Allysine

(Redirected from 2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde) Not to be confused with Allicin.

Allysine
Names


Preferred IUPAC name (2S)-2-Amino-6-oxohexanoic acid
Other names 2-aminoadipate semialdehyde, 2-amino-5-formylvaleric acid, norvaline, 6-oxo-DL-norleucine
Identifiers
CAS Number	1962-83-0 6665-12-9 L-enantiomer
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:57988
ChemSpider	202
KEGG	C04076
MeSH	allysine
PubChem CID	207
UNII	425I4Y24YZ
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID00862802
InChI InChI=1S/C6H11NO3/c7-5(6(9)10)3-1-2-4-8/h4-5H,1-3,7H2,(H,9,10)Key: GFXYTQPNNXGICT-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChI=1/C6H11NO3/c7-5(6(9)10)3-1-2-4-8/h4-5H,1-3,7H2,(H,9,10)/t5-/m0/s1Key: GFXYTQPNNXGICT-YFKPBYRVBJ InChI=1/C6H11NO3/c7-5(6(9)10)3-1-2-4-8/h4-5H,1-3,7H2,(H,9,10)Key: GFXYTQPNNXGICT-UHFFFAOYAD
SMILES O=CCCC(N)C(=O)O O=CCCCC(N)C(=O)O
Properties
Chemical formula	C₆H₁₁NO₃
Molar mass	145.158 g·mol
Appearance	unstable
Density	1.74g/cm
Boiling point	295.2 °C (563.4 °F; 568.3 K)
Hazards
Flash point	132.3 °C (270.1 °F; 405.4 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Allysine is a derivative of lysine that features a formyl group in place of the terminal amine. The free amino acid does not exist, but the allysine residue does. It is produced by aerobic oxidation of lysine residues by the enzyme lysyl oxidase. The transformation is an example of a post-translational modification. The semialdehyde form exists in equilibrium with a cyclic derivative.

Conversion of lysine residue to allysine residue.

Allysine is involved in the production of elastin and collagen. Increased allysine concentration in tissues has been correlated to the presence of fibrosis.

Allysine residues react with sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate to produce a fluorescent bis-naphtol-allysine product. In another assay, allysine-containing proteins are reduced with sodium borohydride to give a peptide containing the 6-hydroxynorleucine (6-hydroxy-2-aminocaproic acid) residue, which (unlike allysine) is stable to proteolysis.

References

^ Requena, J. R.; Levine, R. L.; Stadtman, E. R. (2003). "Recent Advances in the Analysis of Oxidized Proteins". Amino Acids. 25 (3–4): 221–226. doi:10.1007/s00726-003-0012-1. PMID 14661085. S2CID 28837698.
Eyre, David R.; Paz, Mercedes A.; Gallop, Paul M. (1984). "Cross-Linking in Collagen and Elastin". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 53: 717–748. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003441. PMID 6148038.
Wahsner J, Désogère P, Abston E, Graham-O'Regan KA, Wang J, Rotile NJ, et al. (April 2019). "Ga-NODAGA-Indole: An Allysine-Reactive Positron Emission Tomography Probe for Molecular Imaging of Pulmonary Fibrogenesis". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (14): 5593–5596. doi:10.1021/jacs.8b12342. PMC 6494104. PMID 30908032.
Waghorn PA, Oliveira BL, Jones CM, Tager AM, Caravan P (October 2017). "High sensitivity HPLC method for determination of the allysine concentration in tissue by use of a naphthol derivative". Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 1064: 7–13. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.032. PMC 5662445. PMID 28886479.

Amino acid metabolism metabolic intermediates

K→acetyl-CoA

lysine→	Saccharopine Allysine α-Aminoadipic acid 2-Oxoadipic acid Glutaryl-CoA Glutaconyl-CoA Crotonyl-CoA β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
leucine→	β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA Isovaleryl-CoA α-Ketoisocaproic acid β-Ketoisocaproic acid β-Ketoisocaproyl-CoA β-Leucine β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA
tryptophan→alanine→	N′-Formylkynurenine Kynurenine Anthranilic acid 3-Hydroxykynurenine 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde 2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde 2-Aminomuconic acid Glutaryl-CoA

G→pyruvate→
citrate

glycine→
serine→

3-Phosphoglyceric acid

G→glutamate→
α-ketoglutarate

histidine→	Urocanic acid Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid Formiminoglutamic acid Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
proline→	1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
arginine→	Agmatine Ornithine Citrulline Cadaverine Putrescine
other	cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: γ-Glutamylcysteine

G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA

valine→	α-Ketoisovaleric acid Isobutyryl-CoA Methacrylyl-CoA 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid 2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
isoleucine→	2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA Tiglyl-CoA 2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA
methionine→	generation of homocysteine: S-Adenosyl methionine S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine Homocysteine conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine α-Ketobutyric acid + Cysteine
threonine→	α-Ketobutyric acid
propionyl-CoA→	Methylmalonyl-CoA

G→fumarate

phenylalanine→tyrosine→	4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid Homogentisic acid 4-Maleylacetoacetic acid

G→oxaloacetate

see urea cycle

Other

Cysteine metabolism	Cysteine sulfinic acid

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References