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32°00′N 35°15′E / 32.000°N 35.250°E / 32.000; 35.250

State of Palestineدولة فلسطين Dawlat Filasṭīn
Flag Coat of arms of Palestine Coat of arms
Anthem: "فدائي" "Fida'i" "My Redemption" File:National Anthem of Palestine (Vocal).ogg
Territory claimed by the State of Palestine (green) Territory also claimed by Israel (light green)
Proclaimed capital Administrative center	Jerusalem (East) 31°47′N 35°14′E / 31.783°N 35.233°E / 31.783; 35.233 Ramallah 31°54′N 35°12′E / 31.900°N 35.200°E / 31.900; 35.200
Largest city	Gaza 31°31′N 34°27′E / 31.517°N 34.450°E / 31.517; 34.450
Official languages	Arabic
Government	De jure parliamentary republic operating de facto as a semi-presidential republic
• President	Mahmoud Abbas
• Speaker of Parliament	Salim Zanoun
Legislature	National Council
Formation
• Declaration of Independence	15 November 1988
• UNGA observer state resolution	29 November 2012
• Sovereignty dispute with Israel	Ongoing
Area
• Total	6,220 km (2,400 sq mi)
• Water (%)	3.5
• West Bank	5,860 km
• Gaza Strip	360 km
Population
• 2014 estimate	4,550,368 (123rd)
• Density	731/km (1,893.3/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2008 estimate
• Total	$11.95 billion (–)
• Per capita	$2,900 (–)
Gini (2009)	35.5 medium inequality
HDI (2014)	0.677 medium (113th)
Currency	Egyptian pound (EGP) Israeli new shekel (ILS) Jordanian dinar (JOD) (see also Palestinian currency)
Time zone	UTC+2 (​)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Drives on	Right
Calling code	+970
ISO 3166 code	PS
Internet TLD	.ps
Population and economy statistics and rankings are based data of the PCBS. Also the leader of the state's government. The territories claimed are under Israeli occupation.

Template:Contains Arabic text

The State of Palestine (Template:Lang-ar Dawlat Filasṭīn), also known simply as Palestine, is a state in the Middle East. Its independence was declared on 15 November 1988 by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Algiers as a government-in-exile. The State of Palestine claims the West Bank and Gaza Strip, with East Jerusalem as the designated capital,. Most of the areas claimed by the State of Palestine have been occupied by Israel since 1967 in the aftermath of the Six-Day War. The Palestinian Authority applied for United Nations (UN) membership in 2011 and in 2012 was granted a non-member observer state status – which amounts to a de facto, or implicit, recognition of statehood.

Etymology

Since the British Mandate, the term "Palestine" has been associated with the geographical area that currently covers the State of Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. General use of the term "Palestine" or related terms to the area at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean Sea beside Syria has historically been taking place since the times of Ancient Greece, with Herodotus writing of a "district of Syria, called Palaistine" in which Phoenicians interacted with other maritime peoples in The Histories.

Geography

History

In 1947, the UN adopted a partition plan for a two-state solution in the remaining territory of the mandate. The plan was accepted by the Jewish leadership but rejected by the Arab leaders, and Britain refused to implement the plan. On the eve of final British withdrawal, the Jewish Agency for Israel declared the establishment of the State of Israel according to the proposed UN plan. The Arab Higher Committee did not declare a state of its own and instead, together with Transjordan, Egypt, and the other members of the Arab League of the time, commenced military action resulting in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. During the war, Israel gained additional territories that were designated to be part of the Arab state under the UN plan. Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip and Transjordan occupied the West Bank. Egypt initially supported the creation of an All-Palestine Government, but disbanded it in 1959. Transjordan never recognized it and instead decided to incorporate the West Bank with its own territory to form Jordan. The annexation was ratified in 1950 but was rejected by the international community. The Six-Day War in 1967, when Egypt, Jordan, and Syria fought against Israel, ended with Israel being in occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, besides other territories.

In 1964, when the West Bank was controlled by Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established there with the goal to confront Israel. The Palestinian National Charter of the PLO defines the boundaries of Palestine as the whole remaining territory of the mandate, including Israel. Following the Six-Day War, the PLO moved to Jordan, but later relocated to Lebanon after Black September in 1971.

The October 1974 Arab League summit designated the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" and reaffirmed "their right to establish an independent state of urgency." In November 1974, the PLO was recognized as competent on all matters concerning the question of Palestine by the UN General Assembly granting them observer status as a "non-state entity" at the UN. After the 1988 Declaration of Independence, the UN General Assembly officially acknowledged the proclamation and decided to use the designation "Palestine" instead of "Palestine Liberation Organization" in the UN. In spite of this decision, the PLO did not participate at the UN in its capacity of the State of Palestine's government.

In 1979, through the Camp David Accords, Egypt signaled an end to any claim of its own over the Gaza Strip. In July 1988, Jordan ceded its claims to the West Bank—with the exception of guardianship over Haram al-Sharif—to the PLO. In November 1988, the PLO legislature, while in exile, declared the establishment of the "State of Palestine". In the month following, it was quickly recognised by many states, including Egypt and Jordan. In the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, the State of Palestine is described as being established on the "Palestinian territory", without explicitly specifying further. Because of this, some of the countries that recognised the State of Palestine in their statements of recognition refer to the "1967 borders", thus recognizing as its territory only the occupied Palestinian territory, and not Israel. The UN membership application submitted by the State of Palestine also specified that it is based on the "1967 borders". During the negotiations of the Oslo Accords, the PLO recognised Israel's right to exist, and Israel recognised the PLO as representative of the Palestinian people. Between 1993 and 1998, the PLO made commitments to change the provisions of its Palestinian National Charter that are inconsistent with the aim for a two-state solution and peaceful coexistence with Israel.

After Israel took control of the West Bank from Jordan and Gaza Strip from Egypt, it began to establish Israeli settlements there. These were organised into Judea and Samaria district (West Bank) and Hof Aza Regional Council (Gaza Strip) in the Southern District. Administration of the Arab population of these territories was performed by the Israeli Civil Administration of the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories and by local municipal councils present since before the Israeli takeover. In 1980, Israel decided to freeze elections for these councils and to establish instead Village Leagues, whose officials were under Israeli influence. Later this model became ineffective for both Israel and the Palestinians, and the Village Leagues began to break up, with the last being the Hebron League, dissolved in February 1988.

In 1993, in the Oslo Accords, Israel acknowledged the PLO negotiating team as "representing the Palestinian people", in return for the PLO recognizing Israel's right to exist in peace, acceptance of UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338, and its rejection of "violence and terrorism". As a result, in 1994 the PLO established the Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) territorial administration, that exercises some governmental functions in parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In 2007, the Hamas takeover of Gaza Strip politically and territorially divided the Palestinians, with Abbas's Fatah left largely ruling the West Bank and recognized internationally as the official Palestinian Authority, while Hamas secured its control over the Gaza Strip. In April 2011, the Palestinian parties signed an agreement of reconciliation, but its implementation had stalled until a unity government was formed on 2 June 2014.

As envisioned in the Oslo Accords, Israel allowed the PLO to establish interim administrative institutions in the Palestinian territories, which came in the form of the PNA. It was given civilian control in Area B and civilian and security control in Area A, and remained without involvement in Area C. In 2005, following the implementation of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, the PNA gained full control of the Gaza Strip with the exception of its borders, airspace, and territorial waters. Following the inter-Palestinian conflict in 2006, Hamas took over control of the Gaza Strip (it already had majority in the PLC), and Fatah took control of the West Bank. From 2007, the Gaza Strip was governed by Hamas, and the West Bank by Fatah.

On 29 November 2012, in a 138–9 vote (with 41 abstentions and 5 absences), the United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 67/19, upgrading Palestine from an "observer entity" to a "non-member observer state" within the United Nations system, which was described as recognition of the PLO's sovereignty. Palestine's new status is equivalent to that of the Holy See. The UN has permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as "The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations", and Palestine has instructed its diplomats to officially represent "The State of Palestine"—no longer the Palestinian National Authority. On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon declared that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents", thus recognising the title 'State of Palestine' as the state's official name for all UN purposes. As of 21 June 2024, 146 (75.6%) of the 193 member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine. Many of the countries that do not recognise the State of Palestine nevertheless recognise the PLO as the "representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO's Executive Committee is empowered by the Palestinian National Council to perform the functions of government of the State of Palestine.

Politics

Government

The State of Palestine consists of the following institutions that are associated with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO):

• President of the State of Palestine – appointed by the Palestinian Central Council
• Palestinian National Council – the legislature that established the State of Palestine
• Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization – performs the functions of a government in exile, maintaining an extensive foreign-relations network

These should be distinguished from the President of the Palestinian National Authority, Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) and PNA Cabinet, all of which are instead associated with the Palestinian National Authority.

The State of Palestine's founding document is the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, and it should be distinguished from the unrelated PLO Palestinian National Covenant and PNA Palestine Basic Law.

Administrative divisions

The State of Palestine is divided into sixteen administrative divisions.

a. Data from Jerusalem includes occupied East Jerusalem with its Israeli population

The governorates in the West Bank are grouped into three areas per the Oslo II Accord. Area A forms 18% of the West Bank by area, and is administered by the Palestinian government. Area B forms 22% of the West Bank, and is under Palestinian civil control, and joint Israeli-Palestinian security control. Area C, except East Jerusalem, forms 60% of the West Bank, and is administered by the Israeli Civil Administration, except that the Palestinian government provides the education and medical services to the 150,000 Palestinians in the area. More than 99% of Area C is off limits to Palestinians. There are about 330,000 Israelis living in settlements in Area C, in the Judea and Samaria Area. Although Area C is under martial law, Israelis living there are judged in Israeli civil courts.

East Jerusalem, the proclaimed capital of Palestine, is administered as part of the Jerusalem District of Israel, but is claimed by Palestine as part of the Jerusalem Governorate. It was annexed by Israel in 1980, but this annexation is not recognised by any other country. Of the 456,000 people in East Jerusalem, roughly 60% are Palestinians and 40% are Israelis.

Foreign relations

Representation of the State of Palestine is performed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In states that recognise the State of Palestine it maintains embassies. The Palestine Liberation Organization is represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer. Because of inconclusiveness in sources in some cases it is impossible to distinguish whether the participation is executed by the PLO as representative of the State of Palestine, by the PLO as a non-state entity or by the PNA.

International recognition

On 15 December 1988, the State of Palestine's declaration of independence of November 1988 was acknowledged in the General Assembly with Resolution 43/177.

As of 21 June 2024, 146 (75.6%) of the 193 member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine. Many of the countries that do not recognise the State of Palestine nevertheless recognise the PLO as the "representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO's executive committee is empowered by the PNC to perform the functions of government of the State of Palestine.

On 29 November 2012, UN General Assembly resolution 67/19 passed, upgrading Palestine to "non-member observer state" status in the United Nations. The change in status was described as "de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine".

On 3 October 2014, new Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven used his inaugural address in parliament to announce that Sweden would recognise the state of Palestine. The official decision to do so was made on 30 October, making Sweden the first EU member state outside of the former communist bloc to recognise the state of Palestine. Most of the EU's 28 member states have refrained from recognising Palestinian statehood and those that do - such as Hungary, Poland and Slovakia - did so before accession.

On 13 October 2014, the UK House of Commons voted by 274 to 12 in favour of recognising Palestine as a state. The House of Commons backed the move "as a contribution to securing a negotiated two-state solution" - although less than half of MPs took part in the vote. However, the UK government is not bound to do anything as a result of the vote: its current policy is that it "reserves the right to recognise a Palestinian state bilaterally at the moment of our choosing and when it can best help bring about peace".

On 2 December 2014, the French parliament voted by 331 to 151 in favour of urging their government to recognise Palestine as a state. The text, proposed by the ruling Socialists and backed by left-wing parties and some conservatives, asked the government to "use the recognition of a Palestinian state with the aim of resolving the conflict definitively".

On 31 December 2014, the United Nations Security Council voted down a resolution demanding the end of Israeli occupation and statehood by 2017. Eight members voted for the Resolution (Russia, China, France, Argentina, Chad, Chile, Jordan, Luxembourg), however following strenuous US and Israeli efforts to defeat the resolution, it did not get the minimum of nine votes needed to pass the resolution. Australia and the United States voted against the resolution, with five other nations abstaining.

On 10 January 2015, the first Palestinian embassy in a western European country is open in Stockholm, Sweden.

On 13 May 2015, the Vatican announced it was shifting recognition from the PLO to the State of Palestine, confirming a recognition of Palestine as a state after the UN vote of 2012. Monsignor Antoine Camilleri, Vatican foreign minister, said the change was in line with the evolving position of the Holy See, which has referred unofficially to the State of Palestine since Pope Francis's visit to the Holy Land in May 2014.

On 23 December 2015 the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution demanding Palestinian sovereignty over the natural resources in the Palestinian territories under Israeli occupation. It called on Israel to desist from the exploitation, damage, cause of loss or depletion and endangerment of Palestinian natural resources, the right of Palestinians to seek restitution for extensive destruction. The motion was passed by 164 votes to 5, with Canada, Federated States of Micronesia, Israel, Marshall Islands, and the United States opposing.

Raising the flag at the UN

In August 2015, Palestine's representatives at the UN presented a draft resolution that would allow the non-member observer states Palestine and the Holy See to raise their flags at the United Nations headquarters. Initially, the Palestinians presented their initiative as a joint effort with the Holy See, which the Holy See denied.

In a letter to the Secretary General and the President of the General Assembly, Israel’s Ambassador at the UN Ron Prosor called the step "another cynical misuse of the UN ... in order to score political points", and wrote that the Palestinian Authority "did not hesitate to manipulate the system and provide member states with inaccurate and misleading facts." Prosor added that "Once again the Palestinians prefer to score easy and meaningless points at the UN, simply because they can. Rather than choosing to negotiate in good faith while making the required compromises, they prefer hollow one-sided resolutions." Prosor called the resolution "aggressive behavior at the UN" and said that "Allowing the undermining of the credibility of these symbols today, symbolizes the surrender of this institution to an intimidating and cynical political agenda tomorrow."

Israel and the United States expressed strong opposition to the "hollow one-sided resolution", with Israel's UN ambassador Ron Prosor slamming the move as "a blatant attempt to hijack the UN". Prosor asked the Secretary-General and the UNGA President to block the move, but the Assembly adopted the resolution with overwhelming majority. After the vote, Prosor said "the assembly would vote to declare the Earth is flat if the Palestinians proposed it" and the US Ambassador Samantha Power said that "raising the Palestinian flag will not bring Israelis and Palestinians any closer together". US state department spokesman Mark Toner called it a "counterproductive" attempt to pursue statehood claims outside of a negotiated settlement.

Legal status

There are a wide variety of views regarding the status of the State of Palestine, both among the states of the international community and among legal scholars. The existence of a state of Palestine, although controversial, is a reality in the opinions of the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations.

Security

The State of Palestine has a number of security forces, including a Civil Police Force, National Security Forces and Intelligence Services, with the function of maintaining security and protecting Palestinian citizens and the Palestinian State.

Demographics

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the State of Palestine had population of 4,420,549 people in 2013. Within an area of 6,220 square kilometres (2,400 sq mi), there is a population density of 731 people per square kilometre. To put this in a wider context, the average population density of the world was 53 people per square kilometre based on data from July 5, 2014.

Religion

Religion of Palestinians (est. 2014)

93% of Palestinians are Muslim, the vast majority of whom are followers of the Sunni branch of Islam, with a small minority of Ahmadiyya, and 15% being nondenominational Muslims. Palestinian Christians represent a significant minority of 6%, followed by much smaller religious communities, including Druze and Samaritans. Palestinian Jews, who are defined by the Palestinian National Charter And PLO as those "Jews who had normally resided in Palestine until the beginning of the Zionist invasion", almost universally abandoned that identity and incorporated themselves into the Israeli Jewish population.

Economy

Tourism

Tourism in the Palestinian territories refers to tourism in East Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited the Palestinian territories, compared to 2.6 million in 2009. Of that number, 2.2 million were foreign tourists while 2.7 million were domestic. This number of international visits is misleading, however, since most tourists come for only a few hours or as part of a day trip itinerary. In the last quarter of 2012 over 150,000 guests stayed in West Bank hotels; 40% were European and 9% were from the United States and Canada. Major travel guides write that "the West Bank is not the easiest place in which to travel but the effort is richly rewarded." In 2013 Palestinian Authority Tourism minister Rula Ma'ay'a stated that her government aims to encourage international visits to Palestine, but the occupation is the main factor preventing the tourism sector from becoming a major income source to Palestinians. There are no visa conditions imposed on foreign nationals other than those imposed by the visa policy of Israel. Access to Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza is completely controlled by the Government of Israel. Entry to the occupied Palestinian territories requires only a valid international passport.

Infrastructure

Communications

The communications infrastructure in the Palestinian territories is growing at a very rapid pace and continually being updated and expanded.

Transportation

Water supply and sanitation

Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories are characterized by severe water shortage and are highly influenced by the Israeli occupation. The water resources of Palestine are fully controlled by Israel and the division of groundwater is subject to provisions in the Oslo II Accord.

Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the Gaza strip when compared to the West Bank. About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is lost in the distribution network. The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip and the Gaza War have caused severe damage to the infrastructure in the Gaza Strip. Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution. The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.

Culture

Media

There are a number of newspapers, news agencies, and satellite television stations in the State of Palestine. News agencies include Ma'an News Agency, Wafa, Palestine News Network and the satellite television includes Al-Aqsa TV, Al-Quds TV, Sanabel TV.

Sports

Palestinian citizens like to play football (soccer), rugby, and to participate in other athletic activities. Football is the most popular sport among the Palestinian people. The Palestine national football team performs a great role, helping to spread the sport of football in the State of Palestine.

See also

• Palestinian territories
• Israeli-occupied territories
• Israeli settlement
• Water Rights in Israel-Palestine

• Asia
• Geography
• Middle East
• Palestine

Notes

References

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41. ^ Sayigh, Yezid (1999). Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 624. ISBN 9780198296430. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) "The Palestinian National Council also empowered the central council to form a government-in-exile when appropriate, and the executive committee to perform the functions of government until such time as a government-in-exile was established."
42. Government of the Dominican Republic (15 July 2009). "Comunicado Conjunto para Establecimiento Relaciones Diplomaticas entre la Republica Dominican y el Estado de Palestina" (PDF) (in Spanish, English, and Arabic translations). Dominican Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2014. Presidente del Estado de Palestina . {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
43. "PLO Body Elects Abbas 'President of Palestine'" 24 November 2008. Agence France-Presse (via Khaleej Times). Retrieved 28 September 2011. "'I announce that the PLO Central Council has elected Mahmud Abbas president of the State of Palestine. He takes on this role from this day, November 23, 2008,' the body's chairman Salem al-Zaanun told reporters."
44. Executive Board of UNESCO (12 May 1989). "Hundred and Thirty-First Session – Item 9.4 of the Provisional Agenda – Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 18, Annex II. Retrieved 28 September 2011. A government-in-exile, having no effective control in the territory and not having had previous control, ... .
45. "Palestinian National Council (PNC)". European Institute for Research on Mediterranean and Euro-Arab Cooperation. Medea Institute. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2014. The Palestinian National Council (PNC), Parliament in exile of the Palestinian people, is the most important institution of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO). The PNC elects the Executive Committee of the organization which makes up the leadership between sessions. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
46. "Palestine". GEOCHIVE. GEOCHIVE. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
47. ^ Zahriyeh, Ehab (4 July 2014). "Maps: The occupation of the West Bank". Al Jazeera America. Al Jazeera Media Network. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
48. ^ Gvirtzman, Haim. "Maps of Israeli Interests in Judea and Samaria". Bar-Ilan University. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
49. West Bank and Gaza - Area C and the future of the Palestinian economy (PDF) (Report). World Bank Group. 2 October 2013. p. 4. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
50. "Group: Israel Controls 42% of West Bank". CBS News. CBS Interactive. Associated Press. 6 July 2010. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
51. Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention (PDF) (Report). UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 9 March 2012. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
52. Kelly, Tobias (May 2009). Von Benda-Beckmann, Franz; Von Benda-Beckmann, Keebet; Eckert, Julia M. (eds.). Laws of Suspicion:Legal Status, Space and the Impossibility of Separation in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Ashgate Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 9780754672395. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
53. Jerusalem, Facts and Trends 2009/2010 (PDF) (Report). Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. 2010. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
54. Such as listing "Palestine" or Occupied Palestinian Territory without further explanation.
55. UNGA, 15 December 1988; Resolution 43/177. Question of Palestine (doc.nr. A/RES/43/177)
56. Beaumont, Peter (3 October 2014). "Sweden to recognise state of Palestine". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
57. "Sweden officially recognises state of Palestine". The Guardian. 30 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
58. Wallström, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Margot (30 October 2014). "Sweden today decides to recognise the State of Palestine". Dagens Nyheter. Stockholm. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
59. HC Deb 13 October 2014 cc61-131
60. "MPs back Palestinian statehood alongside Israel". BBC News. BBC. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
61. "French parliament votes for recognition of Palestinian state". Uk. Reuters. Reuters. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
62. Peter Beaumont. "US and Israeli intervention led UN to reject Palestinian resolution". the Guardian.
63. "UNSC rejects resolution on Palestinian state". Al Jazeera. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
64. "UN Security Council rejects Palestinian resolution". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
65. "UN security council rejects Palestinian statehood bid". The Guardian. Associated Press. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
66. "Palestine opens first W Europe embassy in Sweden". PressTV. PressTV. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
67. 'PLO: Vatican accord with Palestine a contribution to justice,' Ma'an News Agency 14 May 2015.:"The Holy See has identified the State of Palestine as such since the vote" by the UN general assembly to recognize it in November 2012, Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi told AFP.
68. "Vatican recognizes state of Palestine in new treaty". bigstory.ap.org. AP. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
69. 'UN adopts resolution on Palestinian sovereignty over natural resources,' Ma'an News Agency 23 December 2015.
70. UN backs raising Palestinian flag at NY headquarters. i24news and AFP, 9 September 2015
71. Response:Palestinian Attempt to Raise Flag at UNHQ. Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations, 1 September 2015.
72. ^ UN strongly approves Palestinian proposal to raise flag. Al Jazeera, 11 September 2015
73. U.N. General Assembly approves Palestinian request to fly its flag. Louis Charbonneau, Reuters, 10 September 2015
74. Segal, Jerome M., Chapter 9, "The State of Palestine, The Question of Existence", in Philosophical perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Tomis Kapitan editor, M.E. Sharpe, 1997, ISBN 1-56324-878-6.
75. Boyle, Francis A. Creation of the State of Palestine; 1 Eur. J. Int'l L. 301 (1990)
76. Kearney, Michael and Denayer, Stijn, Al-Haq Position Paper on Issues Arising from the Palestinian Authority's Submission of a Declaration to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Under Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute (24 December 2009), para 43.a.
77. Dugard, John (22 July 2009; Op-Ed essay). "Take the Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
78. "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics". State of Palestine. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
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80. Lybarger, 2007, p. 114.
81. "PA's Moderate Muslims Face Threats". Israel National News. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
82. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity
83. M'aan (26 September 2011). "PCBS: Marked increase in West Bank tourism in 2010". M'aan. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
84. http://www.travel-impact-newswire.com/2013/03/europeans-dominate-visitor-arrivals-to-palestine-in-2012/#story3
85. Israel and the Palestinian Territories. p254. Lonely Planet Publications. 2012
86. http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=22622
87. http://jerusalem.usconsulate.gov/border-crossings.html
88. United Nations (3 September 2009). "Gaza water crisis prompts UN call for immediate opening of crossings". Retrieved 25 November 2009.
89. "Gaza Strip Water and Sanitation Situation". Worldbank. 2009.
90. "Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation for Agricultural Irrigation: The situation in Morocco and Palestine". SpringerLink. 2005.
91. Assaf, Karen (2004). "Water as a human right: The understanding of water in Palestine" (PDF). Boell.de.
92. "Full transcript of Abbas speech at UN General Assembly". Haaretz.com. 23 September 2011.
93. Baroud, Ramzy (2004). Kogan Page (ed.). Middle East Review (27th ed.). London: Kogan Page. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-7494-4066-4.
94. "2002 Basic Law". The Palestinian Basic Law. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
95. ^ Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip.
96. Map of Gaza fishing limits, "security zones".
97. Israel's Disengagement Plan: Renewing the Peace Process: "Israel will guard the perimeter of the Gaza Strip, continue to control Gaza air space, and continue to patrol the sea off the Gaza coast. ... Israel will continue to maintain its essential military presence to prevent arms smuggling along the border between the Gaza Strip and Egypt (Philadelphi Route), until the security situation and cooperation with Egypt permit an alternative security arrangement."
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Bibliography

• Bercovitch, Jacob; Zartman, I. William (2008). The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution (illustrated ed.). SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-2192-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Brownlie, Ian; Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.; Talmon, Stefan; Jennings, Robert (1999). The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826837-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Gerson, Allan (1978). Israel, the West Bank and International Law. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-3091-5.
• Grant, Thomas D. (1999). The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution. Greenwood Publishing Group (via Google Books). ISBN 978-0-275-96350-7.
• Hillier, Tim (1998). Sourcebook on Public International Law (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85941-050-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Kassim, Anis F. (1997). The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1989 (illustrated ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-411-0342-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) p. 49 p. 279 p. 291 p. 294
• Kellerman, Aharo n (1993). "Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century". Albany, New York: State University of New York Press (via Google Books): 352. ISBN 978-0-7914-1295-4. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Kogan Page (2004). Middle East Review (27th, illustrated ed.). Kogan Page. ISBN 978-0-7494-4066-4.
• Le More, Anne (2008). International Assistance to the Palestinians After Oslo: Political Guilt, Wasted Money (illustrated ed.). Routledge (via Google Books). ISBN 978-0-415-45385-1.
• Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan; Mango, Anthony (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-93921-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Quigley, John B. (2005). The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective (2nd, revised ed.). Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3539-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Rubin, Don (1999). The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: The Arab World (illustrated, reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-05932-9.
• Sayigh, Yezid (1999). Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829643-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Segal, Jerome M. (1997). Tomis Kapitan (ed.). Philosophical Perspectives on the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-1-56324-878-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Silverburg, Sanford R. (2002). Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-1191-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Takkenberg, Alex (1998). The Status of Palestinian Refugees in International Law (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826590-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Talmon, Stefan (1998). Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press (via Google Books). ISBN 978-0-19-826573-3.
• Europa World Year Book 2. Taylor & Francis (via Google Books). 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• The Middle East and North Africa 2004 (50th, illustrated ed.). Routledge. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-184-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Further reading

• Arzt, Donna E. (1997). Refugees into Citizens: Palestinians and the End of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (illustrated ed.). Council on Foreign Relations. ISBN 978-0-87609-194-4.
• Fowler, Michael; Bunck, Julie Marie (1995). Law, Power, and the Sovereign State: The Evolution and Application of the Concept of Sovereignty. Penn State University Press (via Google Books). ISBN 978-0-271-01471-5.
• Peters, Joel (1992). Israel and Africa: The Problematic Friendship (illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-870915-10-6.
• Taylor & Francis Group; Dean, Lucy (2003). The Middle East and North Africa 2004: 2004 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-184-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (2nd, illustrated ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35848-6.
• Watson, Geoffrey R. (2000). The Oslo Accords: International Law and the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Agreements (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829891-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)

External links

• Status of Palestine in the United Nations (A/RES/67/19) Full Text
• Cross, Tony (24 September 2011). "After Abbas's UN Bid Are Palestinians Closer To Having a State?". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved 2011-9-28.
• Recognition of a Palestinian state Premature Legally Invalid and Undermining any Bona Fide Negotiation Process
• Political Statement accompanying Palestinian Declaration of Independence
• Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations
• The Historic Compromise: The Palestinian Declaration of Independence and the Twenty-Year Struggle for a Two-State Solution
• International Recognition of a Unilaterally Declared Palestinian State: Legal and Policy Dilemmas, by Tal Becker

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