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| Claude Monet | |
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 Claude Monet, photo by Nadar, 1899. | |
| Born | Oscar-Claude Monet (1840-11-14)14 November 1840 Paris, France |
| Died | 5 December 1926(1926-12-05) (aged 86) Giverny, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Known for | Painter |
| Notable work | Impression, Sunrise Rouen Cathedral series London Parliament series Water Lilies Haystacks Poplars |
| Movement | Impressionism |
| Patron(s) | Gustave Caillebotte, Ernest Hoschedé, Georges Clemenceau |
Claude Monet (French: [klod mɔnɛ] or [mɔne]; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. The term Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant).
Early life
Birth and childhood
Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the 5th floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. He was the second son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet, both of them second-generation Parisians. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the local parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude, but his parents called him simply Oscar. (He signed his juvenilia "O. Monet".) Despite being baptized Catholic, Monet later on became an atheist.
In 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the family grocery business, but Monet wanted to become an artist. His mother was a singer.
On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts. Locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a former student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy in about 1856/1857, he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, who became his mentor and taught him to use oil paints. Boudin taught Monet "en plein air" (outdoor) techniques for painting. Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind.
On 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixteen, he left school and went to live with his widowed childless aunt, Marie-Jeanne Lecadre.
Paris
When Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having brought his paints and other tools with him, he would instead go and sit by a window and paint what he saw. Monet was in Paris for several years and met other young painters, including Édouard Manet and others who would become friends and fellow Impressionists.
In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school. It is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter. Disillusioned with the traditional art taught at art schools, in 1862 Monet became a student of Charles Gleyre in Paris, where he met Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Frédéric Bazille and Alfred Sisley. Together they shared new approaches to art, painting the effects of light en plein air with broken color and rapid brushstrokes, in what later came to be known as Impressionism.
Monet's Camille or The Woman in the Green Dress (La femme à la robe verte), painted in 1866, brought him recognition and was one of many works using his future wife, Camille Doncieux as his model,including Women in the Garden of the following year, as well as for On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt, 1868. Camille became pregnant and gave birth to their first child, Jean in 1867. Monet and Camille married on 28 June 1870, just before the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, and, after their excursion to London and Zaandam, they had moved to Argenteuil, in December 1871. During this time Monet painted various works of modern life.
Franco-Prussian War and Argenteuil
After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870), Monet and his family took refuge in England in September 1870, where he studied the works of John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, both of whose landscapes would serve to inspire Monet's innovations in the study of color. In the spring of 1871, Monet's works were refused authorisation for inclusion in the Royal Academy exhibition.
In May 1871, he left London to live in Zaandam, in the Netherlands, where he made twenty-five paintings (and the police suspected him of revolutionary activities). He also paid a first visit to nearby Amsterdam. In October or November 1871, he returned to France. From December 1871 to 1878 he lived at Argenteuil, a village on the right bank of the Seine river near Paris, and a popular Sunday-outing destination for Parisians, where he painted some of his best known works. In 1874, he briefly returned to Holland.
- Paintings 1858-1870
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View at Rouelles, Le Havre 1858, Private collection; an early work showing the influence of Corot and Courbet
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Mouth of the Seine, 1865, The Norton Simon Foundation, Pasadena, CA; indicates the influence of Dutch maritime painting
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Woman in a Garden, 1867, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; a study in the effect of sunlight and shadow on colour
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La Grenouillére 1869, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; a small plein-air painting created with broad strokes of intense colour
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The Magpie, 1868–1869. Musée d'Orsay, Paris; one of Monet's early attempts at capturing the effect of snow on the landscape
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Impressionism
First "Impressionist" exhibition
From the late 1860s, Monet and other like-minded artists, met with rejection from the conservative Académie des Beaux-Arts which held its annual exhibition at the Salon de Paris. During the latter part of 1873, Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") to exhibit their artworks independently. At their first exhibition, held in April 1874, Monet exhibited the work that was to give the group its lasting name.
Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) was painted in 1872, depicting a Le Havre port landscape. From the painting's title, art critic Louis Leroy coined the term "Impressionism", which he intended as disparagement but which the Impressionists appropriated for themselves. Also in this exhibition was a painting titled Boulevard des Capucines, a painting of the boulevard done from the photographer Nadar's apartment at no. 35. Monet painted the subject twice and it is uncertain which of the two pictures, that now in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, or that in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City was the painting that appeared in the groundbreaking 1874 exhibition, though more recently the Moscow picture has been favoured.
Death of Camille
In 1876 Camille Monet became ill in 1876 with tuberculosis. Their second son, Michel, on 17 March 1878. This second child weakened her already fading health. In the summer of that year, the family moved to the village of Vétheuil where they shared a house with the family of Ernest Hoschedé, a wealthy department store owner and patron of the arts. On 5 September 1879, Camille Monet died at the age of thirty-two.
Monet made a a study in oils of his dead wife. Many years later, Monet confessed to his friend Georges Clemenceau that his need to analyse colours was both the joy and torment of his life. He explained,
"I one day found myself looking at my beloved wife's dead face and just systematically noting the colours according to an automatic reflex!"
John Berger describes the work as "a blizzard of white, grey, purplish paint .... a terrible blizzard of loss which will forever efface her features. In fact there can be very few death-bed paintings which have been so intensely felt or subjectively expressive."
Vétheuile
After several difficult months following the death of Camille, Monet began to create some of his best paintings of the 19th century. During the early 1880s, Monet painted several groups of landscapes and seascapes in what he considered to be campaigns to document the French countryside. These began to evolve into series of pictures in which he documented the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons.
Monet's friend Ernest Hoschedé became bankrupt, and left in 1878 for Belgium. After the death of Camille Monet in September 1879, and while Monet continued to live in the house in Vétheuil, Alice Hoschedé helped Monet to raise his two sons, Jean and Michel. She took them to Paris to live alongside her own six children, Blanche, (who married Jean Monet), Germaine, Suzanne, Marthe, Jean-Pierre, and Jacques. In the spring of 1880, Alice Hoschedé and all the children left Paris and rejoined Monet at Vétheuil. In 1881, all of them moved to Poissy, which Monet hated. In April 1883, looking out the window of the little train between Vernon and Gasny, he discovered Giverny in Normandy. Monet, Alice Hoschedé and the children moved to Vernon, then to the house in Giverny, where he planted a large garden and where he painted for much of the rest of his life. Following the death of her estranged husband, Monet married Alice Hoschedé in 1892.
- Paintings 1872-1879
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Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant), 1872; the painting that gave its name to the style.
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Jean Monet on his hobby horse, 1872, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
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Camille Monet on a Garden Bench, 1873, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
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The Artist's house at Argenteuil, 1873, The Art Institute of Chicago
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Poppies Blooming, 1873, Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
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Train in the Snow, 1875, Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris.
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Argenteuil, 1875, Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris.
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Saint Lazare Train Station, Paris, 1877, The Art Institute of Chicago
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Vétheuil in the Fog, 1879, Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris.
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Street in Vétheuil in Winter, 1879, Gothenburg Museum of Art
Giverny
Monte's house and garden
At the beginning of May 1883, Monet and his large family rented a house and 2 acres (8,100 m) from a local landowner. The house was situated near the main road between the towns of Vernon and Gasny at Giverny. There was a barn that doubled as a painting studio, orchards and a small garden. The house was close enough to the local schools for the children to attend and the surrounding landscape offered many suitable motifs for Monet's work. The family worked and built up the gardens and Monet's fortunes began to change for the better as his dealer Paul Durand-Ruel had increasing success in selling his paintings. By November 1890, Monet was prosperous enough to buy the house, the surrounding buildings and the land for his gardens. During the 1890s, Monet built a greenhouse and a second studio, a spacious building well lit with skylights. By purchasing additional land with a water meadow, he was able to lay out lily ponds that were to become the subjects of his best known late works.
Monet wrote daily instructions to his gardener, precise designs and layouts for plantings, and invoices for his floral purchases and his collection of botany books. As Monet's wealth grew, his garden evolved. He remained its architect, even after he hired seven gardeners.
- Monet's garden
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Last years
Failing sight
Monet's second wife, Alice, died in 1911 and his oldest son Jean, who had married Alice's daughter Blanche, Monet's particular favourite, died in 1914. After Alice died, Blanche looked after and cared for Monet. It was during this time that Monet began to develop the first signs of cataracts.
During World War I, in which his younger son Michel served and his friend and admirer Clemenceau led the French nation, Monet painted a series of weeping willow trees as homage to the French fallen soldiers. In 1923, he underwent two operations to remove his cataracts. The paintings done while the cataracts affected his vision have a general reddish tone, which is characteristic of the vision of cataract victims. It may also be that after surgery he was able to see certain ultraviolet wavelengths of light that are normally excluded by the lens of the eye; this may have had an effect on the colors he perceived. After his operations he even repainted some of these paintings, with bluer water lilies than before.
Death
Monet died of lung cancer on 5 December 1926 at the age of 86 and is buried in the Giverny church cemetery. Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple; thus only about fifty people attended the ceremony.
His home, garden and waterlily pond were bequeathed by his son Michel, his only heir, to the French Academy of Fine Arts (part of the Institut de France) in 1966. Through the Fondation Claude Monet, the house and gardens were opened for visits in 1980, following restoration. In addition to souvenirs of Monet and other objects of his life, the house contains his collection of Japanese woodcut prints. The house and garden, along with the Museum of Impressionism Giverny are major attractions in Giverny, which hosts tourists from all over the world.
- Monet's late paintings
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Rose-way in Giverny
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Series
Beginning in the 1880s and until the end of his life in 1926, Monet worked on "series" paintings, in which a subject was depicted in varying light and weather conditions. His first series exhibited as such was of Haystacks, painted from different points of view and at different times of the day. Fifteen of the paintings were exhibited at the Galerie Durand-Ruel in 1891. He later produced several series of paintings: Rouen Cathedral, Poplars, Mornings on the Seine, and the Water Lilies that were painted on his property at Giverny. Between 1883 and 1908, Monet traveled to the Mediterranean, where he painted landmarks, landscapes, and seascapes, including a series of paintings in Venice. In London he painted two series: the Houses of Parliament, London, and Views of Charing Cross Bridge.
- Series of paintings
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Sunset at Etretat
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Rain at Eretat
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The Cliffs at Etretat
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Sailboats behind the needle at Eretat
Fame
Main article: List of works by Claude MonetIn 2004, London, the Parliament, Effects of Sun in the Fog (Londres, le Parlement, trouée de soleil dans le brouillard) (1904), sold for US$20.1 million. In 2006, the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society published a paper providing evidence that these were painted in situ at St Thomas' Hospital over the river Thames.
Falaises près de Dieppe (Cliffs near Dieppe) has been stolen on two separate occasions: once in 1998 (in which the museum's curator was convicted of the theft and jailed for five years and two months along with two accomplices) and most recently in August 2007. It was recovered in June 2008.
Monet's Le Pont du chemin de fer à Argenteuil, an 1873 painting of a railway bridge spanning the Seine near Paris, was bought by an anonymous telephone bidder for a record $41.4 million at Christie's auction in New York on 6 May 2008. The previous record for his painting stood at $36.5 million. Just a few weeks later, Le bassin aux nymphéas (from the water lilies series) sold at Christie's 24 June 2008 auction in London, lot 19, for £36,500,000 ($71,892,376.34) (hammer price) or £40,921,250 ($80,451,178) with fees, nearly doubling the record for the artist and representing one of the top 20 highest prices paid for a painting at the time.
In October 2013, Monet's paintings, L' Eglise de Vetheuil and Le Bassin aux Nymphease, are subjects of a legal case in New York against NY-based Vilma Bautista, one-time aide to Imelda Marcos, after she sold Le Bassin aux Nymphease for $32 million to a Swiss buyer. The said Monet paintings, along with two other, were acquired by the Marcoses during Ferdinand Marcos' presidency and is allegedly bought using the nation's funds. Bautista's lawyer claim that the aide sold the painting for Marcos but did not have a chance to give her the money. The Philippine government seek the return of the painting. Le Bassin aux Nymphease, also known as Japanese Footbridge over the Water-Lily Pond at Giverny, is part of Monet's famed Water Lilies series.
- Series of water lilies in different lights
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Water Lilies, 1919, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
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Water Lilies, 1917–1919, Honolulu Museum of Art
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Water lilies (Yellow Nirwana), 1920, The National Gallery, London
Monet forgery discovered
On 14 February 2008, the Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Cologne, Germany announced that On the Banks of the Seine by Port-Villez, attributed to Claude Monet, was a forgery. The discovery was made when the painting was examined by restorers prior to an upcoming Impressionism exhibition. X-ray and infrared testing revealed that a "colorless substance" had been applied to the canvas to make it appear older. The picture was acquired by the museum in 1954. The museum, which will keep the forgery, still has five authentic Monet paintings in its collection.
See also
Template:Misplaced Pages books
References
- House, John, et al.: Monet in the 20th century, page 2, Yale University Press, 1998.
- "Claude MONET biography". Giverny.org. 2 December 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
- ^ P. Tucker Claude Monet: Life and Art, p. 5
- S. Patin, Monet "un œil ... mais bon Dieu, quel œil !", Collection Découverte Gallimard. p. 14.
- Steven Z. Levine (1994). "6". Monet, Narcissus, and Self-Reflection: The Modernist Myth of the Self (2 ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780226475431.
Much closer to Monet's own atheism and pessimism is Schopenhauer, already introduced to the impressionist circle in the criticism of Theodore Duret in the 1870s and whose influence in France was at its peak in 1886, the year of The World as Will and Idea.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - Ruth Butler (2008). Hidden in the Shadow of the Master: the Model-wives of Cézanne, Monet, and Rodin. Yale University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780300149531.
Then Monet took the end of his brush and drew some long straight strokes in the wet pigment across her chest. It's not clear, and probably not consciously intended by the atheist Claude Monet, but somehow the suggestion of a Cross lies there on her body.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Biography for Claude Monet Guggenheim Collection. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- "Metropolitan Museum of Art". Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
- ^ Charles Stuckey "Monet, a Retrospective", Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 195
- Monet, Claude Nicolas Pioch, www.ibiblio.org, 19 September 2002. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- The texts of seven police reports, written on 2 June – 9 October 1871 are included in Monet in Holland, the catalog of an exhibition in the Amsterdam Van Gogh Museum (1986).
- His paintings are shown and discussed here .
- Impressionism – Overview ARTinthePICTURE.com. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- Kennedy, Ian. "Kansas city or Moscow?", Apollo, 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 8 June 2009.
- "La Japonaise". artelino. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
- http://members.aol.com/wwjohnston/camille.htm
- Berger, John (1985). The Eyes of Claude Monet from Sense of Sight. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 194–195. ISBN 0-679-73722-7.
- ^ "Biography of Oscar-Claude Monet, The Life and Work of Claude Monet". Monetalia.com. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
- Charles Merrill Mount, Monet a biography, Simon and Schuster publisher, copyright 1966, pp.309–322.
- ^ "Monet's Village". Giverny. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
- Charles Merrill Mount, Monet a biography, Simon and Schuster publisher, copyright 1966, p326.
- Garrett, Robert (20 May 2007). "Monet's gardens a draw to Giverny and to his art". Globe Correspondents. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- Forge, Andrew, and Gordon, Robert, Monet, page 224. Harry N. Abrams, 1989.
- Let the light shine in Guardian News, 30 May 2002. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- P. Tucker Claude Monet: Life and Art, p.224
- "Historical record". Fondation-monet.fr. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- Monet's masterpiece reaches record high bid newsfromrussia.com, 5 November 2004. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- "Virtual Monet Thumbnails Pg 1 | Special reports". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
- "Monet and Others Stolen in Museum Heist in Nice". artforum.com. 8 August 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
- "French police recover stolen Monet painting". artforum.com. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- "Monet fetches record price at New York auction". Google. AFP. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- "Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas". Christies of London. 24 June 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
- "Monet work auctioned for £40.9m". BBC News. 24 June 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
- Ex-Imelda Marcos aide on trial in NYC for selling Monet work inquirer.net, 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- PCGG: Gov’t, not Marcos victims, owns Monet painting inquirer.net, 21 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- German museum discovers prized Monet is a fake
Further reading
- Howard, Michael The Treasures of Monet. (Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris, 2007).
- Kendall, Richard Monet by Himself, (Macdonald & Co 1989, updated Time Warner Books 2004), ISBN 0-316-72801-2
- Monet's years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1978. ISBN 978-0-8109-1336-3.
{{cite book}}: External link in|title= - Tucker, Paul Hayes, Monet in the '90s. (Museum of Fine Arts in association with Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1989).
- Tucker, Paul Hayes Claude Monet: Life and Art Amilcare Pizzi, Italy 1995 ISBN 0-300-06298-2
- Tucker, Paul Hayes, Monet in the 20th century. (Royal Academy of Arts, London, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and Yale University press. 1998).
External links
- Claude Monet at the Museum of Modern Art
- Claude Monet by himself, intermonet.com
- Claude Monet paintings, media & interactive timeline, mootnotes.com
- Claude Monet: life and paintings
- Comparison of reproductions of Monet, kasrl.org
- Monet at Giverny
- Photos of Monet's grave
- The Unknown Monet exhibition – view sketchbooks, clarkart.edu
- Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies.
- Claude Monet Works
- Template:Worldcat id
- Impressionism: a centenary exhibition, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Monet (p. 131-167)
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