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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to evolution:

Evolution – change in heritable traits of biological organisms over generations due to natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Also known as descent with modification. Over time these evolutionary processes lead to formation of new species (speciation), changes within lineages (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction). "Evolution" is also another name for evolutionary biology, the subfield of biology concerned with studying evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth.

Fundamentals about evolution

Introduction

• Introduction to evolution – Non-technical overview of the subject of biological evolution
• Evolution – Gradual change in the heritable traits of organisms
• Evolution as fact and theory – Discussion of the meaning and usage of the terms evolution, fact and theory

Basic principles

• Macroevolution – Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
  • Speciation – Evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species
    • Natural speciation
      • Allopatric speciation – Speciation that occurs between geographically isolated populations
      • Peripatric speciation – speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated smaller peripheral populationPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
      • Parapatric speciation – Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated
      • Sympatric speciation – Evolution of a new species from an ancestor in the same location
    • Artificial speciation
      • Animal husbandry – Management of farm animals
      • Plant breeding – Humans changing traits, ornamental/crops
      • Genetic engineering – Manipulation of an organism's genome
    • Hybrid speciation – Form of speciation involving hybridization between two different species
  • Despeciation – Loss of a species of animal due to its combining with another species
  • Anagenesis – Gradual evolutionary change in a species without splitting
  • Extinction – Termination of a taxon by the death of its last member
• Microevolution – Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
  • Artificial selection – Breeding used to develop desired characteristics
  • Natural selection – Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individuals
    • Sexual selection – Mode of natural selection involving the choosing of and competition for mates
  • Mutation – Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
  • Gene flow – Transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
  • Genetic drift – Concept in genetics

Subfields

• Biogeography – Study of distribution of species
• Ecological genetics – Study of genetics in natural populations
• Evolutionary biology – Study of the evolution of life
  • Evolutionary developmental biology – Comparison of organism developmental processes
• Evolutionary ecology – Interaction of biology and evolution
• Evolutionary physiology – Study of evolutionary changes in physiological characteristics
• Evolutionary taxonomy – Form of biological classification
• Experimental evolution – Use of laboratory and field experiments to explore evolutionary dynamics
• Molecular evolution – Process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules across generations
• Phylogenetics – Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
• Population genetics – Subfield of genetics
• Paleontology – Study of life before the Holocene epoch
  • Paleovirology – The study of ancient viruses
  • Timeline of paleontology
• Systematics – Branch of biology

History

• Charles Darwin – English naturalist and biologist (1809–1882)
  • On the Origin of Species – 1859 book on evolution by Charles Darwin
  • Caricatures of Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory in 19th-century England
• History of evolutionary thought
  • By period or event
    • Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment – Changes in evolutionary philosophies
    • Transmutation of species – 18th and 19th-century evolutionary ideas
    • 1860 Oxford evolution debate – Discussion about evolution in Oxford, England
    • The eclipse of Darwinism – Period when evolution was widely accepted, but natural selection was not
    • Evolutionary progress – Hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve towards some goal
    • Scopes Trial – 1925 US legal case in TennesseePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
    • Modern synthesis – Fusion of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance
    • Current research – Study of the evolution of life
  • By field
    • Evolutionary developmental biology – Comparison of organism developmental processes
    • History of evolutionary psychology
    • History of molecular evolution – History of the field of study
    • History of paleontology
• Social effect of evolutionary theory – Effects on human societies of the scientific explanation of life's diversityPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

Evolutionary theory and modelling

See also Basic principles (above)

Population genetics

• Population genetics – Subfield of genetics
• Process
  • Mutation – Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
  • Selection – Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individualsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
    • Natural selection – Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individuals
      • Sexual selection – Mode of natural selection involving the choosing of and competition for mates
    • Artificial selection – Breeding used to develop desired characteristics
    • Ecological selection – Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individualsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Gene flow – Transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
  • Genetic drift – Concept in genetics
    • Small population size – Statistical effects of small numbers on a population
    • Population bottleneck – Effects of a sharp reduction in numbers on the diversity and robustness of a population
    • Founder effect – Effect in population genetics
    • Coalescent theory – Model for tracing the history of genetic variation
• Variation
  • Genetic variation – Difference in DNA among individuals or populations
    • Genetic diversity – Total number of genetic characteristics in a species
    • Gene frequency – The relative frequency of a variant of a gene at a particular locus in a population
    • Polymorphism (biology) – Occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms in the population of a species
• Key concepts
  • Hardy-Weinberg law – Principle in genetics
  • Genetic linkage – Tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together
  • Identity by descent – Identical nucleotide sequence due to inheritance without recombination from a common ancestor
  • Linkage disequilibrium – Allele association in population genetics
  • Fisher's fundamental theorem – Principle relating genetic variance to fitness
  • Neutral theory – Theory of evolution by changes at the molecular level
  • Shifting balance theory – One version of the theory of evolution
  • Price equation – Description of how a trait or gene changes in frequency over time
  • Coefficient of relationship – Mathematical guess about inbreeding
  • Fitness – Expected reproductive success
  • Heritability – Estimation of effect of genetic variation on phenotypic variation of a trait
• Effects of selection
  • Genetic hitchhiking – Phenomenon in biology
  • Negative selection (natural selection) – Selective removal of alleles that are deleterious
• Related topics
  • Microevolution – Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
  • Evolutionary game theory – Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology
  • Fitness landscape – Model used to visualise relationship between genotypes and reproductive success
  • Genetic genealogy – DNA testing to infer relationships
  • Quantitative genetics – Study of the inheritance of continuously variable traits

Evolutionary phenomena

• Adaptation – Process that fits organisms to their environment
• Adaptive radiation – A process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species
• Coevolution – Two or more species influencing each other's evolution
• Concerted evolution
• Convergent evolution – Independent evolution of similar features
  • List of examples of convergent evolution – Examples of separate lineages of organisms developing similar characteristics
• Divergent evolution – Accumulation of differences between closely related species populations, leading to speciation
  • Divergent evolution in animals – Accumulation of differences between closely related species populations, leading to speciationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Evolution of ageing – Study of the evolutionary development of ageing processes
• Evolution of biological complexity – Tendency for maximum complexity to increase over time, though without any overall direction
• Evolution of multicellularity – Organism that consists of more than one cellPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Evolution of photosynthesis – Origin and subsequent evolution of the process by which light energy is used to synthesize sugars
• Evolution of sexual reproduction
• Evolutionary arms race – Competition of sets of genes, traits, or species, that develop adaptations against each other
• Evolutionary capacitance – Evolutionary biology hypothesis
• Evolutionary fauna
• Evolutionary logic
• Evolutionary pressure – Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population
• Evolutionary radiation – Increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity
• Evolutionary trap – Cases in which an evolved, and presumably adaptive, trait has suddenly become maladaptive
• Evolvability – Capacity of a system for adaptive evolution – capacity of a system for adaptive evolution. Beneficial mutations are always rare, but if they are too rare, then adaptation cannot occur. Biological genomes are structured in ways that make beneficial changes less unlikely than they would otherwise be. Evolution has created not just fitter organisms, but populations of organisms that are better able to evolve.
• Extinction – Termination of a taxon by the death of its last member
• Fitness (biology) – Expected reproductive success
  • Inclusive fitness – Measure of evolutionary success based on the number of offspring the individual supports
    • Kin selection – Evolutionary strategy favoring relatives
  • Reproductive success – Passing of genes on to the next generation in a way that they too can pass on those genes
• Horizontal evolution – Disambiguation to articles with alternative titles
• Horizontal gene transfer in evolution – Evolutionary consequences of transfer of genetic material between organisms of different taxa
• Human evolution (origins of society and culture) – Transition of human species to anthropologically modern behaviorPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Inversion (evolutionary biology) – Hypothesis in developmental biology
• Mosaic evolution – Evolution of characters at various rates both within and between species
• Parallel evolution – Similar evolution in distinct species
• Quantum evolution – Evolution where transitional forms are particularly unstable and do not last long
• Genetic recombination – Production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent
• Recurrent evolution – The repeated evolution of a particular character
• Robustness (evolution) – Persistence of a biological trait under uncertain conditions
• Speciation – Evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species

Modelling

• Emergent evolution
• Epic of evolution
• Evolution window
• Evolutionary dynamics
• Evolutionary game theory
• Evolutionary graph theory
• Evolutionary invasion analysis
• Largest-scale trends in evolution

Taxonomy, systematics, and phylogeny

Fundamentals

• Taxonomy – Science of naming, defining and classifying organisms
  • Alpha taxonomy – The discipline of finding, describing, and naming taxa, particularly species
  • Biological classification – The science of identifying, describing, defining and naming groups of biological organisms
  • Binomial nomenclature – Species naming system
  • Evolutionary taxonomy – Form of biological classification
  • Catalogue of life – Online database and index of taxa
  • Homonym (biology) – Scientific name that is identical in spelling to a name with a different type
  • Integrated Taxonomic Information System – Authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes
  • International Code of Zoological Nomenclature – Code of scientific nomenclature for animals
  • International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Code of scientific nomenclature
  • Linnaean taxonomy – Rank based classification system for organisms
  • Phenetics – Attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity
  • Species 2000 – Federated taxonomic database system for species checklists
  • Taxon – Grouping of biological populations
  • Taxonomic rank – Level in a taxonomic hierarchy
  • Type (biology) – Specimen(s) to which a scientific name is formally attached
  • Species description – Formal description of a discovered species
• Systematics – Branch of biology
  • Cladogram – Diagram used to show relations among groups of organisms with common origins
  • Phylogenetic tree – Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
• Phylogenetics – Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
  • Cladistics – Method of biological systematics in evolutionary biology
  • Computational phylogenetics – Application of computational algorithms, methods and programs to phylogenetic analyses
  • Common descent – Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
  • Evidence of common descent – Common ancestor evolutionary evidence
  • Evolutionary grade – Non-monophyletic grouping of organisms united by morphological or physiological characteristics
  • Lineage (evolution) – Sequence of populations, organisms, cells, or genes that form a line of descent
  • Molecular phylogenetics – Branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences
  • Most recent common ancestor – Most recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended

Basic concepts of phylogenetics

• Phylogenetic tree – Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
• Phylogenetic network – Graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships, including reticulation events
• Long branch attraction – Systematic error in phylogenetics
• Clade – Group of a common ancestor and all descendants
• Grade – Non-monophyletic grouping of organisms united by morphological or physiological characteristics
• Ghost lineage – Phylogenetic lineage that is inferred to exist but has no fossil record

Inference methods

• Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics) – Optimality criterion in which the shortest possible tree that explains the data is considered best
• Minimum evolution
• Probabilistic methods
  • Maximum likelihood – Method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model, given observationsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Bayesian inference – Statistical method for molecular phylogenetics
• Distance matrices in phylogeny – Matrices used in construction of phylogenetic trees
  • Neighbor-joining – Bottom-up clustering method for creating phylogenetic treesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • UPGMA – Agglomerative hierarchical clustering method
  • Least squares inference in phylogeny – Generation of phylogenetic trees based on an observed matrix of pairwise genetic distances
• Three-taxon analysis – Cladistic based method of phylogenetic reconstruction

Current topics

• PhyloCode – Proposed code of nomenclature for clades
• DNA barcoding – Method of species identification using a short section of DNA
• Molecular phylogenetics – Branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences
• Phylogenetic comparative methods – Use of information on the historical relationships of lineages to test evolutionary hypotheses
• Phylogenetic network – Graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships, including reticulation events
• Phylogenetic niche conservatism – Tendency of lineage to retain ancestral traits
• List of phylogenetics software – Compilation of software used to produce phylogenetic trees
• Phylogenomics – Intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics
• Phylogeography – Subfield of genealogy
• DNA phylogeny

Group Traits

• Symplesiomorphy – An ancestral character or trait state shared by two or more taxa
• Apomorphy – Two concepts on heritable traitsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Synapomorphy – Two concepts on heritable traitsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Autapomorphy – Distinctive feature, known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon

Group Types

• Monophyly – Property of a group of including all taxa descendant from a common ancestral species
• Paraphyly – Type of taxonomic group
• Polyphyly – Property of a group not united by common ancestry

Evolution of biodiversity

• Biodiversity – Variety and variability of life forms – variety of different types of life found on the Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans.

Origin and evolutionary history of life

• Abiogenesis – Life arising from non-living matter
• Evolutionary history of life
• Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

Evolution of organisms

Evolution of tetrapods

• Evolution of tetrapods – Evolution of four legged vertebrates and their derivatives
  • Evolution of dinosaurs – Archosaurian reptiles that dominated the Mesozoic EraPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
    • Evolution of birds – Derivation of birds from a dinosaur precursor
  • Evolution of mammals – Derivation of mammals from a synapsid precursor, and the adaptive radiation of mammal species
    • Evolution of cetaceans
    • Evolution of horses
    • Evolution of primates – Origin and diversification of primates through geologic time
      • Evolution of humans – Evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of anatomically modern humans
        • Evolution of human intelligence
        • Human evolutionary genetics – Study of differences between human genomes
        • Sexual selection in human evolution – Evolutionary effects of sexual selection on humansPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
        • Timeline of human evolution
      • Evolution of lemurs – History of primate evolution on Madagascar
    • Evolution of sirenians – Development from a Tethytherian ancestor and radiation of species
  • Evolution of reptiles – Origin and diversification of reptiles through geologic time

Evolution of other animals

• Evolution of brachiopods – The origin and diversification of brachiopods through geologic time
• Evolution of cephalopods – Origin and diversification of cephalopods through geologic time
• Evolution of fish – Origin and diversification of fish through geologic time
• Evolution of insects – Development of insects from an ancestral crustacean and their subsequent radiation
  • Evolution of butterflies – Origin and diversification of butterflies through geologic time
  • Peppered moth evolution – Significance of the peppered moth in evolutionary biology
• Evolution of molluscs – The origin and diversification of molluscs through geologic time
• Evolution of spiders – Origin from a chelicerate ancestor and diversification of spiders through geologic time

Evolution of plants

• Evolution of plants – The origin and diversification of plants through geologic time
  • Evolutionary anachronism – Attributes of living species that arose due to coevolution with other now-extinct species
  • Plant evolution – Subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants
  • Plant evolutionary developmental biology – Study of developmental programs and patterns in plants from an evolutionary perspective
  • Timeline of plant evolution – Chronological outline of major events in the development of plants

Evolution of other taxa

• Evolution of fungi – Origin and diversification of fungi through geologic time
• Evolution of viruses – Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses
  • Evolution of influenza – Infectious diseasePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• E. coli long-term evolution experiment – Scientific study

Evolution of cells, organs, and systems

• Evolution of cells – Evolutionary origin and subsequent development of cells
• Evolution of flagella – Origin of three known varieties of flagella
• Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles – Middle ear bones evolved from jaw bones
• Evolution of nervous systems – Origin and subsequent variation and development of neurons and neural tissues and organs
• Evolution of snake venom – Origin and diversification of snake venom through geologic time
• Evolution of the brain – Overview of the evolution of the brain
• Evolution of the eye – Origins and diversification of the organs of sight through geologic time
  • Evolution of color vision – Origin and variation of colour vision across various lineages through geologic time
  • Evolution of color vision in primates – Loss and regain of colour vision during the evolution of primates
• Immune system – Biological system protecting an organism against disease
• Evolution of metabolism – Set of chemical reactions in organisms

Evolution of molecules and genes

• Directed evolution – Protein engineering method
• Error threshold (evolution) – Theoretical limit on rate of mutation
• Evolution of DNA – Mathematical models of changing DNAPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Evolution of dominance – One gene variant masking the effect of another in the other copy of the genePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Gene-centered view of evolution – Theory of the "selfish gene"
• Genome evolution – Process by which a genome changes in structure or size over time
• Hologenome theory of evolution – Organism as host plus microbe community
• Molecular evolution – Process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules across generations
  • History of molecular evolution – History of the field of study
  • Neutral theory of molecular evolution – Theory of evolution by changes at the molecular level
  • Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution – Variant of one theory of evolution
• Neutral network (evolution) – Set of genes all related by point mutations that have equivalent function or fitness
• RNA-based evolution – Theory that RNA plays an independent role in determining phenotype

Evolution of behaviour

• Co-operation (evolution) – Evolutionary process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefitsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Evolution of biparental care in tropical frogs – Change in behaviour in frogs for care of offspring
• Evolution of emotion – Study of the evolution of emotions
• Evolution of empathy – Capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing
• Evolution of eusociality – Origins of cooperative brood care
• Monogamous pairing in animals – Natural history of mating systems in which species pair bond to raise offspringPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Reciprocal altruism – Form of behaviour between organisms
• Reciprocity (evolution) – Mechanism favouring cooperative traits

Evolution of other processes

• Evolution of ageing – Study of the evolutionary development of ageing processes
  • Evolution of aging and mortality – Permanent end of an organism's life
  • Origin of programmed cell death – Death of a cell mediated by intracellular program, often as part of development
• Origin of avian flight – Evolution of birds from non-flying ancestors
• Evolution of biological complexity – Tendency for maximum complexity to increase over time, though without any overall direction
• Mosaic evolution – Evolution of characters at various rates both within and between species
• Evolution of multicellularity – Organism that consists of more than one cellPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Evolution of sexual reproduction
  • Mating type – Term in biologys
  • Gamete differentiation/sexes – Sexual reproduction involving a large, female gamete and a small, male gamete
  • Sex-determination – Biological system that determines the development of an organism's sex
  • Life cycles/nuclear phases – Series of stages of an organism

Applications in other disciplines

• Applications of evolution – Practical application of biological evolution
• Biological anthropology – Branch of anthropology that studies the physical development of the human species
• Evolutionary aesthetics – Evolutionary psychology theories
• Evolutionary anthropology – Interdisciplinary study
• Evolutionary computation – Trial and error problem solvers with a metaheuristic or stochastic optimization character
• Evolutionary economics – A field in economics that considers economic evolution
  • Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective – Approach to economic theory based on an evolutionary model
• Evolutionary epistemology – Ambiguous term applied to several concepts
• Evolutionary ethics – Study of evolution on morality or ethics
• Evolutionary linguistics – Sociobiological approaches to linguistics
• Evolutionary medicine – Application of modern evolutionary theory to understanding health and disease
• Evolutionary neuroscience – Study of the evolution of nervous systems
• Evolutionary psychology – Branch of psychology
  • Biosocial criminology – Psychosocial examination of crime
  • Criticism of evolutionary psychology – Controversy in psychology
  • Evolution of morality – Emergence of human moral behavior over the course of human evolution
  • Evolution of schizophrenia – theories on how natural selection effected the mental disorderPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
  • Evolutionary aesthetics – Evolutionary psychology theories
  • Evolutionary approaches to depression
  • Evolutionary developmental psychology – Psychology field concerned with Darwinian evolution
    • Evolutionary developmental psychopathology – Branch of psychologyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Evolutionary educational psychology
  • Evolutionary ethics – Study of evolution on morality or ethics
  • Evolutionary leadership theory – Analysis of leadership from an evolutionary perspective
  • Evolutionary musicology – Subfield of biomusicology
  • Evolutionary origin of religions – Emergence of religious behavior discussed in terms of natural evolutionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Evolutionary psychology of language – Study of the evolutionary history of language assuming it is a result of Darwinian adaptation
  • Evolutionary psychology of parenting
  • Evolutionary psychology of religion – Study of religious belief using evolutionary psychology principles
  • Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology
• Universal Darwinism – Application of Darwinian theory to other fields

Evolutionary issues

Controversy about evolution

• Creation–evolution controversy – Religious rejection of evolutionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Outline of the creation–evolution controversy – Overview of and topical guide to the creation–evolution controversy
• Criticism of evolutionary psychology – Controversy in psychology
• Evolutionary argument against naturalism – Philosophical argument
• Level of support for evolution – Variation in support for the theory of evolution
• Objections to evolution – Arguments that have been made against evolution
• Social effects of evolutionary theory – Effects on human societies of the scientific explanation of life's diversity
• Theology of creationism and evolution – Topic in theology

Religious and philosophical views of evolution

• Acceptance of evolution by religious groups – General review of religious attitudes towards evolution
• Atheistic evolution
• Conscious evolution – Hypothetical ability of the human species to choose what they will become
• Buddhism and evolution – General review of religious attitudes towards evolutionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Catholic Church and evolution – Attitude of the Catholic Church to evolution theoryPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Hindu views on evolution
• Islamic views on evolution
  • Ahmadiyya views on evolution – Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam universally accepts a process of divinely guided evolution
• Jewish views on evolution – Jewish views on biological evolution
• Mormon views on evolution
• Theistic evolution – Views that religion is compatible with science

Influence of evolutionary theory

• Social effects of evolutionary theory – Effects on human societies of the scientific explanation of life's diversity
• See also Applications in other disciplines

Publications and organizations concerning evolution

Books

• Evolution: The Modern Synthesis – 1942 book by Julian Huxley – book by Julian Huxley (grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley); one of the most important books of modern evolutionary synthesis, published in 1942
• The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection – Book by Ronald Aylmer Fisher – book by R.A. Fisher important in modern evolutionary synthesis, first published in 1930
• Genetics and the Origin of Species – 1937 book by Theodosius Dobzhansky – 1937 book by Ukrainian-American evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky
• On the Origin of Species – 1859 book on evolution by Charles Darwin – seminal book by Charles Darwin concerning evolution by natural selection, first published in 1859
• Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist – 1942 book by Ernst MayrPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – book by zoologist and evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr, canonical publication of modern evolutionary synthesis, first published in 1942 by Columbia University Press
• The Structure of Evolutionary Theory – 2002 book by Stephen Jay Gould – technical book on macroevolutionary theory by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould
• Evolutionary Biology – 1983 book by Eli C. MinkoffPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

Journals

• Evolution – Monthly journal in the science of evolutionary biology – monthly scientific journal published by the Society for Study of Evolution (also called International Journal of Organic Evolution)
• Evolutionary Anthropology – Bimonthly review journal
• Evolutionary Psychology – Peer-reviewed open access academic journal
• Journal of Evolutionary Biology – Bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal
• Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research – Quarterly, peer reviewed, scientific journal
• Trends in Ecology & Evolution (TREE) – Series of review journals – Elsevier journal of review articles about ecology and evolution

Organizations

• European Society for Evolutionary Biology – Organisation to support the study of organic evolution
• Society for the Study of Evolution – Professional organization of evolutionary biologists
• Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers
• I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry – Research facility in Saint Petersburg, Russia
• Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology – Research institute based in Leipzig, Germany
• Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology – Research institute located in Plön, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
• National Evolutionary Synthesis Center – Scientific research center in Durham, North Carolina
• Systematic and Evolutionary Biogeography Association – international biogeographical communityPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
• Evolutionary Informatics Lab – American engineer and intelligent design advocate (born 1950)Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

Evolution scholars and researchers

• List of evolutionary psychologists
• List of members of the National Academy of Sciences (Evolutionary biology)

Prominent evolutionary biologists

• Charles Darwin – English naturalist and biologist (1809–1882)
• Theodosius Dobzhansky – Russian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist (1900–1975)
• Richard Dawkins – English evolutionary biologist and author (born 1941)
• Stephen Jay Gould – American biologist and historian of science (1941–2002)
• J. B. S. Haldane – Geneticist and evolutionary biologist (1892–1964)
• Julian Huxley – English biologist and philosopher (1887–1975)
• Thomas Henry Huxley – English biologist and comparative anatomist (1825–1895)
• Ronald Fisher – British polymath (1890–1962)
• Ernst Mayr – German-American evolutionary biologist (1904–2005)
• Alfred Russel Wallace – English naturalist (1823–1913)
• Sewall Wright – American geneticist (1889–1988)

See also

• Outline of biology
  • Outline of genetics – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to genetics

• Biogeography – Study of distribution of species
• Conscious evolution – Hypothetical ability of the human species to choose what they will become – claim that humanity has acquired the ability to choose what the species Homo sapiens becomes in the future, based on recent advancements in science, medicine, technology, psychology, sociology, and spirituality. Conscious evolution assumes that human beings may be positioned at the crest of the ongoing evolution of the universe.
• Ecology and Evolutionary Biology – Interdisciplinary field of studyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – degree program, in some North American universities, offering integrated studies in the disciplines of ecology and evolutionary biology.
• Effective evolutionary time – Hypothesis offering a causal explanation of diversity gradients – hypothesis that attempts to explain gradients, in particular latitudinal gradients, in species diversity. It was originally named "time hypothesis".
• Evolutionary acquisition of neural topologies – Method that evolves both the topology and weights of artificial neural networks
• Evolutionary anachronism – Attributes of living species that arose due to coevolution with other now-extinct species
• Evolutionary approaches to depression
• Evolutionary argument against naturalism – Philosophical argument
• Evolutionary art – Art generated by an iterated process
• Evolutionary baggage – Currently disadvantageous part of the genome – part of the genome of a population that was advantageous in past individuals but is disadvantageous under the pressures exerted by natural selection today.
• Evolutionary Bioinformatics – Peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on computational biology in the study of evolution – peer-reviewed open access scientific journal focusing on computational biology in the study of evolution.
• Evolutionary Enlightenment – American spiritual teacher – philosophy that mixes teachings about Enlightenment from Eastern traditions with a Western scientific understanding of evolution.
• Evolutionary Humanism – Life stance that embraces human reason, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalismPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets –
• Evolutionary informatics – Pseudoscientific argument for the existence of GodPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – subfield of informatics addressing the practice of information processing in, and the engineering of information systems for, the study of biological evolution, as well as the study of information in evolutionary systems, natural and artificial.
• Evolutionary landscape – Metaphor used to visualize the processes of evolution – metaphor; (construct) used to think about and visualize the processes of evolution (e.g. natural selection and genetic drift) acting on a biological entity ( e.g., a gene, protein, population, species). This entity can be viewed as searching or moving through a search space. For example, the search space of a gene would be all possible nucleotide sequences. The search space is only part of an evolutionary landscape. The final component is the "y-axis," which is usually fitness.
• Evolutionary Principle
• Evolutionary Synthetic Biology
• Extinction – Termination of a taxon by the death of its last member
  • Extinction event – Widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth – widespread and rapid decrease in the amount of life on Earth. Such an event is identified by a sharp reduction in the diversity and abundance of macroscopic life. Also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis.
  • Human extinction – Hypothetical end of the human species – hypothesized end of the human species. Various scenarios have been discussed in science, popular culture and religion (see end time)
  • Local extinction – Termination of a taxon in a region which it previously inhabited (extirpation) – condition of a species (or other taxon) that ceases to exist in the chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions. Local extinction can be reversed by reintroduction of the species to the area from other locations; wolf reintroduction is an example of this.* International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology –
• MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis – Software for statistical analysis of molecular evolutionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – freely available software for conducting statistical analysis of molecular evolution and for constructing phylogenetic trees.
• Transitional fossil – Type of fossilized remains

References

1. ^ "What is biodiversity?". United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
2. Gaston, Kevin J. (11 May 2000). "Global patterns in biodiversity". Nature. 405 (6783): 220–227. doi:10.1038/35012228. PMID 10821282.
3. Field, Richard; Hawkins, Bradford A.; Cornell, Howard V.; Currie, David J.; Diniz-Filho, J. Alexandre F.; Guégan, Jean-François; Kaufman, Dawn M.; Kerr, Jeremy T.; Mittelbach, Gary G.; Oberdorff, Thierry; O’Brien, Eileen M.; Turner, John R. G. (1 January 2009). "Spatial species-richness gradients across scales: a meta-analysis". Journal of Biogeography. 36 (1): 132–147. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01963.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. K. Rohde: Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. I. A review of the hypotheses explaining the gradients. Biologisches Zentralblatt 97, 393-403, 1978a.
5. K. Rohde: Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. II. Marine parasitological evidence for a time hypothesis. Biologisches Zentralblatt 97, 405-418, 1978b.
6. Appenzeller, T. 1999. "Test tube evolution catches time in a bottle." Science. 284: 2108-2110
7. Wright, Sewall (1932) The Roles of Mutation, Inbreeding, Crossbreeding, and Selection in Evolution. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Genetics 1: 356-366
8. Wright, Sewall (1988) Surfaces of Selective Value Revisited. The American Naturalist 131(1):115-123
9. Lee, Carol E. & Gelebiuk, Gregory W. (2008) Evolutionary origins of invasive populations. "Evolutionary Applications" 1: 427-448.

External links

General information

• Evolution on In Our Time at the BBC
• "Evolution". New Scientist. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
• "Evolution Resources from the National Academies". U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
• "Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on Evolution". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
• "Evolution of Evolution – 150 Years of Darwin's "On the Origin of Species"". National Science Foundation. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
• Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

Experiments concerning the process of biological evolution

• Lenski RE. "Experimental Evolution – Michigan State University". Retrieved July 31, 2013.
• Algorithms, games, and evolution, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA

Online lectures

• Carroll SB. "The Making of the Fittest". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Stearns SC. "Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior". Archived from the original on March 23, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

• Misplaced Pages outlines
• Evolution