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Elections in Connecticut
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Hartford Mayor 1979 1981 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023
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Stamford Mayor 2017 2021 2025
Waterbury Mayoral Elections 2019
v t e

Elections are currently held every four years to elect the mayor of Hartford, Connecticut.

From 1947 until 1969, rather than being individually elected, a mayor was chosen from among the members of Hartford's city council. Both prior and subsequent to this, partisan direct elections have been held to sleet the city's mayor.

Elections were originally to two year terms. On November 5, 2002, residents of Hartford voted to make changes to the Hartford City Charter taking effect on January 1, 2004, including extending mayoral terms to four years.

1935

General election result

Mayor-elect Pilgard died at St. Francis Hospital in Hartford (Saint Francis Hospital & Medical Center) on November 14, 1935. On December 3, 1935, by a 14-6 vote, the city council chose Thomas J. Spellacy to finish Pilgard's term in office.

1937

General election result

1939

General election result

1941

General election result

Mayor Spellacy was also endorsed by the Socialist Party and Union Party tickets.

1943

General election result

Mayor O'Connor was also endorsed by the Socialist Party ticket. He received 22,970 votes on the Democratic Party ballot line and 195 votes on the Socialist Party ballot line. In July 1943, O'Connor had replaced Mayor Thomas J. Spellacy, who had resigned.

1945

General election result

Turnout was approximately 59% of the 82,700 eligible voters. Mayor Moylan died in office in late December 1946. By a 15-4 vote, the city council chose Edward N. Allen to finish Moylan's term in office.

1947

General election result

On November 4, 1947, the voters elected a nine-member city council in a non-partisan election. The council was tasked with selecting a city manager.

1969

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1971

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1973

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1975

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1977

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1979

The 1979 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 6, 1979. It saw George A. Athanson win reelection to a fifth term.

Democratic primary

The Democratic primary was held on September 11.

Candidates

• George A. Athanson, incumbent mayor
• Nicholas R. Carbone, deputy mayor

Results

The city's Democratic committee endorsed Carbone for election ahead of the primary.

Anthanson won by a large margin. The slate for the Democratic nominations for city council he had backed, which was regarded as the "weaker" slate by political observers, also won election.

Turnout was over 46%.

Republican nomination

Hartford's Republican Town Chairman Joseph P. Mozzicato attempted to make sure no Republican nominee would run for the mayoralty, seeing the mayoral election as a losing race, and preferring to spend the party's money focussing on the City Council election. Registered Republican voters comprised only 7,000 of Hartford's roughly 140,000 residents. The Republican Party, however, ultimately nominated Michael T. McGarry.

Independent candidates

• William E. Glynn (independent Democrat), former mayor (1961–1965)
• Joseph Mazzafera (Independent)

Withdrawn

• Donna C. McDonald (U.S. Labor Party)

General election result

1981

The 1981 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 3, 1981. It saw Thirman L. Milner win election. The election made Milner the first popularly elected black mayor of a city in New England. Black people made up one-third of the city's population at the time. Milner defeated five-term incumbent mayor George A. Athanson in the Democratic primary.

Democratic primary

Candidates

• George A. Athanson, incumbent mayor
• Robert F. Ludgin, deputy mayor and city councilor
• Thirman L. Milner, Connecticut state representative
• Johanna C. Murphy, community activist

Initial primary (September 8)

Incumbent mayor George A. Athanson won the initial primary held on September 8, defeating runner-up Milner by a mere 94 votes. This result would ultimately be nullified in court.

Heading into the election, Athanson was regarded to be a well-liked figure in the city.

Milner's strong performance regarded as a surprise, outperforming polls and many expectations. One Hartford Courant poll ahead of the primary had shown Athanson leading Milner by a much greater 14-point margin (35% to 21%).

The result had largely corresponded to racial lines, with Milner performing well in the predominantly black North End (where he lived), and with Athanson and Ludgin splitting the predominantly white South End. Murphy had performed her best in the liberal West End of the city (where she lived). Athanson performed well in the South End of the city. However, he underperformed on the North End, and lost the West End to Murray. Milner performed strongly in the North End of the city, and had some strong performances in some parts of the West End. In the Blue Hills portion of Hartford, Milner routed Athanson.

Ludgin, elected in 1977 to The Hartford City Council as an outsider, had made many enemies and put-off many voters through his aggressive leadership style in his two years in office. Murray, a community activist, was a first-time candidate for elected office.

Unlike in 1979, the city's Democratic committee endorsed Athanson for reelection ahead of the primary.

Rerun (October 13)

Voting irregularities in the September 8 Democratic primary led Connecticut Superior Court judge Douglass B. Wright to order a rerun of the Democratic primary to take place on October 13, after Milner brought a challenge to the court and city officials and Athanson agreed in court to allow a rerun.

In the rerun of the primary, Milner defeated incumbent mayor George A. Athanson, in large part, due to a very strong showing in the city's North End.

Republican primary

Michael T. McGarry won the Republican primary. He defeated Donald B. LaCroix. LaCroix had been endorsed by the city's Republican Party organization ahead of the primary. LaCroix had a record of running losing campaigns for elected office. McGarry had been the more known figure of the two.

Independent candidates

• Robert F. Ludgin (Democrat)

General election

Milner continued to receive strong support from the city's North Side, winning 90% of the roughly 9,500 votes cast there in the general election.

1983

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1985

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1987

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1989

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1991

1991 Hartford mayoral election

← 1989 November 5, 1991 1993 →

Candidate Carrie Saxon Perry Party Democratic Popular vote 7,987 Percentage 100%

Mayor before election Carrie Saxon Perry Democratic Elected mayor Carrie Saxon Perry Democratic

The 1991 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 5, 1991. Incumbent Carrie Saxon Perry was reelected to a third consecutive term, defeating a challenger in the Democratic primary, and running unopposed in the general election.

Democratic primary

The Democratic primary was held on September 10.

Ahead of the Democratic primary, the city's Democratic Party organization endorsed Robert J. Jackson over the incumbent mayor Carrie Saxon Perry. Perry had gone against the city's Democratic machine and ran her own slate of candidates for City Council in the coinciding city council primaries, which ultimately prevailed over all of the incumbents they were challenging.

Republican nomination

The Republican Party nominated no candidate.

General election

1993

1993 Hartford mayoral election

← 1991 November 2, 1993 1995 →

Candidate Michael P. Peters Carrie Saxon Perry Party Independent Democratic Democratic Popular vote 11,768 7,022 Percentage 61.24% 36.54%

Mayor before election Carrie Saxon Perry Democratic Elected mayor Michael P. Peters Democratic

The 1993 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 2, 1993. Incumbent Carrie Saxon Perry lost reelection to Michael P. Peters.

Democratic primary

Candidates

• Yolanda Castillo, Hartford City Council majority leader
• Henrietta S. Milward, deputy mayor
• Carrie Saxon Perry, incumbent mayor
• Michael P. Peters, firefighter

Results

Incumbent mayor Carrie Saxon Perry won renomination, carrying a plurality, with 35% of the vote, defeating three opponents. She carried 10 of the 27 precincts for the election. Her margin of victory over runner-up Peters was roughly 700 votes. Turnout comprised roughly 35% of the city's registered Democrats.

Peters was a firefighter who had previously considered an independent run for mayor in the 1991 mayoral general election, but was dissuaded that year after Perry won that year's Democratic primary by a significant margin.

Republican nomination

The Republican Party nominated no candidate.

Petitioning candidates

• Kennth A. Mink (Independent)
• Michael P. Peters, firefighter (Democrat)
• Nora Wyatt Jr., reverend (Independent)

General election

Facing the strong prospect of a loss to Peters, a white candidate, the black Perry brought in several notable black national political figures, such as Carol Moseley Braun and Jesse Jackson, to endorse her. Perry's supporters, at a rally featuring Jackson, distributed flyers which implied that Peters would undo the last decade of progress for the city's black populace.

Perry also received endorsements from mayors of other Connecticut municipalities, such as Bridgeport's Joseph Ganim, New Haven's John C. Daniels and West Haven's Richard Borer. She also received the endorsement of John DeStefano Jr., the Democratic nominee in the coinciding New Haven mayoral election.

While Perry and her supporters adopted the tactic of attacking Peters, Peters largely went without even mentioning Perry, instead focusing on promoting his proposals for the city.

Peters unseated Perry, becoming the first independent to become mayor of Hartford since at least 1953.

Peters benefited from strong support and turnout among the city's white electorate. Turnout in the city's white South End wards averaged 60%, while the citywide turnout only averaged 45%. In the three most predominantly white precincts on the city's South End, Peters won 90% of the vote. Peters also received more support in precincts located in the predominantly black North End than most white candidates had managed to receive there in election over the previous decade, receiving roughly 20% of the vote in those precincts.

Peters carried 19 districts. Perry carried 8 voting districts, most of them being in the North Side.

1995

1995 Hartford mayoral election

← 1993 November 7, 1995 1997 →

Candidate Michael P. Peters Elizabeth Horton Sheff Party Democratic Independent Democratic Popular vote 10,170 1,788 Percentage 85.05% 14.95%

Mayor before election Michael P. Peters Democratic Elected mayor Michael P. Peters Democratic

The 1995 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 7, 1995. Incumbent Michael P. Peters was reelected.

Democratic primary

Incumbent mayor Michael P. Peters defeated city councilwoman Elizabeth Horton Sheff in the Democratic primary.

Republican nomination

The Republican Party nominated no candidate.

Petitioning candidates

• Elizabeth Horton Sheff (Democrat), city councilwoman

General election

1997

1997 Hartford mayoral election

← 1995 November 4, 1997 1999 →

Candidate Michael P. Peters Kenneth Mink Party Democratic Independent Democratic Popular vote 8,793 964 Percentage 90.12% 9.88

Mayor before election Michael P. Peters Democratic Elected mayor Michael P. Peters Democratic

The 1997 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 4, 1997. Incumbent Michael P. Peters won reelection to a third term.

Democratic nomination

For only the second time in two decades, Hartford did not have a competitive Democratic primary. Activist Kenneth Mink, who had been an announced challenger of incumbent Mike Peters, failed to file on time the proper forms to run against him in the Democratic primary. The last two times that there had been no competitive primary for the Democratic mayoral nomination were 1989 and 1977.

Republican nomination

The Republican Party nominated no candidate.

Other parties

The Pro Hartford Party opted against running a candidate.

Petitioning candidates

• Kenneth Mink, activist and 1993 mayoral candidate

General election

Michael P. Peters received the endorsement of the Hartford Courant.

Michael P. Peters won every precinct in the city.

1999

1999 Hartford mayoral election

← 1997 November 1, 1999 2001 →
Turnout	18.54%
Candidate Michael P. Peters Party Democratic Popular vote 7,943 Percentage 99.94%
Mayor before election Michael P. Peters Democratic Elected mayor Michael P. Peters Democratic

The 1999 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 1, 1999. Democrat Michael P. Peters won reelection to a fourth term.

Democratic primary

Incumbent Michael P. Peters defeated Juan Morales in the Democratic primary. Morales was a tax and banking consultant who worked with insurance companies. Morales was a relative political newcomer, whose previous political experience included running unsuccessfully for Hartford City Council in 1995.

Republican nomination

The Republican Party nominated no candidate.

Write-ins

• W. Michael Downes, 1995 mayoral candidate

General election results

2001

2001 Hartford mayoral election

← 1999 November 6, 2001 2003 →
Turnout	27.38%
Candidate Eddie Perez Robert F. Ludgin Party Democratic Independent Democratic Popular vote 8,609 1,863 Percentage 74.44% 16.11%
Mayor before election Michael P. Peters Democratic Elected mayor Eddie Perez Democratic

The 2001 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 6, 2001. Democrat Eddie Perez won election. Perez became the city's first hispanic mayor. Hartford was, as of the 2000 United States census, 40.52% Hispanic.

Incumbent mayor Michael P. Peters did not seek reelection.

Democratic primary

The Democratic primary took place on September 11, 2001, the same day as the September 11 attacks.

Ahead of the primary, Eddie A. Perez received the endorsement of the city's Democratic Party organization.

Republican nomination

The Republican Party nominated no candidate.

Libertarian nomination

The Libertarian Party nominated Richard Lion.

Petitioning candidates

• W. Michael Downes, 1995 and 1999 mayoral candidate
• Robert F. Ludgin (Democrat)
• Kenneth A. Mink, activist; 1993 and 1997 mayoral candidate
• Nora Wyatt, Jr

General election results

2003

2003 Hartford mayoral election

← 2001 November 4, 2003 2007 →
Turnout	22.70%
Candidate Eddie Perez Michael T. McGarry Richard Lion Party Democratic Republican Libertarian Popular vote 7,590 1,876 564 Percentage 75.67% 18.70% 5.62%
Mayor before election Eddie Perez Democratic Elected mayor Eddie Perez Democratic

The 2003 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 4, 2003. Incumbent Democrat Eddie Perez won reelection.

The election was to a two-year term. However, in 2004, Hartford residents extended their mayoral terms, which extended Perez's second term through 2008.

Democratic primary

Perez won renomination unopposed, in a Democratic Party primary in which 6,267 votes were cast (21% of the city's registered Democrats).

Republican nomination

The Republican Party nominated Michael T. McGarry, who had run before.

Libertarian nomination

The Libertarian Party nominated Richard Lion, who was also the party's nominee in the 2001 mayoral election.

Petitioning candidates

Withdrawn

• Thirman L. Milner, former mayor (1981–1987)

General election results

2007

2007 Hartford mayoral election

← 2003 November 6, 2007 2011 →
Turnout	31.76%
Candidate Eddie Perez I. Charles Matthews Party Democratic Independent Democrat Popular vote 6,453 4,556 Percentage 48.84% 34.47%   Candidate Minnie Gonzalez James Stanley McCauley Party Independent Democrat Republican Popular vote 996 721 Percentage 6.56% 5.45%
Mayor before election Eddie Perez Democratic Elected mayor Eddie Perez Democratic

The 2007 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 6, 2007. Incumbent Democrat Eddie Perez won reelection to a third term.

Democratic primary

The Democratic primary was held on September 11.

Candidates

• Frank Barrows, former Connecticut state senator
• Art Feltman, Connecticut state representative
• I. Charles Matthews, lawyer, former Hartford City Council leader, former deputy mayor
• Eddie Perez, incumbent mayor

Disqualified from ballot

• Minnie Gonzalez, Connecticut state representative

Campaign

A large focus of the primary campaign was how Perez had become so dominant in the city's politics.

One of the concerns of the primary campaign was that Perez was facing a criminal investigation relating to the remodeling of his home by a city contractor and deals involving city parking lots. Perez apologized for the home-improvement arrangement, and placed one of the parking lot deals back out to bid. In August, criminal investigators raided Perez's house.

Results

Turnout in the Democratic primary was approximately 25% of the city's registered Democrats.

Perez performed well in the city's South End and West End, but lost a number of North End precincts.

Republican nomination

The Republican Party nominated James Stanley McCauley. McCauley was a minister who had a public-access television show.

Independent candidates

• Rual DeJesus (Democrat)
• Minnie Gonzalez (Democrat), Connecticut state representative
• I. Charles Matthews (Democrat), lawyer, former Hartford City Council leader, former deputy mayor
• Thirman L. Milner (Independent), former mayor (1981–1987)

Withdrawn

• Art Feltman (Democrat), Connecticut state representative
• Patrice Smith (Democrat), reverend and youth advocate

General election campaign

Winning the Democratic primary in Hartford is generally considered tantamount to election. However, fourteen years earlier, independent Michael P. Peters, who served as mayor from 1993 through 2001, had first won election as a petitioning candidate in the general election, after having failed to win the Democratic primary over then-incumbent Carrie Saxon Perry. Registered Democrats in Hartford numbered 30,039, unaffiliated voters numbered 10,454, and Republicans numbered 1,932.

Despite his controversies, Perez received endorsements from Connecticut attorney general Richard Blumenthal, Democratic state chairwoman Nancy DiNardo, Connecticut state comptroller Nancy Wyman.

Former mayor Michael P. Peters endorsed the candidacy of I. Charles Matthews.

Since launching his candidacy in January 2007, Perez had vastly out fundraised and outspent his opponents, raising $593,000 by the end of October. He spent most of the money raised, with only $54,500 of it remaining unspent by the end of October. He spent on consultants, mailers, and in excess of $150,000 in television advertisements. I. Charles Matthews had raised $131,00 by the end of October, though $88,000 of it was self-funding. Minnie Gonzalez raised $56,000 by the end of October. By the end of October, Rual De Jesus had raised $8,000, Thurman Milner had raised $7,000, and J. Stan McCauley had raised $3,000.

General election results

2011

2011 Hartford mayoral election

← 2007 November 8, 2011 2015 →
Turnout	12.51%
Candidate Pedro Segarra James Stanley McCauley Edwin Vargas, Jr. Party Democratic Independent Independent Popular vote 5,736 641 489 Percentage 82.18% 9.18% 7.01%
Mayor before election Pedro Segarra Democratic Elected mayor Pedro Segarra Democratic

The 2011 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 8, 2011. The election saw incumbent Democrat Pedro Segarra win a first full term. He became the first openly-gay individual elected Mayor of Hartford, making Hartford the second U.S. state capital to elect an openly gay mayor (Providence, Rhode Island was the first when they elected David Cicilline). Segarra also became the second hispanic individual to be elected mayor of Hartford, after Perez. As of the 2010 United States census, 43.43% of Hartford's populace was hispanic, which was the largest percentage of any city in the northeastern United States.

Segarra had become mayor in 2010, after mayor Eddie A. Perez resigned after being convicted of corruption.

Democratic primary

Incumbent Democrat Pedro Segarra won renomination.

Republican nomination

The Republican Party did not nominate a candidate, and instead cross-endorsed incumbent Democrat Pedro Segarra.

Petitioning candidates

• James Stanley McCauley, 2007 mayoral candidate
• Patrice Smith
• Edwin Vargas, Jr.

General election

2015

2015 Hartford mayoral election

← 2011 November 3, 2015 2019 →
Turnout	17.31%
Candidate Luke Bronin Joel Cruz Jr. Party Democratic Independent Popular vote 7,550 1,815 Percentage 75.64% 18.18%
Mayor before election Pedro Segarra Democratic Elected mayor Luke Bronin Democratic

The 2015 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 3, 2015. The election was won by Democrat Luke Bronin. Bronin defeated incumbent Pedro Segarra in the Democratic primary.

Democratic primary

The Democratic primary was held on September 15.

Ahead of the primary, held on Luke Bronin had won the endorsement of the Democratic primary. He defeated incumbent mayor Pedro Segarra in the primary.

Bronin outspent Segarra by a margin of 3 to 1. Bronin had raised $800,000 in his primary campaign.

Turnout in the Democratic primary was approximately 26%.

Republican nomination

Theodore T. Cannon won the Republican nomination.

Petitioning candidates

• Joel Cruz, Jr. (independent), city councilman
• Patrice Smith

General election

Hartford is a highly Democratic city; therefore, Bronin was anticipated to win the general election.

2019

2019 Hartford mayoral election

← 2015 November 5, 2019 2023 →
Turnout	14.74%
Candidate Luke Bronin Eddie Perez James Stanley McCauley Party Democratic Independent Democrat Republican Popular vote 7,638 1,221 846 Percentage 76.51% 12.23% 8.47%
Mayor before election Luke Bronin Democratic Elected mayor Luke Bronin Democratic

The 2019 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 5, 2019. Incumbent Democrat Luke Bronin won reelection.

Democratic primary

The Democratic primary was held on September 10. The race had been considered competitive. Incumbent mayor Luke Bronin defeated former mayor Eddie Perez and state representative Brandon McGee in the Democratic primary.

Turnout in the Democratic primary was approximately 22%.

Republican nomination

Republicans cross endorsed candidate J. Stan McCauley, who had been running as an independent. This came despite McCauley identifying himself to be a Democrat. McCauley had twice before been a candidate for mayor.

Libertarian endorsement

Aaron Lewis, founder and director of the Scribe's Institute, changed his party affiliation from Democratic to Libertarian few months before the election and ran as their nominee.

Independent candidates

• W. Michael Downes
• Giselle Gigi Jacobs
• Aaron Lewis (Libertarian)
• Eddie Perez, former mayor (2001–2010)

Write-in candidates

• Tylon R. Butler

General election results

2023

2023 Hartford mayoral election

← 2019 November 7, 2023 2027 →

Candidate Arunan Arulampalam James Stanley McCauley Party Democratic Independent Democrat Popular vote 4,701 737 Percentage 69.2% 10.8%   Candidate Nick Lebron Michael McGarry Party Independent Democrat Republican Popular vote 623 485 Percentage 9.2% 7.1%

Mayor before election Luke Bronin Democratic Elected mayor Arunan Arulampalam Democratic

The 2023 Hartford mayoral election was held on November 7, 2023. Incumbent Democrat Luke Bronin did not run for reelection to a third term.

Democratic primary

The Democratic primary was held on September 12. Arunan Arulampalam was endorsed by both the Hartford Democratic Party and outgoing Mayor Bronin ahead of the primary. He defeated former state Superior Court justice Eric Coleman and state senator John Fonfara in the primary.

Candidates

Nominee

• Arunan Arulampalam, CEO of the Hartford Land Bank

Eliminated in primary

• Eric Coleman, former Connecticut Superior Court justice and former state senator
• John Fonfara, state senator

Did not qualify

• Renardo Dunn, pastor
• Tracy Funnye
• Giselle Jacobs, activist and entrepreneur
• Nick Lebron, city councilor
• James Stanley McCauley, broadcaster

Declined

• Luke Bronin, incumbent mayor

Results

Republican primary

Mike McGarry was unopposed for the Republican nomination.

Independent candidates

Jacobs, Lebron, and McCauley all successfully petitioned their way onto the ballot after failing to make the Democratic primary ballot.

• Mark Stewart Greenstein, attorney and perennial candidate
• Giselle Jacobs, activist and entrepreneur
• Nick Lebron, city councilor
• James Stanley McCauley, broadcaster

Results

External links

Official campaign websites

• Arunan Arulampalam (D) for Mayor
• Eric Coleman (D) for Mayor
• John Fonfara (D) for Mayor
• Giselle Jacobs (D) for Mayor
• James Stanley McCauley (D) for Mayor
• Nick Lebron (D) for Mayor

References

1. H. George Frederickson, Gary Alan Johnson & Curtis H. Wood, The Adapted City: Institutional Dynamics and Structural Change (M.E. Sharpe: 2004), pp. 145–47.
2. Wendy L. Hassett, "Hartford: Politics Trumps Professionalism" in More Than Mayor or Manager: Campaigns to Change Form of Government in America's Large Cities (James H. Svara & Douglas J. Watson eds., Georgetown University Press: 2010), pp. 70–75.
3. "Inside Hartford A Guide to City Government" (PDF). www.hartfordinfo.org. Citizens’ Research Education Network. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
4. "Town and City Election, November 5, 1936 ," The Hartford Courant, November 6, 1935, p. 3.
5. "JOHN A. PILGARD MAYOR-ELECT, DIES; Death of Hartford Democrat Opens Contest Over Filling of Post Dec. 3". The New York Times. November 15, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
6. "Spellacy Takes Office, Inaugurated Mayor To Fill Out Pilgard Term," The Hartford Courant, December 4, 1935, p. 1.
7. "Town and City Election, November 2, 1937," The Hartford Courant, November 3, 1937, p. 3.
8. John R. Reitemeyer, "All Major Candidates Elected By Democrats," The Hartford Courant, November 9, 1939, p. 1.
9. Nathan W. Garfin, "Fourth Term Win Second In Century," The Hartford Courant, November 5, 1941, p. 1.
10. "Town and City Election, November 2, 1943," The Hartford Courant, November 3, 1943, p. 3.
11. "Hartford's New Mayor," The Hartford Courant, November 3, 1943, p. 10.
12. "Dennis P. O'Connor Dies; Ex‐Mayor of Hartford, 81". The New York Times. September 11, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
13. ^ Jack Zaiman, "Moylan Elected Mayor In Landslide Vote, Republicans Increase Council," The Hartford Courant, November 7, 1945, p. 1.
14. William K. Paynter, "Opposition Ballots Given To McCook," The Hartford Courant, January 4, 1947, p. 1.
15. Jack Zaiman, "Election Sweeps Charter Slate Into Office Kerrigan, Orsini, McCook Win Council Seats," The Hartford Courant, November 5, 1947, p. 1.
16. ^ "Glynn Submits Enough Names to Qualify". Newspapers.com. Hartford Courant. September 8, 1979. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
17. ^ Sherman, Howard (October 18, 1981). "Milner Is the Winner, But Democrats Unsure of Primary's Effects". Newspapers.com. Hartford Courant. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
18. ^ Barrett, David S. (September 12, 1979). "Athanson Smashes Carbone in Primary, DiLeoto Is Easy Winner in New Haven". Newspapers.com. Hartford Courant. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
19. "Only Arnold May Survive Defeat of Party Candidates". Newspapers.com. Hartford Courant. September 13, 1979.
20. "Republican Capitulation". Newspapers.com. Hartford Courant. May 12, 1979. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
21. "Hartford Results". Newspapers.com. Hartford Courant. November 7, 1979. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
22. Madden, Richard L. (November 4, 1981). "MILNER ELECTED MAYOR IN HARTFORD; RECOUNT IS EXPECTED IN BRIDGEPORT". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
23. ^ Sandberg, Jon (November 5, 1981). "Winning Only Milner's Start". Newspapers.com. Hartford Courant. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
24. ^ Pazniokas, Mark (August 19, 2015). "Skirting race, ethnicity in Hartford's mayoral primary" (PDF). authoring.ct.gov. The Connecticut Mirror. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
25. ^ Cahill, Katy (September 23, 1981). "Democrats To Rerun Mayoral Primary". Newspapers.com. Hartford Courant. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
26. ^ Gunther, Marc (September 9, 1981). "Athanson Defeats Milner by 94 Votes Ludgin Says He'll Run as Independent". Newspapers.com. Hartford Courant. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
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