Joe Biden - Misplaced Pages

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Joe Biden
Official portrait, 2013

President-elect of the United States
Assuming office January 20, 2021
Vice President	Kamala Harris (elect)
Succeeding	Donald Trump
47th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
President	Barack Obama
Preceded by	Dick Cheney
Succeeded by	Mike Pence
United States Senator from Delaware
In office January 3, 2007 – January 15, 2009
Preceded by	J. Caleb Boggs
Succeeded by	Ted Kaufman
Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Preceded by	Richard Lugar
Succeeded by	John Kerry
In office June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Preceded by	Jesse Helms
Succeeded by	Richard Lugar
In office January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001
Preceded by	Jesse Helms
Succeeded by	Jesse Helms
Chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus
In office January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009
Preceded by	Chuck Grassley
Succeeded by	Dianne Feinstein
Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee
In office January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995
Preceded by	Strom Thurmond
Succeeded by	Orrin Hatch
Member of the New Castle County Council from the 4th district
In office November 4, 1970 – November 8, 1972
Preceded by	Henry Folsom
Succeeded by	Francis Swift

Personal details
Born	Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (1942-11-20) November 20, 1942 (age 82) Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Neilia Hunter (m. 1966; died 1972) Jill Jacobs (m. 1977)
Children	Beau Hunter Naomi Ashley
Parents	Joseph R. Biden Sr. Catherine Eugenia Finnegan
Relatives	Edward Francis Blewitt (great-grandfather)
Education	University of Delaware (BA) Syracuse University (JD)
Occupation	Politician lawyer author
Awards	Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction (2017)
Signature
Website	Campaign website

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (/ˌbaɪdən/ BY-dən; born November 20, 1942) is an American politician and the President-elect of the United States. Biden and running mate Kamala Harris defeated incumbent Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election. After winning the election he will be inaugurated as the 46th president in January 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, Biden previously served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017 and United States Senator for Delaware from 1973 to 2009.

Raised in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware, Biden studied at the University of Delaware before earning his law degree from Syracuse University in 1968. He was elected a New Castle County Councillor in 1970, and became the sixth-youngest senator in American history when he was elected to the U.S. Senate from Delaware in 1972. Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and eventually its chairman. He opposed the Gulf War in 1991, but supported expanding the NATO alliance into Eastern Europe and its intervention in the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. He supported the resolution authorizing the Iraq War in 2002, but opposed the surge of U.S. troops in 2007. He also chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1987 to 1995, dealing with drug policy, crime prevention, and civil liberties issues; he led the effort to pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and the Violence Against Women Act, and oversaw six U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings, including the contentious hearings for Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas. He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and again in 2008.

Biden was reelected to the Senate six times, and was the fourth-most senior senator when he resigned to serve as Barack Obama's vice president after they won the 2008 presidential election; Obama and Biden were reelected in 2012. As vice president, Biden oversaw infrastructure spending in 2009 to counteract the Great Recession. His negotiations with congressional Republicans helped pass legislation including the 2010 Tax Relief Act, which resolved a taxation deadlock; the Budget Control Act of 2011, which resolved a debt ceiling crisis; and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which addressed the impending "fiscal cliff". He also led efforts to pass the United States–Russia New START treaty, supported military intervention in Libya, and helped formulate U.S. policy toward Iraq through the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 2011. Following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting he led the Gun Violence Task Force. In January 2017, Obama awarded Biden the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction.

In April 2019, Biden announced his candidacy in the 2020 presidential election, and he reached the delegate threshold needed to secure the Democratic nomination in June 2020. On August 11, he announced U.S. Senator Kamala Harris of California as his running mate. Biden won the 2020 presidential election of November 3rd against incumbent president Donald Trump.

Early life (1942–1965)

First marriage, law school, and early career (1966–1972)

On August 27, 1966, Biden married Neilia Hunter (July 28, 1942 – December 18, 1972), a student at Syracuse University, after overcoming her parents' reluctance for her to wed a Roman Catholic; the ceremony was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles, New York. They had three children: Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III (February 3, 1969 – May 30, 2015), Robert Hunter Biden (born 1970), and Naomi Christina "Amy" Biden (November 8, 1971 – December 18, 1972).

In 1968, Biden received a law degree from Syracuse University College of Law, ranked 76th in his class of 85, and was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969. While in school, he received student draft deferments, and afterward was classified as unavailable for military service due to asthma.

In 1968, Biden clerked at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett and, he later said, "thought of myself as a Republican". He disliked incumbent Democratic Delaware governor Charles L. Terry's conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968. Biden was recruited by local Republicans but registered as an Independent because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon.

In 1969, Biden practiced law first as a public defender and then at a firm headed by a locally active Democrat who named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party; Biden subsequently reregistered as a Democrat. He and another attorney also formed a law firm. Corporate law, however, did not appeal to him, and criminal law did not pay well. He supplemented his income by managing properties.

Later that year Biden was elected to a county council seat in a usually Republican district of New Castle County, Delaware, running on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs. He served on the council, while still practicing law, until 1972. He opposed large highway projects that might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.

1972 U.S. Senate campaign

Main article: 1972 United States Senate election in Delaware

In 1972, Biden defeated Republican incumbent J. Caleb Boggs to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs; his campaign had almost no money, and he was given no chance of winning. Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers, an approach made feasible by Delaware's small size. He received some help from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell. His platform focused on withdrawal from Vietnam, the environment, civil rights, mass transit, more equitable taxation, health care, and public dissatisfaction with "politics as usual". A few months before the election Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points, but his energy, attractive young family, and ability to connect with voters' emotions worked to his advantage, and he won with 50.5 percent of the vote.

Death of wife and daughter

On December 18, 1972, Biden's wife Neilia and their one-year-old daughter Amy were killed in an automobile accident in Hockessin, Delaware. Biden's sons Beau and Hunter respectively suffered a broken leg and a minor skull fracture, but doctors predicted they would recover fully. Biden considered resigning to care for them, but Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield persuaded him not to.

United States Senate (1973–2009)

Main article: United States Senate career of Joe Biden

Second marriage

Biden was sworn in on January 5, 1973, by secretary of the Senate Francis R. Valeo at the Delaware Division of the Wilmington Medical Center; present were Beau (whose leg was still in traction), Hunter, and other family. At 30, he was the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history.

To see his sons every day, Biden commuted by train between his Delaware home and Washington, D.C. — 90 minutes each way — and maintained this habit throughout his 36 years in the Senate. But the accident had filled him with anger and religious doubt. He wrote later that he "felt God had played a horrible trick" on him, and he had trouble focusing on work.

Biden credits his second wife, teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs, with the renewal of his interest in politics and life; they met in 1975 on a blind date arranged by Biden's brother (who had known Jacobs in college) and were married at the United Nations chapel in New York on June 17, 1977. They are Roman Catholics and attend Mass at St. Joseph's on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware. Their daughter Ashley Blazer (born 1981) is a social worker.

Beau Biden became an Army Judge Advocate serving in the Iraq War, and later Delaware Attorney General; he died of brain cancer in 2015. Hunter Biden is a Washington attorney and lobbyist.

Early Senate activities

During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability. In 1974, Time named him one of the 200 Faces for the Future. In a 1974 interview, he described himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens' concerns and healthcare but conservative on other issues, including abortion and the military conscription.

Biden became ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1981. In 1984, he was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act; over time, the law's tough-on-crime provisions became controversial and in 2019, Biden called his role in passing the bill a "big mistake". His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law's worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment to that time. He gained notice for speeches he gave that year that simultaneously scolded and encouraged Democrats.

In 1993, Biden voted for a provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning gays from serving in the armed forces. In 1996, he voted for the Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring individuals in such marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing states to do the same; in 2015, the act was ruled unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges.

In his first decade in the Senate, Biden focused on arms control. After Congress failed to ratify the SALT II Treaty signed in 1979 by Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, Biden met with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko to communicate American concerns, and secured changes that addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's objections. When the Reagan administration wanted to interpret the 1972 SALT I treaty loosely to allow development of the Strategic Defense Initiative, Biden argued for strict adherence to the treaty. He received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration's support of South Africa despite its continued policy of apartheid.

Opposition to busing

In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate's leading opponents of race-integration busing. His Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly abandon school integration policies.

In his first Senate campaign, Biden expressed support for busing to remedy de jure segregation, as in the South, but opposed its use to remedy de facto segregation arising from racial patterns of neighborhood residency, as in Delaware; he opposed a proposed constitutional amendment banning busing entirely. In May 1974, Biden voted to table a proposal containing anti-busing and anti-desegregation clauses but later voted for a modified version containing a qualification that it was not intended to weaken the judiciary's power to enforce the 5th Amendment and 14th Amendment.

Later, Biden was heckled when he told a meeting of Delaware parents that his position on busing was evolving, emphasizing that busing in Delaware was in his opinion beyond court restrictions. This, along with the prospect of a busing plan in Wilmington, led Biden to align himself with anti-busing senators. In 1975, he supported a proposal that would have prevented the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare from cutting federal funds to districts that refused to integrate; he said busing was a "bankrupt idea the cardinal rule of common sense" and that his opposition would make it easier for other liberals to follow suit. At the same time he supported initiatives on housing, job opportunities and voting rights.

Biden supported a measure forbidding the use of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them. In 1977, he co-sponsored an amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.

1988 presidential campaign

Main article: Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign

Biden formally declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination on June 9, 1987. He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers; he would have been the second-youngest person elected president, after John F. Kennedy. He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.

But by August his campaign's messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries, and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock. Kinnock's speech included the lines:

Why am I the first Kinnock in a thousand generations to be able to get to university? Why is Glenys the first woman in her family in a thousand generations to be able to get to university? Was it because all our predecessors were thick?

Biden's speech included the lines:

I started thinking as I was coming over here, why is it that Joe Biden is the first in his family ever to go to a university? Why is it that my wife who is sitting out there in the audience is the first in her family to ever go to college? Is it because our fathers and mothers were not bright? Is it because I'm the first Biden in a thousand generations to get a college and a graduate degree that I was smarter than the rest?

Biden had credited Kinnock with the formulation on previous occasions, but did not on two occasions in late August. Earlier that year he had also used passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which his aides took blame) and a short phrase from John F. Kennedy's inaugural address; two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by Hubert Humphrey. Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to point out that he (Jackson) had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.

A few days later, an incident came to light from Biden's time in law school. During his first year he submitted a paper that relied almost exclusively on a Fordham Law Review article, which he had cited only once, and drew "chunks of heavy legal prose directly" from it; Biden said he had not understood the proper rules of citation. He was required to repeat the course and passed with high marks. At Biden's request the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.

He also made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he had attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class, and that he had marched in the civil rights movement. The limited amount of other news about the race amplified these revelations and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew from the race, saying his candidacy had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes.

Brain surgeries

In February 1988, after several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden was taken by ambulance to Walter Reed Army Medical Center for surgery to correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm. While recuperating he suffered a pulmonary embolism, a serious complication.

After a second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May, Biden's recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.

Senate Judiciary Committee

Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was ranking minority member from 1981 to 1987 and from 1995 to 1997.

As chairman, Biden presided over two highly contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings. When Robert Bork was nominated in 1988, Biden reversed his approval‍—‌given in an interview the previous year‍—‌of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered, but at the hearings' close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor and courage. Rejecting some Bork opponents' less intellectually honest arguments, Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork's strong originalism and the view that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text. Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 9–5 vote and then in the full Senate, 58–42.

During Clarence Thomas's nomination hearings in 1991, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them, and Thomas later wrote that Biden's questions had been akin to "beanballs". After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that Anita Hill, a University of Oklahoma law school professor, had accused Thomas of making unwelcome sexual comments when they had worked together. Biden had known of some of these charges, but had initially shared them only with the committee because at the time Hill had been unwilling to testify. The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment; Biden said he wanted to preserve Thomas's privacy and the hearings' decency. The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed. Liberal legal advocates and women's groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill. Biden later sought out women to serve on the Judiciary Committee and emphasized women's issues in the committee's legislative agenda. In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.

Biden has helped craft many federal crime laws. He spearheaded the 1994 Crime Bill; this included the Federal Assault Weapons Ban and the Violence Against Women Act, which he has called his most significant legislation.

Biden was critical of Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr during the 1990s Whitewater controversy and Lewinsky scandal investigations, saying "it's going to be a cold day in hell" before another independent counsel would be granted similar powers. He voted to acquit during the impeachment of President Clinton.

As chairman of the International Narcotics Control Caucus, Biden wrote the laws that created the U.S. "Drug Czar", who oversees and coordinates national drug control policy. In 2003, he introduced the Reducing Americans' Vulnerability to Ecstasy Act. He worked to control "date rape drugs" such as flunitrazepam, party drugs such as ecstasy and ketamine, and commonly abused steroids such as androstenedione.

Senate Foreign Relations Committee

Biden with Colin Powell and Jesse Helms in October 2001

Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He became its ranking minority member in 1997, and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009. His positions were generally liberal internationalist. He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party. Biden was also co-chairman of the NATO Observer Group in the Senate. During this time Biden met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations. At times he also chaired the Committee's Subcommittee on European Affairs.

Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991, siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators; he said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.

Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991. Once the Bosnian War broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the "lift and strike" policy of lifting the arms embargo, training Bosnian Muslims and supporting them with NATO air strikes, and investigating war crimes. The George H. W. Bush administration and Clinton administration were both reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement. In April 1993, Biden spent a week in the Balkans and held a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević. Biden related that he had told Milošević, "I think you're a damn war criminal and you should be tried as one." Biden wrote an amendment in 1992 to compel the Bush administration to arm the Bosnians, but deferred in 1994 to a somewhat softer stance the Clinton administration preferred, before signing on the following year to a stronger measure sponsored by Bob Dole and Joe Lieberman. The engagement led to a successful NATO peacekeeping effort. Biden has called his role in affecting Balkans policy in the mid-1990s his "proudest moment in public life" related to foreign policy.

In 1998, Congressional Quarterly named Biden one of "Twelve Who Made a Difference" for playing a lead role in several foreign policy matters, including NATO enlargement and the successful passage of bills to streamline foreign affairs agencies and punish religious persecution overseas.

In 1999, during the Kosovo War, Biden supported the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He co-sponsored with John McCain the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on President Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions toward ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.

Biden was a strong supporter of the 2001 war in Afghanistan, saying, "Whatever it takes, we should do it." As head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Biden said in 2002 that Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security and there was no option but to "eliminate" that threat. In October 2002, he voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, approving the U.S. invasion of Iraq. As chair of the committee, he assembled a series of witnesses to testify in favor of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting the intent, history and status of Saddam and his secular government, which was an avowed enemy of al-Qaida, and touting Iraq's fictional possession of weapons of mass destruction.

Biden eventually became a critic of the war and viewed his vote and role as a "mistake", but did not push for U.S. withdrawal. He supported the appropriations to pay for the occupation, but argued repeatedly that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the American people" about the cost and length of the conflict. By late 2006, Biden's stance had shifted considerably, and he opposed the troop surge of 2007, saying General David Petraeus was "dead, flat wrong" in believing the surge could work. Biden instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states. In November 2006, Biden and Leslie H. Gelb, president emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq. Rather than continuing the present approach or withdrawing, the plan called for "a third way": federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis "breathing room" in their own regions. In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing such a scheme passed the Senate, but the idea was unfamiliar, had no political constituency, and failed to gain traction. Iraq's political leadership denounced the resolution as de facto partitioning of the country, and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad issued a statement distancing itself from it.

In March 2004, Biden secured the brief release of Libyan democracy activist and political prisoner Fathi Eljahmi, after meeting with leader Muammar Gaddafi in Tripoli. In May 2008, he sharply criticized President George W. Bush for a speech to Israel's Knesset in which he compared some Democrats to Western leaders who appeased Hitler before World War II; Biden called the speech "bullshit", "malarkey", and "outrageous". He later apologized for his language.

Other

Biden strongly supported increased Amtrak funding and rail security.

Beginning in 1991, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law. The seminar often had a waiting list and Biden sometimes flew back from overseas for the class.

During the 2000s, Biden sponsored bankruptcy legislation sought by credit card issuers. President Bill Clinton vetoed the bill in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act, with Biden one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights organizations opposed it. MBNA, at the time the world's largest independent credit card issuer, hired Hunter Biden during the years when Biden was a senator and was pushing for bankruptcy reform legislation supported by the company, which became law and makes it more difficult to acquire bankruptcy protection.

Biden held up trade agreements with Russia when it stopped importing U.S. chickens. The Sussex County, Delaware region is the nation's top chicken-producing area.

Reputation

Elected to the Senate in 1972, Biden was reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008, usually getting about 60% of the vote. He was junior senator to William Roth, who was first elected in 1970, until Roth was defeated in 2000. As of 2018 he was the 18th-longest-serving senator in U.S. history.

Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy members of the Senate, which he attributed to his having been elected young. Feeling that less-wealthy public officials may be tempted to accept contributions in exchange for political favors, he proposed campaign finance reform measures during his first term. Biden earned $15.6 million in 2017–18. In 2019, Biden and his wife reported that their assets had increased to between $2.2 million and $8 million, thanks to speaking engagements and a contract to write a set of books.

The political writer Howard Fineman has written, "Biden is not an academic, he's not a theoretical thinker, he's a great street pol. He comes from a long line of working people in Scranton—auto salesmen, car dealers, people who know how to make a sale. He has that great Irish gift." Political columnist David S. Broder wrote that Biden has grown over time: "He responds to real people—that's been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much much better." James Traub has written, "Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself." In 2006, Delaware newspaper columnist Harry F. Themal wrote that Biden "occupies the sensible center of the Democratic Party".

Biden has a reputation for loquacity; he is a strong speaker and debater and an effective guest on Sunday morning talk shows. He often deviates from prepared remarks and sometimes "puts his foot in his mouth". The New York Times wrote that Biden's "weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything".

2008 presidential campaign

Main article: Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign

Biden chose not to run for president in 1992 in part because he had voted against authorizing the Gulf War, and did not run in 2004 because, he said, he felt he had little chance of winning and could best serve the country by remaining in the Senate. In January 2007, he declared his candidacy in the 2008 election.

During his campaign, Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience. Biden rejected speculation that he might become Secretary of State, focusing on only the presidency. In mid-2007, Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama's, saying of the latter, "I think he can be ready, but right now I don't believe he is. The presidency is not something that lends itself to on-the-job training." Biden also said Obama was copying some of his foreign policy ideas. Biden was noted for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani: "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11." Overall, Biden's debate performances were an effective mixture of humor and sharp and surprisingly disciplined comments.

Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton. He never rose above single digits in national polls of the Democratic candidates. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates. He withdrew from the race that evening.

Despite its lack of success, Biden's 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world. In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close, with Biden resenting Obama's quick rise to political stardom and Obama viewing Biden as garrulous and patronizing. Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden's campaigning style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was "the real deal".

2008 vice-presidential campaign

Main articles: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign and 2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

Shortly after Biden withdrew from the presidential race, Obama privately told him he was interested in finding an important place for Biden in his administration. Biden declined Obama's first request to vet him for the vice-presidential slot, fearing the vice presidency would represent a loss in status and voice from his Senate position, but he later changed his mind. In a June 22, 2008 interview, Biden said that while he was not actively seeking the vice-presidential nomination, he would accept it if offered. In early August, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility, and developed a strong personal rapport. On August 22, 2008, Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate. The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone with foreign policy and national security experience—and not to help the ticket win a swing state or to emphasize Obama's "change" message. Others pointed out Biden's appeal to middle-class and blue-collar voters, as well as his willingness to aggressively challenge Republican nominee John McCain in a way that Obama seemed uncomfortable doing at times. In accepting Obama's offer, Biden ruled out running for president again in 2016, but his comments in later years seemed to back off that stance, as he did not want to diminish his political power by appearing uninterested in advancement. Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.

After his nomination, the Catholic bishop of Scranton, Pennsylvania, barred Biden from receiving Holy Communion there because of his support for abortion rights, but Biden continued to receive Communion at his Delaware parish. Scranton became a flashpoint in the competition for swing-state Catholic voters between the Democratic campaign and liberal Catholic groups, who stressed that other social issues should be considered as much as or more than abortion, and many bishops and conservative Catholics, who maintained abortion was paramount. Biden said he believed life begins at conception but would not impose his religious views on others. Bishop Saltarelli had previously said of stances like Biden's, "No one today would accept this statement from any public servant: 'I am personally opposed to human slavery and racism but will not impose my personal conviction in the legislative arena.' Likewise, none of us should accept this statement from any public servant: 'I am personally opposed to abortion but will not impose my personal conviction in the legislative arena.'"

Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media visibility, as far greater press attention was focused on the Republican running mate, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. During one week in September 2008, for instance, the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism found that Biden was included in only five percent of coverage of the race, far less than the other three candidates on the tickets received. Biden nevertheless focused on campaigning in economically challenged areas of swing states and trying to win over blue-collar Democrats, especially those who had supported Hillary Clinton. Biden attacked McCain heavily despite a long-standing personal friendship. He said, "That guy I used to know, he's gone. It literally saddens me." As the financial crisis of 2007–2010 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008 and the proposed bailout of the United States financial system became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted in favor of the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which went on to pass in the Senate 74–25.

On October 2, 2008, Biden participated in the vice-presidential debate with Palin at Washington University in St. Louis. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden had won the debate overall. During the campaign's final days, he focused on less populated, older, less well-off areas of battleground states, especially Florida, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, where polling indicated he was popular and where Obama had not campaigned or performed well in the Democratic primaries. He also campaigned in some normally Republican states, as well as in areas with large Catholic populations.

Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks, such as one about Obama's being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention. Privately, Biden's remarks frustrated Obama. "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?" he asked. Obama campaign staffers referred to Biden blunders as "Joe bombs" and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden. Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership. Publicly, Obama strategist David Axelrod said Biden's high popularity ratings had outweighed any unexpected comments. Nationally, Biden had a 60% favorability rating in a Pew Research Center poll, compared to Palin's 44%.

On November 4, 2008, Obama and Biden were elected with 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral votes to McCain–Palin's 173.

Biden ran for reelection to his Senate seat as well as for vice president, as permitted by Delaware law. On November 4, he was also reelected to the Senate, defeating Republican Christine O'Donnell. Having won both races, Biden made a point of holding off his resignation from the Senate so he could be sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009. He became the youngest senator ever to start a seventh full term, and said, "In all my life, the greatest honor bestowed upon me has been serving the people of Delaware as their United States senator." Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, and resigned from the Senate later that day. In an emotional farewell, Biden told the Senate: "Every good thing I have seen happen here, every bold step taken in the 36-plus years I have been here, came not from the application of pressure by interest groups, but through the maturation of personal relationships."

Delaware Governor Ruth Ann Minner appointed longtime Biden adviser Ted Kaufman to fill Biden's vacated Senate seat.

Vice President (2009–2017)

Biden said he intended to eliminate some of the explicit roles assumed by George W. Bush's vice president, Dick Cheney, and did not intend to emulate any previous vice presidency. He chaired Obama's transition team and headed an initiative to improve middle-class economic well-being. In early January 2009, in his last act as chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, he visited the leaders of Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan, and on January 20 he was sworn in as the 47th vice president of the United States‍—‌the first vice president from Delaware and the first Roman Catholic vice president.

Obama was soon comparing Biden to a basketball player "who does a bunch of things that don't show up in the stat sheet". In May, Biden visited Kosovo and affirmed the US position that its "independence is irreversible". Biden lost an internal debate to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton about sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan, but his skepticism was valued, and in 2009, Biden's views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy. Biden visited Iraq about every two months, becoming the administration's point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership about expected progress there. More generally, overseeing Iraq policy became Biden's responsibility: Obama was said to have said, "Joe, you do Iraq." Biden said Iraq "could be one of the great achievements of this administration". His January 2010 visit to Iraq in the midst of turmoil over banned candidates from the upcoming Iraqi parliamentary election resulted in 59 of the several hundred candidates being reinstated by the Iraqi government two days later. By 2012, Biden had made eight trips there, but his oversight of U.S. policy in Iraq receded with the exit of U.S. troops in 2011.

Biden was also in charge of overseeing infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus package intended to help counteract the ongoing recession, and stressed that only worthy projects should get funding. He talked with hundreds of governors, mayors, and other local officials in this role. During this period, Biden was satisfied that no major instances of waste or corruption had occurred, and when he completed that role in February 2011, he said the number of fraud incidents with stimulus monies had been less than one percent.

In late April 2009, Biden's off-message response to a question during the beginning of the swine flu outbreak, that he would advise family members against traveling on airplanes or subways, led to a swift retraction by the White House. The remark revived Biden's reputation for gaffes. Confronted with rising unemployment through July 2009, Biden acknowledged that the administration had "misread how bad the economy was" but maintained confidence the stimulus package would create many more jobs once the pace of expenditures picked up. On March 23, 2010, a microphone picked up Biden telling the president that his signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was "a big fucking deal" during live national news telecasts. White House press secretary Robert Gibbs replied on Twitter, "And yes Mr. Vice President, you're right ..." Despite their different personalities, Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama's daughter Sasha and Biden's granddaughter Maisy, who attended Sidwell Friends School together.

Members of the Obama administration said Biden's role in the White House was to be a contrarian and force others to defend their positions. Rahm Emanuel, White House chief of staff, said that Biden helped counter groupthink. White House press secretary Jay Carney, Biden's former communications director, said Biden played the role of "the bad guy in the Situation Room". Another senior Obama advisor said Biden "is always prepared to be the skunk at the family picnic to make sure we are as intellectually honest as possible." Obama said, "The best thing about Joe is that when we get everybody together, he really forces people to think and defend their positions, to look at things from every angle, and that is very valuable for me." On June 11, 2010, Biden represented the United States at the opening ceremony of the World Cup, attended the England v. U.S. game, and visited Egypt, Kenya, and South Africa. The Bidens maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their official residence in Washington, often entertaining their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.

Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the 2010 midterm elections, maintaining an attitude of optimism in the face of predictions of large-scale losses for the party. Following big Republican gains in the elections and the departure of White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel, Biden's past relationships with Republicans in Congress became more important. He led the successful administration effort to gain Senate approval for the New START treaty. In December 2010, Biden's advocacy for a middle ground, followed by his negotiations with Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell, were instrumental in producing the administration's compromise tax package that included a temporary extension of the Bush tax cuts. Biden then took the lead in trying to sell the agreement to a reluctant Democratic caucus in Congress. The package passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.

In foreign policy, Biden supported the NATO-led military intervention in Libya in 2011. He supported closer economic ties with Russia.

In March 2011, Obama delegated Biden to lead negotiations between Congress and the White House in resolving federal spending levels for the rest of the year and avoiding a government shutdown. By May 2011, a "Biden panel" with six congressional members was trying to reach a bipartisan deal on raising the U.S. debt ceiling as part of an overall deficit reduction plan. The U.S. debt ceiling crisis developed over the next few months, but Biden's relationship with McConnell again proved key in breaking a deadlock and bringing about a deal to resolve it, in the form of the Budget Control Act of 2011, signed on August 2, 2011, the same day an unprecedented U.S. default had loomed. Biden had spent the most time bargaining with Congress on the debt question of anyone in the administration, and one Republican staffer said, "Biden's the only guy with real negotiating authority, and knows that his word is good. He was a key to the deal."

Some reports suggest that Biden opposed to going forward with the May 2011 U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden, lest failure adversely affect Obama's reelection prospects. He took the lead in notifying Congressional leaders of the successful outcome.

Reelection

Main article: Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign

In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential election, but with Obama's popularity on the decline, White House chief of staff William M. Daley conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden on the ticket with Hillary Clinton. The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement for Obama, and White House officials later said Obama had never entertained the idea.

Biden's May 2012 statement that he was "absolutely comfortable" with same-sex marriage gained considerable public attention in comparison to Obama's position, which had been described as "evolving". Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were quite irked, since Obama had planned to shift position several months later, in the build-up to the party convention, and since Biden had previously counseled the president to avoid the issue lest key Catholic voters be offended. Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden's statement, and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden's unexpected remarks. Biden apologized to Obama in private for having spoken out, while Obama acknowledged publicly it had been done from the heart. The incident showed that Biden still struggled at times with message discipline, as Time wrote, "Everyone knows Biden's greatest strength is also his greatest weakness." Relations were also strained between the campaigns when Biden appeared to use his position to bolster fundraising contacts for a possible run for president in 2016, and he ended up being excluded from Obama campaign strategy meetings.

The Obama campaign nevertheless still valued Biden as a retail-level politician who could connect with disaffected, blue-collar workers and rural residents, and he had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the Obama reelection campaign began in earnest in spring 2012. An August 2012 remark before a mixed-race audience that Republican proposals to relax Wall Street regulations would "put y'all back in chains" led to a similar analysis of Biden's face-to-face campaigning abilities versus his tendency to go off track. The Los Angeles Times wrote, "Most candidates give the same stump speech over and over, putting reporters if not the audience to sleep. But during any Biden speech, there might be a dozen moments to make press handlers cringe, and prompt reporters to turn to each other with amusement and confusion." Time magazine wrote that Biden often went too far and "Along with the familiar Washington mix of neediness and overconfidence, Biden's brain is wired for more than the usual amount of goofiness."

Biden was officially nominated for a second term as vice president on September 6 by voice vote at the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina. He faced his Republican counterpart, Representative Paul Ryan, in the vice-presidential debate on October 11 in Danville, Kentucky. There he made a feisty, emotional defense of the Obama administration's record and energetically attacked the Republican ticket, attempting to regain the momentum lost by Obama's unfocused debate performance against Republican nominee Mitt Romney the week before.

On November 6, 2012, Obama and Biden were elected to second terms. The ticket won 332 Electoral College votes to Romney–Ryan's 206 and 51% of the popular vote.

In December 2012, Obama named Biden to head the Gun Violence Task Force, created to address the causes of gun violence in the United States in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Later that month, during the final days before the United States fell off the "fiscal cliff", Biden's relationship with McConnell once more proved important as the two negotiated a deal that led to the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 being passed at the start of 2013. It made many of the Bush tax cuts permanent but raised rates on upper income levels.

Second term (2013–2017)

File:Michel Temer recebe vice-presidente norte-americano.jpg

Biden with Brazilian vice president Michel Temer, October 11, 2013

Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony at Number One Observatory Circle, his official residence, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor presiding (a public ceremony took place on January 21). He continued to be in the forefront as, in the wake of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, the Obama administration put forth executive orders and proposed new gun control measures (they failed to pass).

Biden played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, which resolved the federal government shutdown of 2013 and the debt-ceiling crisis of 2013. This was because Senate majority leader Harry Reid and other Democratic leaders cut him out of any direct talks with Congress, feeling Biden had given too much away during previous negotiations.

Biden's Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in 2013. The act led to related developments, such as the White House Council on Women and Girls, begun in the first term, as well as the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, begun in January 2014 with Biden and Valerie Jarrett as co-chairs. Biden discussed federal guidelines on sexual assault on university campuses while giving a speech at the University of New Hampshire. He said, "No means no, if you're drunk or you're sober. No means no if you're in bed, in a dorm or on the street. No means no even if you said yes at first and you changed your mind. No means no."

Biden favored arming Syria's rebel fighters. As Iraq fell apart during 2014, renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers suggesting Biden had been right all along. Biden himself said the U.S. would follow ISIL "to the gates of hell". In October 2014, he said Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had "poured hundreds of millions of dollars and tens of thousands of tons of weapons into anyone who would fight against Al-Assad, except that the people who were being supplied were al-Nusra, and al-Qaeda, and the extremist elements of jihadis coming from other parts of the world."

By 2015, a series of swearings-in and other events where Biden had placed his hands on women and girls and talked closely to them attracted attention both in the press and on social media. In one case, a senator issued a statement afterward saying of his daughter, "No, she doesn't think the vice president is creepy."

On December 8, 2015, Biden spoke in Ukraine's parliament in Kyiv in one of his many visits to set U.S. aid and policy stance on Ukraine. On February 28, 2016, he gave a speech on sexual assault awareness at the 88th Academy Awards; he also introduced Lady Gaga.

In 2015, Speaker of the House John Boehner and Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell invited Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu to address a joint session of Congress without notifying the Obama administration. This defiance of protocol led Biden and more than 50 congressional Democrats to skip Netanyahu's speech. But in March 2016, Biden spoke at the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) Policy Conference in Washington, D.C., saying, "We're all united by our unyielding—I mean literally unyielding—commitment to the survival, the security, and the success of the Jewish State of Israel."

In August 2016, Biden visited Serbia, where he met with Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić and expressed his condolences for civilian victims of the bombing campaign during the Kosovo War. In Kosovo, he attended a ceremony renaming a highway after his son Beau, in honor of Beau's service to Kosovo in training its judges and prosecutors.

On December 8, 2016, Biden went to Ottawa to meet with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

Role in the 2016 presidential campaign

During his second term, Biden was often said to be preparing for a possible bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination. At age 74 on Inauguration Day in January 2017, he would have been the oldest president on inauguration in history. With his family, many friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to enter the race, and with Hillary Clinton's favorability ratings in decline at that time, Biden was reported to again be seriously considering the prospect and a "Draft Biden 2016" PAC was established.

As of September 11, 2015, Biden was still uncertain about running. He cited his son's recent death as a large drain on his emotional energy, and said, "nobody has a right ... to seek that office unless they're willing to give it 110% of who they are."

On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to run for president in 2016. In January 2016, Biden affirmed that it was the right decision, but admitted to regretting not running for president "every day".

As of the end of January 2016, neither Biden nor Obama had endorsed anyone in the 2016 presidential election. Biden missed his annual Thanksgiving tradition of going to Nantucket, opting instead to travel abroad and meet with several European leaders. He took time to meet with Martin O'Malley, having previously met with Bernie Sanders, both 2016 candidates. Neither of these meetings was considered an endorsement, as Biden had said he would meet with any candidate who asked.

After Obama endorsed Clinton on June 9, 2016, Biden endorsed her later that day. Though Biden and Clinton were scheduled to campaign together in Scranton on July 8, Clinton canceled the appearance in light of the shooting of Dallas police officers the previous day.

During the campaign season, Biden publicly displayed his disagreements with Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump. On June 20, Biden critiqued Trump's proposal to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United States as well as his stated intent to build a wall along the border with Mexico, adding that Trump's suggestion to either torture or kill family members of terrorists was damaging both to American values and "to our security". In a July 26 interview, he said that "moral and centered" voters would not vote for Trump. On October 21, the anniversary of his decision not to run, Biden said he wished he were still in high school so he could take Trump "behind the gym". On October 24, Biden clarified he would have fought Trump only if he was still in high school, and the next day, Trump responded that he would "love that".

Post-vice presidency (2017–2021)

In 2017, Biden became the Benjamin Franklin Presidential Practice professor at the University of Pennsylvania, where he led the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement. He also wanted to pursue his "cancer moonshot" agenda, in March 2017 calling the fight against cancer "the only bipartisan thing left in America".

Biden was close friends with Senator John McCain for over 30 years. When McCain died in 2018, Biden's eulogy began: "My name's Joe Biden. I'm a Democrat. And I loved John McCain." He also called McCain a brother.

Comments on Donald Trump

While attending the launch of the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement on March 30, 2017, a student asked Biden what "piece of advice" he would give Trump. Biden responded that Trump should grow up and cease his tweeting so he could focus on the office. During a speech at a May 29 gathering of Phil Murphy supporters at a community center gymnasium, Biden said, "There are a lot of people out there who are frightened. Trump played on their fears. What we haven't done, in my view—and this is a criticism of all us—we haven't spoken enough to the fears and aspirations of the people we come from."

At a Florida Democratic Party fundraiser in Hollywood on June 17, 2017, Biden predicted the "state the nation is today will not be sustained by the American people". He told CBS This Morning that Trump's administration "seems to feel the need to coddle autocrats and dictators" like Saudi Arabian leaders, Russian president Vladimir Putin, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte. In October 2018, Biden said if Democrats retook the House of Representatives, "I hope they don't . I don't think there's a basis for doing that right now." On June 11, 2019, Biden criticized Trump's "damaging" trade war with China. He also criticized Trump's decision to withdraw U.S. troops from Syria, which critics say gave Turkey the green light to launch the military offensive against Syrian Kurds.

Climate change

During an appearance at the Brainstorm Health Conference in San Diego, California, on May 2, 2017, Biden said the public "has moved ahead of the administration ". On May 31, Biden tweeted that climate change was an "existential threat to our future" and remaining in the Paris Agreement was the "best way to protect our children and global leadership". The next day, after Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the agreement, Biden tweeted that the choice "imperils U.S. security and our ability to own the clean energy future". While appearing at the Concordia Europe Summit in Athens, Greece, on June 7, Biden said, referring to the withdrawal, "The vast majority of the American people do not agree with the decision the president made."

During the October 22 presidential debate, Biden claimed that he "never said I oppose fracking". In fact, he said in 2019 that "we would make sure [fossil fuels are] eliminated" and in 2020 that he opposes "new fracking"; his written policy plan says he endorses "banning new oil and gas permitting on public lands and waters"‍—‌but not ending all new fracking everywhere or ending current fracking on public lands and waters. He opposes federal subsidies for fossil fuels.

Healthcare

On March 22, 2017, during his first appearance on Capitol Hill since Trump's inauguration, Biden called the Republican healthcare bill a "tax bill" meant to transfer nearly $1 trillion used for health benefits for those struggling to wealthy Americans. On May 4, after the House of Representatives narrowly voted for the American Health Care Act, Biden tweeted that it was a "Day of shame for Congress", lamenting the loss of preexisting condition protections. On June 24, in response to Senate Republicans' revealing an American Health Care Act draft the previous day, Biden tweeted that the bill "isn't about health care at all—it's a wealth transfer: slashes care to fund tax cuts for the wealthy & corporations." On July 28, in response to the failure in the Senate of a bill to repeal parts of Obamacare, Biden tweeted, "Thank you to everyone who tirelessly worked to protect the healthcare of millions."

Immigration

Biden has vowed to stop building the U.S.-Mexico border wall. On September 5, 2017, after Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that the Trump administration would rescind Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, Biden tweeted, "Brought by parents, these children had no choice in coming here. Now they'll be sent to countries they've never known. Cruel. Not America."

LGBTQ rights

Biden was the first to speak on gay marriage at a Human Rights Campaign event in Los Angeles in 2012. He also called LGBT workplace discrimination "close to barbaric" and "bizarre".

On April 14, 2017, Biden released a statement denouncing Chechen authorities for rounding up, torturing, and murdering "individuals who are believed to be gay", and stating his hope that the Trump administration would honor a prior pledge to advance human rights by confronting Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov and Russian leaders over "these egregious violations of human rights". On June 21, during a speech at a Democratic National Committee LGBT gala in New York City, Biden said, "Hold President Trump accountable for his pledge to be your friend."

On July 26, 2017, after Trump announced a ban of transgender people serving in the military, Biden tweeted, "Every patriotic American who is qualified to serve in our military should be able to serve. Full stop."

In March 2019, Biden condemned Brunei's new LGBT death penalty law, tweeting: "Stoning people to death for homosexuality or adultery is appalling and immoral. There is no excuse—not culture, not tradition—for this kind of hate and inhumanity." He suggested the Trump administration's hostility to LGBT rights was a poor example for countries like Brunei.

On May 6, 2020, the Human Rights Campaign endorsed Biden for president. He accepted the endorsement and emphasized the importance of continuing to fight for LGBTQ equality.

2020 presidential campaign

Main article: Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign See also: 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Speculation and announcement

Between 2016 and 2019, media outlets often mentioned Biden as a likely candidate for president in 2020. When asked if he would run, he gave varied and ambivalent answers, saying "never say never". At one point he suggested he did not see a scenario where he would run again, but a few days later, he said, "I'll run if I can walk." A political action committee known as Time for Biden was formed in January 2018, seeking Biden's entry into the race.

Biden said he would decide whether to run or not by January 2019, but made no announcement at that time. Friends said he was "very close to saying yes" but was concerned about the effect another presidential run could have on his family and reputation, as well as fundraising struggles and perceptions about his age and relative centrism. On the other hand, he was prompted to run by his "sense of duty", offense at the Trump presidency, the lack of foreign policy experience among other Democratic hopefuls, and his desire to foster "bridge-building progressivism" in the party. He launched his campaign on April 25, 2019.

Campaign

In September 2019, it was reported that Trump had pressured Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate alleged wrongdoing by Biden and his son Hunter Biden. Despite the allegations, as of September 2019, no evidence has been produced of any wrongdoing by the Bidens. The media widely interpreted this pressure to investigate the Bidens as trying to hurt Biden's chances of winning the presidency, resulting in a political scandal and Trump's impeachment by the House of Representatives.

Beginning in 2019, Trump and his allies falsely accused Biden of getting the Ukrainian prosecutor general Viktor Shokin fired because he was supposedly pursuing an investigation into Burisma Holdings, which employed Hunter Biden. Biden was accused of withholding $1 billion in aid from Ukraine in this effort. In 2015, Biden pressured the Ukrainian parliament to remove Shokin because the United States, the European Union and other international organizations considered Shokin corrupt and ineffective, and in particular because Shokin was not assertively investigating Burisma. The withholding of the $1 billion in aid was part of this official policy.

Throughout 2019, Biden stayed generally ahead of other Democrats in national polls. Despite this, he finished fourth in the Iowa caucuses, and eight days later, fifth in the New Hampshire primary. He performed better in the Nevada caucuses, reaching the 15% required for delegates, but still was behind Bernie Sanders by 21.6 percentage points. Making strong appeals to black voters on the campaign trail and in the South Carolina debate, Biden won the South Carolina primary by more than 28 points. After the withdrawals and subsequent endorsements of candidates Pete Buttigieg and Amy Klobuchar, he made large gains in the March 3 Super Tuesday primary elections. Biden won 18 of the next 26 contests, including Alabama, Arkansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia, putting him in the lead overall. Elizabeth Warren and Mike Bloomberg soon dropped out, and Biden expanded his lead with victories over Sanders in four states (Idaho, Michigan, Mississippi, and Missouri) on March 10.

When Sanders suspended his campaign on April 8, 2020, Biden became the Democratic Party's presumptive nominee for president. On April 13, Sanders endorsed Biden in a live-streamed discussion from their homes. Former President Barack Obama endorsed Biden the next day. In March 2020, Biden committed to choosing a woman as his running mate. In June, Biden met the 1,991-delegate threshold needed to secure the party's presidential nomination. On August 11, he announced U.S. Senator Kamala Harris of California as his running mate, making her the first African American and South Asian American vice-presidential nominee on a major-party ticket.

On August 18, 2020, Biden was officially nominated at the 2020 Democratic National Convention as the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 2020 election.

Allegations of inappropriate physical contact

Biden has been accused of inappropriate contact with women at public events, such as embracing, kissing, gripping, or placing a hand on their shoulder. He has described himself as a "tactile politician" and admitted this behavior has caused trouble for him in the past.

In March 2019, former Nevada assemblywoman Lucy Flores alleged that Biden had touched her without her consent at a 2014 campaign rally in Las Vegas. In an op-ed, Flores wrote that Biden had walked up behind her, put his hands on her shoulders, smelled her hair, and kissed the back of her head, adding that the way he touched her was "an intimate way reserved for close friends, family, or romantic partners—and I felt powerless to do anything about it." Biden's spokesman said Biden did not recall the behavior described. Two days later, Amy Lappos, a former congressional aide to Jim Himes, said Biden touched her in a non-sexual but inappropriate way by holding her head to rub noses with her at a political fundraiser in Greenwich in 2009. The next day, two more women came forward with allegations of inappropriate conduct. Caitlin Caruso said Biden placed his hand on her thigh, and D.J. Hill said he ran his hand from her shoulder down her back. In early April 2019, three women told The Washington Post Biden had touched them in ways that made them feel uncomfortable. In April 2019, former Biden staffer Tara Reade said she had felt uncomfortable on several occasions when Biden touched her on her shoulder and neck during her employment in his Senate office in 1993. In March 2020, Reade accused him of a 1993 sexual assault. Biden and his campaign vehemently denied the allegation.

Biden apologized for not understanding how people would react to his actions, but said his intentions were honorable. He went on to say he was not sorry for anything he had ever done, which led critics to accuse him of sending a mixed message.

President (2021–2025)

Political positions

Main article: Political positions of Joe Biden

Biden has been characterized as a moderate Democrat. He supported the fiscal stimulus in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; the increased infrastructure spending proposed by the Obama administration; mass transit, including Amtrak, bus, and subway subsidies; reproductive rights; same-sex marriage; and the reduced military spending in the Obama administration's fiscal year 2014 budget. Biden supports the Roe v. Wade decision and since 2019 has been in favor of repealing the Hyde Amendment. Biden has proposed partially reversing the corporate tax cuts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, saying that doing so would not hurt businesses' ability to hire.

Some political scientists gauge ideology by comparing the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU). Biden has a lifetime liberal 72% score from the ADA through 2004, while the ACU awarded Biden a lifetime conservative rating of 13% through 2008. Using another metric, Biden has a lifetime average liberal score of 77.5%, according to a National Journal analysis that places him ideologically among the center of Senate Democrats as of 2008. The Almanac of American Politics rates congressional votes as liberal or conservative on the political spectrum in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–06, Biden's average economic rating was 80% liberal and 13% conservative, his social rating was 78% liberal and 18% conservative, and his foreign rating was 71% liberal and 25% conservative. This has not changed significantly over time; his liberal ratings in the mid-1980s were also in the 70%–80% range.

The American Civil Liberties Union gives him an 80% lifetime score, with a 91% score for the 110th Congress. The AFL–CIO gave Biden an 85% lifetime approval rating.

Biden opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and supports governmental funding to find new energy sources. He believes action must be taken on global warming. He co-sponsored the Sense of the Senate resolution calling on the United States to take part in the United Nations climate negotiations and the Boxer–Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act, the most stringent climate bill in the United States Senate. He wants to achieve a carbon-free power sector in the U.S. by 2035 and stop emissions completely by 2050. His program includes reentering Paris Agreement, nature conservation, and green building. Biden wants to pressure China and other countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions, by carbon tariffs if necessary. He voted for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Biden pledged, if elected, to sanction and commercially restrict Chinese government officials and entities who carry out repression.

As a senator, Biden forged deep relationships with police groups and was a chief proponent of a Police Officer's Bill of Rights measure that police unions supported but police chiefs opposed. As vice president, he served as a White House liaison to police.

Distinctions

Main article: List of honors received by Joe Biden See also: List of things named after Joe Biden

Biden has received honorary degrees from the University of Scranton (1976), Saint Joseph's University (LL.D 1981), Widener University School of Law (2000), Emerson College (2003), Delaware State University (2003), his alma mater the University of Delaware (LL.D 2004), Suffolk University Law School (2005), his other alma mater Syracuse University (LL.D 2009), Wake Forest University (LL.D 2009), the University of Pennsylvania (LL.D 2013), Miami Dade College (2014), University of South Carolina (DPA 2014), Trinity College, Dublin (LL.D 2016), Colby College (LL.D 2017), and Morgan State University (DPS 2017).

Biden also received the Chancellor Medal (1980) and the George Arents Pioneer Medal (2005) from Syracuse University.

In 2008, Biden received Working Mother magazine's Best of Congress Award for "improving the American quality of life through family-friendly work policies". Also in 2008, he shared with fellow senator Richard Lugar the Government of Pakistan's Hilal-i-Pakistan award "in recognition of their consistent support for Pakistan". In 2009, Kosovo gave Biden the Golden Medal of Freedom, the region's highest award, for his vocal support for its independence in the late 1990s.

Biden is an inductee of the Delaware Volunteer Firemen's Association Hall of Fame. He was named to the Little League Hall of Excellence in 2009.

On May 15, 2016, the University of Notre Dame gave Biden the Laetare Medal, considered the highest honor for American Catholics. The medal was simultaneously awarded to John Boehner, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.

On June 25, 2016, Biden received the Freedom of the City of County Louth in the Republic of Ireland.

On January 12, 2017, Obama surprised Biden by awarding him the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction‍—‌for "faith in your fellow Americans, for your love of country and a lifetime of service that will endure through the generations". It was the only award by Obama of the Medal of Freedom with Distinction; other recipients include Ronald Reagan, Colin Powell and Pope John Paul II.

On December 11, 2018, the University of Delaware renamed its School of Public Policy and Administration the Joseph R. Biden, Jr. School of Public Policy and Administration. The Biden Institute is housed there.

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of Joe Biden

Election results
Year	Office	Party	Votes for Biden	%	Opponent	Party	Votes	%
1970	County councilor	Y Democratic	10,573	55%	Lawrence T. Messick	Republican	8,192	43%
1972	U.S. senator	Y Democratic	116,006	50%	J. Caleb Boggs	Republican	112,844	49%
1978		Y Democratic	93,930	58%	James H. Baxter Jr.	Republican	66,479	41%
1984		Y Democratic	147,831	60%	John M. Burris	Republican	98,101	40%
1990		Y Democratic	112,918	63%	M. Jane Brady	Republican	64,554	36%
1996		Y Democratic	165,465	60%	Raymond J. Clatworthy	Republican	105,088	38%
2002		Y Democratic	135,253	58%	Raymond J. Clatworthy	Republican	94,793	41%
2008		Y Democratic	257,484	65%	Christine O'Donnell	Republican	140,584	35%
2008	Vice president	Y Democratic	69,498,516 365 electoral votes (270 needed)	53%	Sarah Palin	Republican	59,948,323 173 electoral votes	46%
2012	Vice president	Y Democratic	65,915,795 332 electoral votes (270 needed)	51%	Paul Ryan	Republican	60,933,504 206 electoral votes	47%
2020	President	Y Democratic			Donald Trump	Republican

Writings by Biden

Biden, Joseph R., Jr.; Helms, Jesse (April 1, 2000). Hague Convention On International Child Abduction: Applicable Law And Institutional Framework Within Certain Convention Countries Report To The Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7567-2250-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (July 8, 2001). Putin Administration's Policies toward Non-Russian Regions of the Russian Federation: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-2624-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (July 24, 2001). Administration's Missile Defense Program and the ABM Treaty: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-1959-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (September 5, 2001). Threat of Bioterrorism and the Spread of Infectious Diseases: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-2625-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (February 12, 2002). Examining The Theft Of American Intellectual Property At Home And Abroad: Hearing before the Committee On Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-4177-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (February 14, 2002). Halting the Spread of HIV/AIDS: Future Efforts in the U.S. Bilateral & Multilateral Response: Hearings before the Comm. on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7567-3454-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (February 27, 2002). How Do We Promote Democratization, Poverty Alleviation, and Human Rights to Build a More Secure Future: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-2478-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (August 1, 2002). Hearings to Examine Threats, Responses, and Regional Considerations Surrounding Iraq: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-2823-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (January 1, 2003). International Campaign Against Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7567-3041-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (January 1, 2003). Political Future of Afghanistan: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7567-3039-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (September 1, 2003). Strategies for Homeland Defense: A Compilation by the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7567-2623-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Biden, Joseph (2005). "Foreword". In Nicholson, William C. (ed.). Homeland Security Law and Policy. C. C Thomas. ISBN 0-398-07583-2.
Biden, Joe (July 31, 2007). Promises to Keep. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6536-3. Also paperback edition, Random House 2008, ISBN 0-8129-7621-5.
Biden, Joe (November 14, 2017). Promise Me, Dad: A Year of Hope, Hardship, and Purpose. Flatiron Books. ISBN 978-1-250-17167-2.

Notes

Biden admired McCain politically as well as personally. in May 2004, he had urged McCain to run as vice president with presumptive Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, saying the cross-party ticket would help heal the "vicious rift" in U.S. politics.
Delaware's Democratic governor, Ruth Ann Minner, announced on November 24, 2008, that she would appoint Biden's longtime senior adviser Ted Kaufman to succeed Biden in the Senate. Kaufman said he would serve only two years, until Delaware's special Senate election in 2010. Biden's son Beau ruled himself out of the 2008 selection process due to his impending tour in Iraq with the Delaware Army National Guard. He was a possible candidate for the 2010 special election, but in early 2010 said he would not run for the seat.

References

Citations

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"Joe Biden elected president". CNN. November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
"US Election 2020: Joe Biden wins the presidency". BBC News. November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
^ Witcover, Jules (2010). Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption. New York City: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-179198-7.
Chase, Randall (January 9, 2010). "Vice President Biden's mother, Jean, dies at 92". WITN-TV. Associated Press.
"Joseph Biden Sr., 86, father of the senator". The Baltimore Sun. September 3, 2002. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
Smolenyak, Megan (July 2, 2012). "Joe Biden's Irish Roots". Huffington Post. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
"Number two Biden has a history over Irish debate". The Belfast Telegraph. November 9, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
Smolenyak, Megan (April–May 2013). "Joey From Scranton—Vice President Biden's Irish Roots". Irish America. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
^ Broder, John M. (October 23, 2008). "Father's Tough Life an Inspiration for Biden". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
^ Rubinkam, Michael (August 27, 2008). "Biden's Scranton childhood left lasting impression". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
^ Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 364.
Frank, Martin (September 28, 2008). "Biden was the stuttering kid who wanted the ball". The News Journal. p. D.1. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013.
^ Taylor, Paul (1990). See How They Run: Electing the President in an Age of Mediaocracy. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-57059-6.
Biden, Promises to Keep, pp. 27, 32–33.
https://web.archive.org/web/20121221225751/http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/16/14489712-fact-check-bidens-too-tall-football-tale
^ "A timeline of U.S. Sen. Joe Biden's life and career". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. August 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
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^ Margolis, Jon (September 22, 1987). "Biden admits errors in school claims". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (July 9, 2009). "Letter to National Stuttering Association chairman" (PDF). National Stuttering Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 28, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"Joe Biden's childhood struggle with a stutter: How he overcame it and how it shaped him". Los Angeles Times. September 16, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
Hendrickson, John (January–February 2020). "What Joe Biden Can't Bring Himself to Say". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
Biden, Promises to Keep, pp. 32, 36–37.
^ "Biden, Joseph Robinette, Jr.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
^ Chase, Randall (September 1, 2008). "Biden got 5 draft deferments during Nam, as did Cheney". Newsday. Associated Press.
Romano, Lois (June 9, 1987). "Joe Biden & the Politics of Belief". The Washington Post.
^ Leubsdorf, Carl P. (September 6, 1987). "Biden Keeps Sights Set On White House". The Dallas Morning News. Reprinted in "Lifelong ambition led Joe Biden to Senate, White House aspirations". The Dallas Morning News. August 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008.
Barrett, Laurence I. (June 22, 1987). "Campaign Portrait, Joe Biden: Orator for the Next Generation". Time.
^ Current Biography Yearbook 1987, p. 43.
^ Palmer, Nancy Doyle (February 1, 2009). "Joe Biden: 'Everyone Calls Me Joe'". Washingtonian. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Harriman, Jane (December 31, 1969). "Joe Biden: Hope for Democratic Party in '72?". Newspapers.com. The News Journal. p. 3. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
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^ Naylor, Brian (October 8, 2007). "Biden's Road to Senate Took Tragic Turn". National Public Radio. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
Levey, Noam M. (August 24, 2008). "In his home state, Biden is a regular Joe". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
^ "Oath Solemn". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Associated Press. January 6, 1973. p. 11.
"Youngest Senator". United States Senate. Retrieved August 25, 2008. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Byrd, Robert and Wolff, Wendy Senate, 1789–1989: Historical Statistics, 1789–1992, Volume 4, p. 285 (Government Printing Office 1993) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Pride, Mike (December 1, 2007). "Biden a smart guy who has lived his family values". Concord Monitor. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
Biden, Promises to Keep, p. 81
Bumiller, Elisabeth (December 14, 2007). "Biden Campaigning With Ease After Hardships". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
"On Becoming Joe Biden". Morning Edition. NPR. August 1, 2007. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
Biden, Promises to Keep, p. 113.
Seelye, Katharine Q. (August 24, 2008). "Jill Biden Heads Toward Life in the Spotlight". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
Dart, Bob (October 24, 2008). "Bidens met, forged life together after tragedy". Orlando Sentinel. Cox News Service.
Biden, Promises to Keep, p. 117
Gibson, Ginger (August 25, 2008). "Parishioners not surprised to see Biden at usual Mass". The News Journal. p. A.12. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013.
"Ashley Biden and Howard Krein". The New York Times. June 3, 2012. p. ST15.
Cooper, Christopher (August 20, 2008). "Biden's Foreign Policy Background Carries Growing Cachet". The Wall Street Journal. p. A4. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
Helsel, Phil (May 31, 2015). "Beau Biden, Son of Vice President Joe Biden, Dies After Battle With Brain Cancer". NBC News. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
Kane, Paul (May 31, 2015). "Family losses frame Vice President Biden's career". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 30, 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Evans, Heidi (December 28, 2008). "From a blind date to second lady, Jill Biden's coming into her own". Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
^ "200 Faces for the Future". Time. July 15, 1974. Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
Kelley, Kitty (June 1, 1974). "Death and the All-American Boy". The Washingtonian. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
Herndon, Astead W. (January 21, 2019). "Biden Expresses Regret for Support of Crime Legislation in the 1990s". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
"Biden in 2020? Allies Say He Sees Himself as Democrats' Best Hope", By Jonathan Martin and Alexander Burns. New York Times. January 6, 2019
^ Current Biography Yearbook 1987, p. 44.
^ Germond, Jack; Witcover, Jules (1989). Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-51424-1.
"govinfo". govinfo.gov. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
Epstein, Reid J.; Lerer, Lisa (September 20, 2019). "Joe Biden Has Tense Exchange Over L.G.B.T.Q. Record". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
A. Del, Jose. "Sanders attacks Biden's record on gay rights and women's issues". Washington Post. Retrieved April 15, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 104th Congress—2nd Session". senate.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
de Vogue, Ariane; Diamond, Jeremy. "Supreme Court rules states must allow same-sex marriage". CNN. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
^ Gordon, Michael R. (August 24, 2008). "In Biden, Obama chooses a foreign policy adherent of diplomacy before force". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
Current Biography Yearbook 1987, p. 45.
Salacuse, Jeswald W. (2005). Leading Leaders: How to Manage Smart, Talented, Rich and Powerful People. American Management Association. ISBN 0-8144-0855-9. p. 144.
^ Gadsden, Brett (May 5, 2019). "Here's How Deep Biden's Busing Problem Runs". Politico. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
Gadsen 2012, p. 214.
^ Sokol, Jason (April 25, 2019). "How a Young Joe Biden Turned Liberals Against Integration". Politico. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
Gadsen 2012, pp. 2–3.
Gadsen 2012, pp. 220–221.
Raffel, Jeffrey A. (1998). Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation: The American Experience. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-313-29502-7.
Dionne Jr., E. J. (June 10, 1987). "Biden Joins Campaign for the Presidency". The New York Times.
^ Toner, Robin (August 31, 1987). "Biden, Once the Field's Hot Democrat, Is Being Overtaken by Cooler Rivals". The New York Times.
Dowd, Maureen (September 12, 1987). "Biden's Debate Finale: An Echo From Abroad". The New York Times.
Randolph, Eleanor (September 13, 1987). "Plagiarism Suggestion Angers Biden's Aides". The Washington Post. p. A6.
^ Risen, James; Shogan, Robert (September 16, 1987). "Differing Versions Cited on Source of Passages: Biden Facing New Flap Over Speeches". Los Angeles Times.
Dowd, Maureen (September 16, 1987). "Biden Is Facing Growing Debate On His Speeches". The New York Times.
^ Dionne, E. J., Jr. (September 18, 1987). "Biden Admits Plagiarism in School But Says It Was Not 'Malevolent'". The New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
May, Lee (September 18, 1987). "Biden Admits Plagiarism in Writing Law School Brief". Los Angeles Times.
"Professional Board Clears Biden In Two Allegations of Plagiarism". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 29, 1989.
^ Dionne, E. J., Jr. (September 22, 1987). "Biden Admits Errors and Criticizes Latest Report". The New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"1988 Road to the White House with Sen. Biden". C-SPAN via YouTube. August 23, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
Flegenheimer, Matt (June 3, 2019). "Biden's First Run for President Was a Calamity. Some Missteps Still Resonate". New York Times. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
Pomper, Gerald M. (1989). "The Presidential Nominations". The Election of 1988. Chatham House Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 0-934540-77-2.
Dionne Jr., E. J. (September 24, 1987). "Biden Withdraws Bid for President in Wake of Furor". The New York Times.
Altman, Lawrence K. (February 23, 1998). "The Doctor's World; Subtle Clues Are Often The Only Warnings Of Perilous Aneurysms". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
^ Altman, Lawrence K. (October 19, 2008). "Many Holes in Disclosure of Nominees' Health". The New York Times. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
"Biden Resting After Surgery For Second Brain Aneurysm". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 4, 1988.
Woodward, Calvin (August 22, 2008). "V.P. candidate profile: Sen. Joe Biden". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Retrieved September 7, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Bronner, Battle for Justice, pp. 138–139, 214, 305.
^ Greenhouse, Linda (October 8, 1987). "Washington Talk: The Bork Hearings; For Biden: Epoch of Belief, Epoch of Incredulity". The New York Times.
"Senate's Roll-Call On the Bork Vote". The New York Times. Associated Press. October 24, 1987.
^ Mayer; Abramson, Strange Justice, p. 213, 218, 336.
Greenburg, Jan Crawford (September 30, 2007). "Clarence Thomas: A Silent Justice Speaks Out: Part VI: Becoming a Judge—and perhaps a Justice". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
"Nina Totenberg, NPR Biography". NPR. Retrieved May 31, 2008.
"Excerpt from Nina Totenberg's breaking National Public Radio report on Anita Hill's accusation of sexual harassment by Clarence Thomas". NPR. October 6, 1991. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
^ Phillips, Kate (August 23, 2008). "Biden and Anita Hill, Revisited". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Martin, Jonathan (April 25, 2019). "Joe Biden Expresses Regret to Anita Hill, but She Says 'I'm Sorry' Is Not Enough". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
Fifield, Anna (January 4, 2013). "Biden faces key role in second term". Financial Times.
^ Scherer, Michael (January 28, 2013). "The Next Gun Fight". Time. Cover story.
Finley, Bruce (September 19, 2014). "Biden: Men who don't stop violence against women are "cowards"". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on October 13, 2015.
"Domestic Violence". Biden senate website. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2008.
Almanac of American Politics 2000, p. 372.
"How the senators voted on impeachment". CNN. February 12, 1999.
^ Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 365.
^ Richter, Paul; Levey, Noam N. (August 24, 2008). "Joe Biden respected—if not always popular—for foreign policy record". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
Sloan, Stanley (October 1997). "Transatlantic relations: Stormy weather on the way to enlargement?". NATO Review. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
Kessler, Glenn (September 23, 2008). "Meetings with Foreign Leaders? Biden's Been There, Done That". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
Clymer, Adam (January 13, 1991). "Congress Acts to Authorize War in Gulf". The New York Times.
^ Kessler, Glenn (October 7, 2008). "Biden Played Less Than Key Role in Bosnia Legislation". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
"Senator Joseph Biden (Democrat, Delaware)". U.S. State Department. March 2001. Archived from the original on July 12, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
^ Holmes, Elizabeth (August 25, 2008). "Biden, McCain Have a Friendship—and More—in Common". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
Crowley, Michael. "HawkDown". The New Republic. Even before Obama announced his run for president, Biden was warning that Afghanistan, not Iraq, was the 'central front' in the war against Al Qaeda, requiring a major U.S. commitment. 'Whatever it takes, we should do it,' Biden said in February 2002.
Russert, Tim (April 29, 2007). "MTP Transcript for April 29, 2007". Meet the Press. NBC News. p. 2.
Joe Biden championed the Iraq war. Will that come back to haunt him now?, The Guardian, Mark Weisbrot, February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
^ Traub, James (November 24, 2009). "After Cheney". The New York Times Magazine. p. MM34.
Shanker, Thom (August 19, 2007). "Divided They Stand, but on Graves". The New York Times.
^ Parker, Ned; Salman, Raheem (October 1, 2007). "U.S. vote unites Iraqis in anger". Los Angeles Times.
Smith, Craig S. (December 27, 2004). "For a Critic, Libya's Nascent Openness Doesn't Apply". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
Boustany, Nora (November 16, 2006). "Support Builds for Libyan Dissident". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
Henry, Ed (May 16, 2008). "Dems fire back at Bush on 'appeasement' statement". CNN. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
^ Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 366.
"Faculty: Joseph R. Biden, Jr". Widener University School of Law. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
^ "Senator Biden becomes Vice President-elect". Widener University School of Law. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Purchla, Matt (August 26, 2008). "For Widener Law students, a teacher aims high". Metro Philadelphia. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
Carey, Kathleen E. (August 27, 2008). "Widener students proud of Biden". Delaware County Daily and Sunday Times. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
Pilkington, Ed (December 2, 2019). "How Biden Helped Create the Student Debt Problem He Now Promises to Fix". The Guardian. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
"MBNA Paid Biden's Son As Biden Backed Bill". CBS News. August 25, 2008.
"Obama introduces Biden as running mate". CNN. August 23, 2008. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
"Longest Serving Senators". United States Senate. United States Senate. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Wallsten, Peter (August 24, 2008). "Demographics part of calculation: Biden adds experience, yes, but he could also help with Catholics, blue-collar whites and women". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
"A look at Biden's net worth". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. August 24, 2008. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
Broder, John M. (September 13, 2008). "Biden Releases Tax Returns, in Part to Pressure Rivals". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
Mooney, Alexander (September 12, 2008). "Biden tax returns revealed". CNN. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
Viser, Matt; Narayanswamy, Anu (July 9, 2019). "Joe Biden earned $15.6 million in the two years after leaving the vice presidency". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
Eder, Steve; Glueck, Katie (July 9, 2019). "Joe Biden's Tax Returns Show More Than $15 Million in Income After 2016". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
Themal, Harry F. (January 23, 2006). "Biden says he's on track for 2008 run". The News Journal.
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^ Halperin, Mark (August 23, 2008). "Halperin on Biden: Pros and Cons". Time. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
Smith, Ben (December 2, 2008). "Biden, enemy of the prepared remarks". Politico. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
Tapper, Jake (January 31, 2007). "A Biden Problem: Foot in Mouth". ABC News. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
^ Leibovich, Mark (September 19, 2008). "Meanwhile, the Other No. 2 Keeps On Punching". The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
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Balz, Dan (January 1, 2007). "Biden Stumbles at the Starting Gate". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
"A Candidate For Secretary Of State". The New York Observer. June 12, 2007. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
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Farrell, Joelle (November 1, 2007). "A noun, a verb and 9/11". Concord Monitor. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
^ Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-173363-5.
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"Iowa Democratic Party Caucus Results". Iowa Democratic Party. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
Murray, Shailagh (January 4, 2008). "Biden, Dodd Withdraw From Race". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
^ Wolffe, Renegade, p. 218.
^ Lizza, Ryan (October 20, 2008). "Biden's Brief". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
^ Cummings, Jeanne (September 16, 2009). "Joe Biden, 'the skunk at the family picnic'". The Politico. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
Mooney, Alexander (June 23, 2008). "Biden: I'd say yes to being VP". CNN. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
Vargas, Jose Antonio (August 23, 2008). "Obama's veep message to supporters". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (August 23, 2008). "Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
Dionne, E.J. (August 25, 2008). "Tramps Like Us: How Joe Biden will reassure working class voters and change the tenor of this week's convention". The New Republic. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
Wolffe, Renegade, p. 217.
Travers, Karen (June 25, 2009). "VP Biden Keeping the Door Open for 2016?". Political Punch. ABC News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
"Biden in 2016?". CNN. October 21, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
^ Leibovich, Mark (May 8, 2012). "For a Blunt Biden, an Uneasy Supporting Role". The New York Times. p. 1.
Gray, Alan (August 29, 2008). "Democrats Formally Nominate Barack Obama for U.S. Presidency". NewsBlaze.
Kirkpatrick, David (September 16, 2008). "Abortion Issue Again Dividing Catholic Votes". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2008.
^ Westen, John-Henry (August 28, 2008). "Biden's Bishop Will not Permit Him, Even if Elected VP, to Speak at Catholic Schools". Catholic Exchange. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
Kirkpatrick, David D. (October 4, 2008). "A Fight Among Catholics Over Which Party Best Reflects Church Teachings". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Phillips, Kate (September 7, 2008). "As a Matter of Faith, Biden Says Life Begins at Conception". The New York Times. Retrieved August 7, 2008.
Tapper, Jake (September 14, 2008). "Joe Who?". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
Jurkowitz, Mark (September 14, 2008). "Northern Exposure Still Dominates the News". Pew Research Center. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
"McCain Urged to Join Kerry Ticket". NBC News. Reuters. May 16, 2004.
"Senate Passes Economic Rescue Package". NY1. October 1, 2008. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
^ Broder, John M. (October 30, 2008). "Hitting the Backroads, and Having Less to Say". The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ Tumulty, Karen (October 29, 2008). "Hidin' Biden: Reining In a Voluble No. 2". Time. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
^ McGrane, Victoria (November 3, 2008). "Where have you gone, Joe Biden?". Politico. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
"Biden reliable running mate despite gaffes". Asbury Park Press. Associated Press. October 26, 2008.
"Barack Obama wins presidential election". CNN. November 4, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
Franke-Ruta, Garance (November 19, 2008). "McCain Takes Missouri". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
"President—Election Center 2008". CNN. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
Chase, Randall (August 24, 2008). "Biden Wages 2 Campaigns At Once". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
Nuckols, Ben (November 4, 2008). "Biden wins 7th Senate term but may not serve". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
^ Gaudiano, Nicole (January 7, 2009). "A bittersweet oath for Biden". The News Journal. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
Turner, Trish (January 15, 2009). "Senate Releases $350 Billion in Bailout Funds to Obama". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
^ Milford, Phil (November 24, 2008). "Kaufman Picked by Governor to Fill Biden Senate Seat (Update 3)". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on November 16, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
Kraushaar, Josh (November 24, 2008). "Ted Kaufman to succeed Biden in Senate". Politico. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
Hulse, Carl (January 25, 2010). "Biden's Son Will Not Run for Delaware's Open Senate Seat". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
Becker, Bernie (January 15, 2009). "Biden and Clinton Say Goodbye to Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
"Ted Kaufman". Ballotpedia. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
"Biden says he'll be different vice president". CNN. December 22, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
Holland, Steve (November 13, 2008). "Biden picks former Gore aide as chief of staff". Reuters. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
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Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 363. In 2005, the ratings were E 73 26, S 83 10, F 76 15; in 2006, E 87 0, S 73 26, F 65 34.
Head, Tom (2008). "Joe Biden on Civil Liberties". Civil Liberties News and Issues. About.com. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
"ACLU Congressional Scorecard". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
"AFL-CIO Democratic Forum". Elections 2008. Annenberg Political FactCheck. August 8, 2007. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
"Arctic Power—Arctic National Wildlife Refuge—Presidential Candidates views on ANWR, The Democrats". Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
"A look at the environmental record of Joe Biden, Barack Obama's running mate". Grist. January 3, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2008.
Carr, Bob (September 2, 2020). "Joe Biden's bold climate policies would leave Australia behind". The Guardian. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
Moore, Elena (October 16, 2020). "Trump's And Biden's Plans For The Environment". NPR. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
BADE, GAVIN (October 14, 2020). "How Biden would use trade agreements to fight global warming". Politico. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
"Biden's hands may be tied on Trump's China tariffs, trade experts say". Reuters. CNBC. September 8, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
"Final Senate Vote on NAFTA". Public Citizen. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
Edward Wong, Michael Crowley & Ana Swanson, Joe Biden's China Journey, New York Times (September 6, 2020).
Kranish, Michael. "Joe Biden let police groups write his crime bill. Now, his agenda has changed". Washington Post.
CNN, Nathan McDermott and Em Steck. "Biden repeatedly pushed bill in Senate that critics said would have made investigating police officers for misconduct more difficult". CNN. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
"Honorary Degree Recipients". University of Scranton. 2008. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
"Honorary Degree Recipients" (PDF). Saint Joseph's University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 4, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
"Senator Biden to Address 123rd Commencement Rites On May 19". Emerson College. May 2003. Archived from the original on September 18, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Archivists, Dsu (May 9, 2018). "Delaware State University Archives and Special Collections: Honorary Degrees". Delaware State University Archives and Special Collections. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
"Honorary Degree Citation for Joseph R. Biden Jr". University of Delaware. May 29, 2004. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
"Commencements". Boston Globe. May 23, 2005. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
"SU Archives: Awards and Honors—Recipient of Honorary Degrees". archives.syr.edu. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
"Honorary Degrees". Commencement News Archive.
"Documents & Publications | University Archives and Records Center". archives.upenn.edu.
"Vice President Joe Biden hails need for immigration reform at Miami Dade College graduation".
"Vice President Joe Biden to deliver UofSC commencement address—University of South Carolina". www.sc.edu.
Dublin, Trinity News and Events, Trinity College. "US Vice President Joe Biden Receives Honorary Doctorate from Trinity College". www.tcd.ie.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"Joe Biden to speak at Colby College commencement". April 17, 2017.
"Former Vice President Joe Biden Is MSU's Spring 2017 Commencement Speaker—The MSU Spokesman". April 14, 2017.
^ Kates, William (May 10, 2009). "Biden tells Syracuse University graduates they have special opportunity to help shape history". Newsday. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
"Five SU alumni to be honored with Arents Awards". Syracuse University. May 25, 2005. Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
"Biden Honored for Making a Difference for Working Families" (Press release). U.S. Senate. August 12, 2008. Archived from the original on November 25, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Haider, Zeeshan (October 28, 2008). "Pakistan gives awards to Biden, Lugar for support". Reuters. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
"Biden ends Balkans tour, heads to Lebanon". Agence France-Presse. May 22, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
"Hall of Fame". Delaware Volunteer Firemen's Association. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
"Hall of Excellence". Little League Baseball. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
May 16, Religion News Service (May 16, 2016). "Biden, Boehner receive high Catholic honor". NewBostonPost. Retrieved July 31, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
"Joe Biden and John Boehner: Our Faith Inspires Political Compromise". Time. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
"Biden receives Freedom of County Louth on visit to Cooley Peninsula | Talk of the Town". talkofthetown.ie. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
"Obama awards Biden Presidential Medal of Freedom". Boston Globe. January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Shear, Michael D. (January 12, 2017). "Obama Surprises Joe Biden With Presidential Medal of Freedom". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
"Biden surprised with Presidential Medal of Freedom". The Miami Herald. January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
"Biden School | UDaily". www.udel.edu.

Books

Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. Washington. ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Bronner, Ethan (1989). Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-02690-6.
Gadsen, Brett (October 8, 2012). Between North and South: Delaware, Desegregation, and the Myth of American Sectionalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0797-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Mayer, Jane; Abramson, Jill (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-63318-4.
Moritz, Charles, ed. (1987). Current Biography Yearbook 1987. New York: H. W. Wilson Company.
Wolffe, Richard (2009). Renegade: The Making of a President. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-307-46312-8.
Levingston, Steven; Dyson, Michael (2019). Barack and Joe: The Making of an Extraordinary Partnership. Hachette. ISBN 978-0-316-48788-7.

External links

Library resources about
Joe Biden

Official

Presidential campaign website
White House biography (archived)

Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress

Other

Joe Biden

46th President of the United States (2021–present)
47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017)
U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009)

Early career

Presidency

Appointments

Legislation

2021	American Rescue Plan Act Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act Consolidated Appropriations Act Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act National Defense Authorization Act RENACER Act Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act
2022	Bipartisan Safer Communities Act CHIPS and Science Act Consolidated Appropriations Act Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act No TikTok on Government Devices Act Pregnant Workers Fairness Act State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act Emmett Till Antilynching Act Inflation Reduction Act Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act PACT Act National Defense Authorization Act Postal Service Reform Act Respect for Marriage Act Speak Out Act Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
2023	COVID-19 Origin Act Fiscal Responsibility Act National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 DCA agreement between Finland and the US
2024	ADVANCE Act Consolidated Appropriations Act National Security Act Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act

Policies

Timeline

Elections

U.S. Senate	1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008
Vice presidential	2008 campaign selection convention debate election transition 2012 campaign convention debate election
Presidential	1988 campaign primaries 2008 campaign primaries debates 2020 campaign basement campaign endorsements celebrity organizations Congress state and territorial officials municipal officials primaries endorsements debates Unity Task Forces running mate selection convention debates election protests 2024 campaign withdrawal Democratic opposition primaries endorsements protest vote movements debate