiles. The UK released criminals as part of a prisoner swap, in exchange for the release of British troops held captive by the new Turkish government of Kemal Ataturk. Since there were no international laws in place under which they could be tried, the men who orchestrated the genocide traveled relatively freely throughout Germany, Italy, and Central Asia.

In the Beirut-based "Nayiri" weekly, v. 12, nos. 1-6 were published Shahan's memoirs about Talaat's assassination. There, Shahan revealed his orders to Tehlirian: "You blow up the skull of the Number 1 nation-murderer and you don't try to flee. You stand there, your foot on the corpse and surrender to the police, who will come and handcuff you." Shahan Natalie's purpose was to turn Soghomon Tehlirian's trial into the political trial of those responsible for the Great Tragedy, which was realized in part. However, there were those in the ARF leadership, Simon Vratsian in particular, who had two chapters deleted from Tehlirian's memoirs - before their printing - which dealt with Shahan Natalie's key role in the assassination of Talaat.

List of operations

Operations performed under Operation Nemesis

Date	Target	Assassin(s)	Location	Verdict by ARF 9th General Congress	Note
June 19, 1920	Fatali Khan Khoyski	Aram Yerkanyan, Misak Kirakosyan	Tiflis, Georgia	Foreign Affairs Minister of Azerbaijan, organizer of the Armenian massacres in Baku in 1918
March 15, 1921	Talaat Pasha	Soghomon Tehlirian	Charlottenburg district, Berlin, Germany	one of the Ittihadist triumvirs and former interior minister	Soghomon Tehlirian was arrested and put on trial. Tehlirian was released with a 'not guilty' verdict on the grounds of insanity by the German Court in June 1921.
July 18, 1921	Behbud Khan Javanshir	Misak Torlakian	Entente-occupied Constantinople	Internal Affairs Minister of Azerbaijan, organizer of the Armenian massacres in Baku in 1918	Torlakian was admitted "guilty but not responsible" due to his mental condition by the British military tribunal in November 1921.
December 5, 1921	Said Halim Pasha	Arshavir Shiragian	Rome, Kingdom of Italy	Former prime minister of the Ottoman Empire	Operation was organized by Grigor Merjanov. Shiragian was not captured and returned to Constantinople.
April 17, 1922	Behaeddin Shakir Bey	Aram Yerganian	Berlin, Germany	Organizer and executor of the Ittihadist "Special Committee",
April 17, 1922	Jemal Azmi	Arshavir Shiragian	Berlin, Germany	Wali of Trebizond, an Ittihadist leader. Nicknamed "The Monster of Trebizond", Azmi was responsible for the drowning murder of 15,000 Armenians. A Turkish court 's martial sentenced him to death in 1919, but the sentence was never carried out.	Operation aided by Aram Yerganian.
July 25, 1922	Djemal Pasha	Stepan Dzaghigian and Bedros D. Boghosian	Tbilsi, Georgia, Soviet Union	Member of the Ittihadist triumvirate and defense minister,	There were decoys with the help of Zareh Melik-Shahnazarian of Artsakh.

See also

• Vigilante justice

References

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

1. Taner Akcam, A Shameful Act, page 136
2. Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 244
3. The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v.28, p.412
4. Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (Basic Books, 2005), 57; "Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930..".
5. Hovannisian. "Armenia's Road to Independence", p. 298.
6. "Nayiri" weekly, v. 12, nos. 1-6
7. http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne ;
   ARTICLE 91
   All grants of patents and registrations of trade-marks, as well as all registrations of transfers or assignments of patents or trade marks which have been duly made since the 30th October, 1918, by the Imperial Ottoman Government at Constantinople or elsewhere..
8. Power, Samantha. "A Problem from Hell", page 16. Basic Books, 2002.
9. Power, Samantha. "A Problem from Hell", page 17. Basic Books, 2002.
10. http://operationnemesis.com/condemned.html

Further reading

• Natalie, Shahan (2002) . The Turks and Us. Nagorno-Karabakh: Punik Publishing.
• Shiragian, Arshavir (1976). The Legacy. Sonia Shiragian. Boston, Massachusetts: Hairenik Press. LCC 76-49796.
• Avakian, Lindy V. (1989). The Cross and the Crescent. USC Press. ISBN 0-943247-06-3.
• Derogy, Jacques (1990). Resistance & Revenge. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-88738-338-6.
• Alexander, Edward (2000). A Crime of Vengeance. Backinprint.com. ISBN 0-595-08885-6.
• Yeghiayan, Vartkes (2006). The Case of Soghomon Tehlirian. Center for Armenian Remembrance. ISBN 0-9777153-1-0.
• Yeghiayan, Vartkes (2006). The Case of Misak Torlakian. Center for Armenian Remembrance. ISBN 0-9777153-0-2.

External links

• Detailed story of Special Operation
• http://www.operationnemesis.com

• Conflicts in 1920
• Conflicts in 1921
• Conflicts in 1922
• 1920 crimes
• Ottoman Empire
• Armenian Genocide
• Assassinations
• Operations involving special forces
• 1920s