1876–77 United States Senate elections

(Redirected from 1876 United States Senate election in Delaware)

Dates vary by state
(And other dates for special elections)

26 of the 76 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
39 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Leader	Henry B. Anthony	John W. Stevenson (retired)
Party	Republican	Democratic
Leader since	March 4, 1863	March 4, 1873
Leader's seat	Rhode Island	Kentucky
Seats before	45	30
Seats won	11	14
Seats after	39	35
Seat change	6	5
Seats up	17	9

	Third party	Fourth party

Party	Anti-Monopoly	Independent
Seats before	1	0
Seats won	0	1
Seats after	1	1
Seat change		1
Seats up	0	0

Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Independent gain

Majority Party before election

Republican

Elected Majority Party

Republican

The 1876–77 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with Rutherford B. Hayes's narrow election as president. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1876 and 1877, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.

Although the Republican Party maintained their Senate majority, the Democratic Party gained five seats.

Results summary

Senate party division, 45th Congress (1877–1879)

Majority party: Republican (39)
Minority party: Democratic (35)
Other parties: Anti-Monopoly (1), Independent (1)
Total seats: 76

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the November 15, 1876 elections in the new state of Colorado.

R₂₉ Ran	R₃₀ Ran	R₃₁ Ran	R₃₂ Ran	R₃₃ Ran	R₃₄ Ran	R₃₅ Ran	R₃₆ Ran	R₃₇ Ran	R₃₈ Ran
D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈ Retired	D₂₇ Retired	D₂₆ Ran	D₂₅ Ran	D₂₄ Ran	D₂₃ Ran	D₂₂ Ran	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
D₂₉ Retired	D₃₀ Retired	AM₁	R₄₅ Retired	R₄₄ Retired	R₄₃ Retired	R₄₂ Retired	R₄₁ Unknown	R₄₀ Unknown	R₃₉ Unknown
Majority →									R₃₉ Unknown
R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

After the elections

R₂₉ Re-elected	R₃₀ Re-elected	R₃₁ Re-elected	R₃₂ Re-elected	R₃₃ Re-elected	R₃₄ Hold	R₃₅ Hold	R₃₆ Hold	R₃₇ Hold	R₃₈ Hold
D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈ Hold	D₂₇ Hold	D₂₆ Hold	D₂₅ Re-elected	D₂₄ Re-elected	D₂₃ Re-elected	D₂₂ Re-elected	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
D₂₉ Hold	D₃₀ Hold	D₃₁ Gain	D₃₂ Gain	D₃₃ Gain	D₃₄ Gain	D₃₅ Gain	I₁ Gain	AM₁	R₃₉ Hold
Majority →									R₃₉ Hold
R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Key:

AM_#	Anti-Monopoly Party
D_#	Democratic
I_#	Independent
R_#	Republican

Race summaries

Special elections during the 44th Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1876 or in 1877 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Louisiana (Class 3)	Vacant			Senate had declined to seat rival claimants William L. McMillen and P. B. S. Pinchback. Senator elected January 12, 1876. Democratic gain.	▌Y James B. Eustis (Democratic) [data missing]
Connecticut (Class 3)	James E. English	Democratic	1875 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor elected. New senator elected May 17, 1876. Democratic hold.	▌Y William Barnum (Democratic) [data missing]
Colorado (Class 2)	None (new state)			Colorado admitted to the Union August 1, 1876. First senator elected November 15, 1876. Republican gain. Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Henry M. Teller (Republican) [data missing]
Colorado (Class 3)	None (new state)			Colorado admitted to the Union August 1, 1876. First senator elected November 15, 1876. Republican gain.	▌Y Jerome B. Chaffee (Republican) [data missing]
Tennessee (Class 1)	David M. Key	Democratic	1875 (appointed)	Interim appointee lost special election. New senator elected January 19, 1877 on the 74th ballot. Democratic hold.	▌Y James E. Bailey (Democratic) 55 ▌David M. Key (Democratic) 38 ▌W. B. Bates (Unknown) 7
Maine (Class 2)	James G. Blaine	Republican	1876 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 17, 1877. Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y James G. Blaine (Republican) 139 ▌William P. Haines (Unknown) 33
West Virginia (Class 1)	Samuel Price	Democratic	1876 (appointed)	Interim appointee lost special election. New senator elected January 26, 1877 on the 5th ballot. Democratic hold.	▌Y Frank Hereford (Democratic) 70 ▌Samuel Price (Democratic) 10 ▌Henry S. Walker (Unknown) 4 ▌R. F. Dennis (Unknown) 1 Other 1 vote

Races leading to the 45th Congress

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1877; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	George Goldthwaite	Democratic	1870	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1876. Democratic hold.	▌Y John T. Morgan (Democratic) [data missing]
Arkansas	Powell Clayton	Republican	1870	Unknown if incumbent retired or ran for re-election. New senator elected January 16, 1877. Democratic gain.	▌Y Augustus Garland (Democratic) 113 ▌T. D. W. Youlee (Unknown) 8
Colorado	Henry M. Teller	Republican	1876 (new state)	Incumbent re-elected in 1876 or 1877.	▌Y Henry M. Teller (Republican) [data missing]
Delaware	Eli Saulsbury	Democratic	1870	Incumbent re-elected in 1876.	▌Y Eli Saulsbury (Democratic) [data missing]
Georgia	Thomas M. Norwood	Democratic	1871 (readmission)	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 26, 1877 on the fourth ballot. Democratic hold.	▌Y Benjamin Harvey Hill (Democratic) 114 ▌Thomas M. Norwood (Democratic) 85 ▌Herschel V. Johnson (Democratic) 6 ▌James M. Smith (Democratic) 5 ▌Charles J. Jenkins (Democratic) 1
Illinois	John A. Logan	Republican	1870–71	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 25, 1877 on the fortieth ballot. Independent gain.	▌Y David Davis (Independent) 101 ▌Charles B. Lawrence (Unknown) 94 ▌John C. Haines (Republican) 3 ▌John A. Logan (Republican) 1 Other 1
Iowa	George G. Wright	Republican	1870	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 19, 1876. Republican hold.	▌Y Samuel J. Kirkwood (Republican) 108 ▌Shepard Leffler (Unknown) 37
Kansas	James M. Harvey	Republican	1874 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New elected January 31, 1877 on the seventeenth ballot. Republican hold.	▌Y Preston B. Plumb (Republican) 89 ▌David P. Lowe (Republican) 63 ▌John Martin (Republican) 8 ▌Thomas A. Osborn (Republican) eliminated ▌James M. Harvey (Republican) eliminated Others 3
Kentucky	John W. Stevenson	Democratic	1871	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1876. Democratic hold.	▌Y James B. Beck (Democratic) [data missing]
Louisiana	Joseph R. West	Republican	1870–71	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 10, 1877. Republican hold.	▌Y William P. Kellogg (Republican) [data missing]
Maine	James G. Blaine	Republican	1876 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 16, 1877. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above.	▌Y James G. Blaine (Republican) 139 ▌William P. Haines (Unknown) 33
Massachusetts	George S. Boutwell	Republican	1873 (special)	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected in 1877. Republican hold.	▌Y George F. Hoar (Republican) 146 ▌Josiah G. Abbott (Democratic) 62 ▌George S. Boutwell (Republican) 47 ▌Alexander H. Rice (Republican) 19 ▌Alexander H. Bullock (Republican) 1 ▌Julius H. Seelye (Independent) 1 ▌Paul A. Chadbourne (Republican) 1
Michigan	Thomas W. Ferry	Republican	1871	Incumbent re-elected in 1877.	▌Y Thomas W. Ferry (Republican) [data missing]
Minnesota	William Windom	Republican	1870 (appointed) 1871	Incumbent re-elected in 1877.	▌Y William Windom (Republican) [data missing]
Mississippi	James L. Alcorn	Republican	1870	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1876. Democratic gain.	▌Y Lucius Q. C. Lamar (Democratic) [data missing]
Nebraska	Phineas Hitchcock	Republican	1870	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1877. Republican hold.	▌Y Alvin Saunders (Republican) ▌Phineas Hitchcock (Republican) [data missing]
New Hampshire	Aaron H. Cragin	Republican	1864 1870	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1876. Republican hold.	▌Y Edward H. Rollins (Republican) [data missing]
New Jersey	Frederick T. Frelinghuysen	Republican	1870–71	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 24, 1877. Democratic gain.	▌Y John R. McPherson (Democratic) 41 ▌Cortland Parker (Unknown) 18 ▌George M. Robeson (Republican) 11 ▌Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (Republican) 10 ▌William Walter Phelps (Republican) 1
North Carolina	Matt W. Ransom	Democratic	1872 (special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1876.	▌Y Matt W. Ransom (Democratic) [data missing]
Oregon	James K. Kelly	Democratic	1870	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y La Fayette Grover (Democratic) [data missing]
Rhode Island	Henry B. Anthony	Republican	1858 1864 1870	Incumbent re-elected in 1876.	▌Y Henry B. Anthony (Republican) [data missing]
South Carolina	Thomas J. Robertson	Republican	1868 (readmission) 1870	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1876. Democratic gain.	▌Y Matthew Butler (Democratic) [data missing]
Tennessee	Henry Cooper	Democratic	1870–71	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 10, 1877. Democratic hold.	▌Y Isham G. Harris (Democratic) 77 ▌L. L. Hawkins (Unknown) 19 ▌James D. Porter (Democratic) 1 ▌Horace Harrison (Republican) 1 ▌W. B. Bates (Unknown) 1
Texas	Morgan C. Hamilton	Republican	1870 (readmission) 1871	Incumbent retired. New senator elected May 5, 1876 on third ballot. Democratic gain.	▌Y Richard Coke (Democratic) 68 ▌John Ireland (Democratic) 49
Virginia	John W. Johnston	Democratic	1870 (readmission) 1871	Incumbent re-elected in 1877.	▌Y John W. Johnston (Democratic) [data missing]
West Virginia	Henry G. Davis	Democratic	1871	Incumbent re-elected January 26, 1877 on the fourth ballot.	▌Y Henry G. Davis (Democratic) 60 ▌Charles J. Faulkner (Democratic) 19 ▌Gideon D. Camden (Democratic) 3 ▌John Brannon (Unknown) 2 ▌John J. Davis (Democratic) 1 Other 1

Elections during the 45th Congress

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1877 after March 4.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Pennsylvania (Class 3)	Simon Cameron	Republican	1857 1861 (resigned) 1867 1873	Incumbent resigned March 12, 1877. New senator elected March 20, 1877. Republican hold.	▌Y J. Donald Cameron (Republican) ▌Andrew H. Dill (Democratic) ▌Hiester Clymer (Democratic) ▌Andrew G. Curtin (Democratic) ▌John Jackson (Democratic)
Ohio (Class 3)	John Sherman	Republican	1861 (special) 1866 1872	Incumbent resigned March 8, 1877 to become U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. New senator elected March 21, 1877. Republican hold.	▌Y Stanley Matthews (Republican) 82 ▌Alfred Ginther (Unknown) 6 ▌Frank H. Hurd (Democratic) 1 Blank 34

Alabama

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Arkansas

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Colorado

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Colorado (initial, class 2)

Colorado (initial, class 3)

Colorado (regular)

Connecticut (special)

Delaware

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Georgia

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Illinois

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Iowa

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Kansas

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Kentucky

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Louisiana

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Louisiana (special)

Louisiana (regular)

Maine

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Maine (regular)

Maine (special)

Massachusetts

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Michigan

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Minnesota

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Mississippi

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Nebraska

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New Hampshire

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New Jersey

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North Carolina

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Ohio (special)

Oregon

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Pennsylvania (special)

The special election in Pennsylvania was held March 20, 1877.

Republican Senator Simon Cameron had been elected to the United States Senate by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1867 and was re-elected in 1873. Sen. Cameron resigned on March 12, 1877.

Following the resignation of Simon Cameron, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 20, 1877, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Former United States Secretary of War J. Donald Cameron, Simon Cameron's son, was elected to complete his father's term, set to expire on March 4, 1879. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

Pennsylvania Results
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	J. Donald Cameron	147	58.57
	Democratic	Andrew H. Dill	92	36.65
	Democratic	Hiester Clymer	1	0.40
	Democratic	Andrew G. Curtin	1	0.40
	Democratic	John Jackson	1	0.40
	N/A	Not voting	9	3.59
Totals			251	100.00%

Rhode Island

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South Carolina

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Tennessee

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Tennessee (regular)

Tennessee (special)

Texas

1876 United States Senate election in Texas

← 1870

May 3–5, 1876

1882 →

Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature


Candidate	Richard Coke	John Ireland
Party	Democratic	Democratic
First ballot	49 votes 40.2%	39 votes 32.0%
Third ballot	68 votes 58.1%	49 votes 41.9%

U.S. senator before election

Morgan C. Hamilton
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Richard Coke
Democratic

Incumbent Republican Morgan C. Hamilton did not run for re-election. Since his initial election in 1870, the Democratic Party had taken control of the Texas Legislature, ensuring that a Democrat would replace him. Incumbent governor Richard Coke defeated former Texas Supreme Court justice John Ireland on the third ballot. U.S. Representative John Hancock and former governor Fletcher Stockdale also ran, but they dropped out after the second round of balloting.

1876 United States Senate election in Texas first ballot
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Coke	49	40.2%
	Democratic	John Ireland	39	32.0%
	Democratic	John Hancock	29	23.8%
	Democratic	Fletcher Stockdale	5	4.1%
Total votes			122	100.0%

1876 United States Senate election in Texas third ballot
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Coke	68	58.1%
	Democratic	John Ireland	49	41.9%
Total votes			117	100.0%
	Democratic gain from Republican

Virginia

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West Virginia

West Virginia (special)

1877 United States Senate special election in West Virginia

← 1875

January 23–26, 1877

1881 →

Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature


Candidate	Frank Hereford	Samuel Price	Henry S. Walker
Party	Democratic	Democratic	Democratic
First ballot	21 votes 24.1%	24 votes 27.6%	16 votes 18.4%
Fourth ballot	70 votes 81.4%	10 votes 11.6%	4 votes 4.7%

U.S. senator before election

Samuel Price
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Frank Hereford
Democratic

First-term Democrat Allen T. Caperton died July 26, 1876, in his second year in office. Fellow-Democrat Samuel Price was appointed August 26, 1876 to continue the term, pending a special election in which he was a candidate. Price lost the election to Democratic congressman Frank Hereford January 26, 1877 on the fourth ballot.

Appointed incumbent Samuel Price and challengers Frank Hereford and Henry S. Walker, three prominent state Democrats, fought for the party's nomination over seven ballots and three sessions, without much movement in any direction. On January 26, with the Democrats unable to make a nomination, legislative Republicans broke the deadlock by throwing their support to Hereford on the floor.

Democratic nomination
Candidate	Ballots
Candidate	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th
Frank Hereford	21	19	18	18	21	18	18
Samuel Price	20	20	21	19	20	13	16
Henry S. Walker	17	19	16	19	18	23	17
Scattered	7	8	9	6	4	6	13
Total	65	66	64	62	63	60	64
Needed to win	35

House and Senate balloting
Party		Candidate	House		Senate
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Votes	%
	Democratic	Frank Hereford	18	28.6	3	13.0
	Democratic	Samuel Price	15	23.8	7	30.4
	Democratic	Henry S. Walker	9	14.3	6	26.1
	Republican	John S. Carlile	15	23.8	4	17.4
	Democratic	Robert F. Dennis	2	3.2	3	13.0
	Democratic	Ira J. McGinnis	1	1.6	0	0.0
	Democratic	Thomas J. Farnsworth	1	1.6	0	0.0
	Democratic	John B. Hoge	1	1.6	0	0.0
	Democratic	William E. Arnold	1	1.6	0	0.0
Total			63	100	23	100
Needed to win			32	>50	12	>50

Joint Session balloting
Party		Candidate	Ballots
Party		Candidate	1st	2nd	3rd	4th
	Democratic	Frank Hereford	21	28	25	70
	Democratic	Samuel Price	24	23	26	10
	Democratic	Henry S. Walker	16	12	19	4
	Democratic	James H. Ferguson	3	15	3	0
	Democratic	Robert F. Dennis	6	6	7	1
	Other candidates		17	3	7	1
Total			87	87	87	86
Needed to win			44	44	44	44

Hereford resigned from the House January 31, 1877, thereby qualifying for the Senate. He only finished the term and left office in 1881.

West Virginia (regular)

1877 United States Senate election in West Virginia

← 1871

January 23–26, 1877

1883 →

Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature


Candidate	Henry G. Davis	Charles J. Faulkner
Party	Democratic	Democratic
First ballot	24 votes 27.6%	24 votes 27.6%
Third ballot	60 votes 69.0%	19 votes 21.8%

U.S. senator before election

Henry G. Davis
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Henry G. Davis
Democratic

First-term Democrat Henry G. Davis was re-elected January 26, 1877 on the third ballot.

Democratic nomination
Candidate	Ballots
Candidate	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th
Charles J. Faulkner	22	24	26	23	25	22	22
Henry G. Davis	22	21	19	18	21	20	22
John Brannon	2	4	5	4	4	7	4
Gideon D. Camden	7	3	4	3	1	4	2
John J. Davis	4	5	4	10	8	6	6
Scattered	8	6	5	3	2	5	8
Total	65	63	63	61	61	64	64
Needed to win	35

House and Senate balloting
Party		Candidate	House		Senate
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Votes	%
	Democratic	Henry G. Davis	21	33.3	6	26.1
	Democratic	Charles J. Faulkner	18	28.6	7	30.4
	Democratic	Gideon D. Camden	3	4.8	4	17.4
	Democratic	John Brannon	5	7.9	2	8.7
	Democratic	John J. Davis	10	15.9	2	8.7
	Democratic	Johnson N. Camden	1	1.6	2	8.7
	Republican	Archibald Campbell	1	1.6	0	0.0
	Democratic	Alpheus F. Haymond	1	1.6	0	0.0
	Democratic	Daniel D. Johnson	1	1.6	0	0.0
	Democratic	Daniel Lamb	1	1.6	0	0.0
	Republican	George Loomis	1	1.6	0	0.0
Total			63	100	23	100
Needed to win			32	>50	12	>50

Joint Session balloting
Party		Candidate	Ballots
Party		Candidate	1st	2nd	3rd
	Democratic	Henry G. Davis	24	26	60
	Democratic	Charles J. Faulkner	24	23	19
	Democratic	John Brannon	11	15	2
	Democratic	Gideon D. Camden	5	6	3
	Democratic	John J. Davis	15	12	1
	Other candidates		8	5	2
Total			87	87	87
Needed to win			44	44	44

Davis would retire after this second term, in 1883.

Notes

as Republican Conference Chair
as Democratic Caucus Chair
"Eighteen Republicans voted for Garland, of whom five were colored."

References

"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
Taft, George S. (1885). Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1885 - Pages 483 - 512. U.S. Government Publishing Office.
^ J. F. Cleveland, etc. (ed.). The Tribune almanac and political register. 1874-78. The Tribune Association. pp. 31–33.
Journal of the House of Representatives of the Sixteenth General Assembly of the State of Iowa. 1876. pp. 36–37 – via Google books.
Taylor & Taylor, p. 76, vol. II.
"CAMERON, Simon, (1799 - 1889)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
"CAMERON, James Donald, (1833 - 1918)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
"U.S. Senate Election - 20 March 1877" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
Barr, Chester Alwyn Jr. (1971). Reconstruction to Reform. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 27–31. ISBN 0-292-70135-7. LCCN 73-165911.
"No more caucus. Elected two senators". Wheeling Daily Register. January 27, 1877 – via NewspaperArchive.
^ "Caucus". Wheeling Daily Register. January 23, 1877 – via NewspaperArchive.
^ "Caucus Proceedings". Wheeling Daily Register. January 25, 1877 – via NewspaperArchive.
^ "Caucus Proceedings". Wheeling Daily Register. January 26, 1877 – via NewspaperArchive.

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project
Taylor, William Alexander; Taylor, Aubrey Clarence (1899). Ohio statesmen and annals of progress: from the year 1788 to the year 1900. State of Ohio.

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(popular election)

Regulars and even-year specials	1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028
Odd-year specials	1921 1923 1925 1931 1933 1937 1941 1947 1949 1957 1959 1961 1974–75 1983 1991 1993 2013 2017 2020–21 List of all specials

Elections by state

Reconstruction era

Participants

Federal government

Presidents

Congress

Federal judiciary

Federal bureaucracy

State governments

Others

Elections

Presidential	1864 DNC National Union Convention Radical Democracy Party 1868 DNC RNC 1872 DNC RNC Liberal Republican Party Straight-Out Democratic Party Victoria Woodhull 1876 DNC RNC Greenback Convention Prohibition Convention Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877
U.S. Senate	1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77
U.S. House	1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77
Gubernatorial	1863 AL CA CT KY MA MN NH OH PA VA VT WI WV 1864 CT IL IN LA MD MA MI MO NH VT WV 1865 CT FL LA MA MN NJ OH SC VT WI 1866 CT DE MA ME MI NC OR PA TX VT WV 1867 CA CT MA MD ME MN OH VT WI 1868 AL CT FL IL IN LA MA ME MI MO NC NJ SC VT WV 1869 CT IA MA ME MN MS OH PA RI VA VT WI 1870 AL CT DE MA ME MI MO OR RI SC VT WV 1871 CA CT IA KY MA MD ME MN NJ OH RI WI 1872 AL CT FL IL IN LA MA ME MI MO NC PA RI SC VT WV 1873 CT IA MA ME MN MS OH TX VA WI 1874 AL CT DE KS MA ME MI MO NJ NV OR SC VT 1875 CA CT IA KY MA MD ME MN OH OH WI 1876 AL CO CT Apr. CT Nov. FL IL IN KS LA MA ME MI MO NC RI SC VT WV
U.S. elections	1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876

Key events

Prelude	American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (1838) Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1839) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) National Women's Rights Convention (1850) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (1862) Militia Act of 1862
1863	Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction Ten percent plan National Bank Act Women's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1863 State of the Union Address
1864	Wade–Davis Bill 1864 elections 1864 State of the Union Address
1865	13th Amendment Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Address Black Codes Special Field Orders No. 15 Freedmen's Bureau Freedmen's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University New Departure 1865 State of the Union Address Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
1866	Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis massacre of 1866 New Orleans Massacre of 1866 Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 1866 elections
1867	Tenure of Office Act Command of Army Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Pulaski riot Reconstruction Acts Reconstruction military districts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 1867 State of the Union Address
1868	14th Amendment Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Timeline Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson Impeachment managers investigation Articles of impeachment Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. Stanton 1868 elections 1868 State of the Union Address
1869	National Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association Alabama Claims Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo Board of Indian Commissioners Public Credit Act of 1869 Black Friday (1869) Ex parte McCardle First transcontinental railroad 1869 State of the Union Address
1870	15th Amendment Enforcement Act of 1870 Justice Department Naturalization Act of 1870 Kirk–Holden war Shoffner Act 1870 elections 1870 State of the Union Address
1871	Ku Klux Klan hearings Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Alcorn State University Meridian race riot of 1871 Treaty of Washington New York custom house ring Civil service commission United States expedition to Korea 1871 State of the Union Address
1872	General Mining Act of 1872 Crédit Mobilier scandal Modoc War Star Route scandal Salary Grab Act Amnesty Act 1872 elections 1872 State of the Union Address
1873	Panic of 1873 Colfax massacre Timber Culture Act Slaughter-House Cases Virginius Affair Coinage Act of 1873 Long Depression Comstock laws 1873 State of the Union Address
1874	Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Coushatta massacre Red River War Timber Culture Act White League Election Massacre of 1874 Vicksburg massacre Black Hills Gold Rush Sanborn incident Anti-Moiety Acts 1874 elections 1874 State of the Union Address
1875	United States v. Cruikshank Civil Rights Act of 1875 Red Shirts Mississippi Plan Clifton Riot of 1875 Yazoo City Riot of 1875 Specie Payment Resumption Act Whiskey Ring Wheeler Compromise Delano affair Pratt & Boyd 1875 State of the Union Address
1876	Hamburg massacre South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 Ellenton massacre Great Sioux War of 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn United States v. Reese Trader post scandal Centennial Exposition Cattellism Safe burglary conspiracy 1876 elections 1876 State of the Union Address
1877	Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Nez Perce War Desert Land Act Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Aftermath	Posse Comitatus Act (1878) Civil Rights Cases (1883) United States v. Harris (1883) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Giles v. Harris (1903) Disenfranchisement

Aspects

Historiography	Bibliography of the Reconstruction era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State (1874) James Bryce The American Commonwealth (1888) Claude G. Bowers The Tragic Era (1929) Columbia University John Burgess Walter Lynwood Fleming Dunning School William Archibald Dunning Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W. E. B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction in America (1935) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock The American Crisis (1963) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom (1947) After Slavery (1965) Leon Litwack Been in the Storm So Long (1979) Eric Foner Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988) Kenneth M. Stampp Steven Hahn A Nation Under Our Feet (2003) The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (2019)
Memory	Winslow Homer A Visit from the Old Mistress (1876) Thomas Dixon Jr. The Leopard's Spots (1902) The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (1905) D. W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation (1915) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind (1939) David W. Blight Race and Reunion (2001)
Legacy	Women's suffrage in the United States Labor history of the United States Gilded Age Jim Crow era Civil rights movement American frontier
Other topics	African American founding fathers of the United States Forty acres and a mule Habeas corpus History of the United States (1865–1917) Paramilitary Race (human categorization) Reconstruction Treaties Suffrage Technological and industrial history of the United States White supremacy Whitecapping

Category

Categories:

Results summary

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the elections

Race summaries

Special elections during the 44th Congress

Races leading to the 45th Congress

Elections during the 45th Congress

Alabama

Arkansas

Colorado

Colorado (initial, class 2)

Colorado (initial, class 3)

Colorado (regular)

Connecticut (special)

Delaware

Georgia

Illinois

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Louisiana (special)

Louisiana (regular)

Maine

Maine (regular)

Maine (special)

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Nebraska

New Hampshire

New Jersey

North Carolina

Ohio (special)

Oregon

Pennsylvania (special)

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Tennessee (regular)

Tennessee (special)

Texas

Virginia

West Virginia

West Virginia (special)

West Virginia (regular)

See also

Notes

References

Further reading