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2014 in reptile paleontology

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Overview of the events of 2014 in reptile paleontology
List of years in reptile paleontology
In science
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
In paleobotany
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
In paleontology
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
In arthropod paleontology
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
In paleoentomology
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
In paleomalacology
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
In archosaur paleontology
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
In mammal paleontology
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
In paleoichthyology
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

This list of fossil reptiles described in 2014 is a list of new taxa of fossil reptiles that were described during the year 2014, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to reptile paleontology that occurred in 2014.

Ichthyopterygians

Research

New taxa

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Janusaurus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Roberts et al.

Late Jurassic

Agardhfjellet Formation

 Norway

An ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Janusaurus lundi. Zverkov & Prilepskaya (2019) considered Janusaurus to be a junior synonym of the genus Arthropterygius, though the authors maintained J. lundi as a distinct species within the latter genus; Delsett et al. (2019) rejected this synonymy.

Leninia

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Fischer et al.

Early Cretaceous (early Aptian)

 Russia

An ophthalmosaurine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Leninia stellans.

Sisteronia

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Fischer et al.

Cretaceous (early Albian to early Cenomanian)

Cambridge Greensand
Gault Formation
Marnes Bleues Formation

 France
 United Kingdom

A platypterygiine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Sisteronia seeleyi.

Undorosaurus trautscholdi

Sp. nov

Valid

Arkhangelsky & Zverkov

Late Jurassic

 Russia

An ophthalmosaurine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur, a species of Undorosaurus.

Sauropterygians

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Aristonectes quiriquinensis

Sp. nov

Valid

Otero et al.

Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian)

Quiriquina Formation

 Chile

A plesiosaur, a species of Aristonectes.

Cymatosaurus erikae

Sp. nov

Valid

Maisch

Middle Triassic (earliest Anisian)

Röt Formation

 Germany

A species of Cymatosaurus.

Majiashanosaurus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Jiang et al.

Early Triassic (Olenekian)

Nanlinghu Formation

 China

A basal member of Eosauropterygia. The type species is Majiashanosaurus discocoracoidis.

Nothosaurus zhangi

Sp. nov

Valid

Liu et al.

Middle Triassic (Anisian)

Guanling Formation

 China

A nothosaur, a species of Nothosaurus.

Odoiporosaurus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Renesto, Binelli & Hagdorn

Middle Triassic (Anisian)

Besano Formation

 Italy

A pachypleurosaur. The type species is Odoiporosaurus teruzzii.

Pararcus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Klein & Scheyer

Middle Triassic (early Anisian)

Vossenveld Formation

 Netherlands

A placodont. The type species is Pararcus diepenbroeki.

Pliosaurus patagonicus

Sp. nov

Valid

Gasparini & O'Gorman

Late Jurassic (middle Tithonian)

Vaca Muerta Formation

 Argentina

A species of Pliosaurus.

Lepidosaurs

Newly named rhynchocephalians

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Kawasphenodon peligrensis

Sp. nov

Valid

Apesteguia, Gómez & Rougier

Palaeocene

Salamanca Formation

 Argentina

An opisthodontian sphenodontid, a species of Kawasphenodon.

Priosphenodon minimus

Sp. nov

Valid

Apesteguia & Carballido

Early Cretaceous

Cerro Barcino Formation

 Argentina

An eilenodontine sphenodontid, a species of Priosphenodon.

Newly named lizards

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Blanus mendezi

Sp. nov

Valid

Bolet et al.

Miocene (11.6 Mya)

Vallès-Penedès Basin

 Spain

An amphisbaenian, a species of Blanus.

Blanus thomaskelleri

Sp. nov

Valid

Čerňanský, Rage & Klembara

Early Miocene

 Germany

An amphisbaenian, a species of Blanus.

Calanguban

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Simões, Caldwell & Kellner

Early Cretaceous

Crato Formation

 Brazil

A scleroglossan lizard with scincomorph affinities. The type species is Calanguban alamoi.

Dakotaseps

Nom. nov

Valid

Nydam

Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)

Dakota Formation

 United States

A member of Scincomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement, assigned by Nydam (2013) to an informal paramacellodid-cordylid grade; a replacement name for Dakotasaurus Nydam (2013) (preoccupied).

Funiusaurus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Xu et al.

Late Cretaceous

Qiupa Formation

 China

A member of Polyglyphanodontidae. The type species is Funiusaurus luanchuanensis.

Maioricalacerta

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Bailon et al.

Early Pliocene (Zanclean)

 Spain

A member of Lacertidae. The type species is Maioricalacerta rafelinensis.

Pyrenasaurus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Bolet & Augé

Late Eocene

 France
 Spain

A member of Scincoidea, possibly a skink. The type species is Pyrenasaurus evansae.

Newly named snakes

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Adinophis

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Pritchard et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Maevarano Formation

 Madagascar

A member of Madtsoiidae. The type species is Adinophis fisaka.

Indophis fanambinana

Sp. nov

Valid

Pritchard et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Maevarano Formation

 Madagascar

A member of Nigerophiidae, a species of Indophis.

Rukwanyoka

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

McCartney et al.

Oligocene

Nsungwe Formation

 Tanzania

The most ancient booid snake and boa from Africa. The type species is Rukwanyoka holmani.

Seismophis

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Hsiou et al.

Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)

Alcântara Formation

 Brazil

A snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a relative of Najash rionegrina. The type species is Seismophis septentrionalis.

Turtles

Research

  • Redescription of the rediscovered holotype of the Jurassic turtle Plesiochelys etalloni is published by Anquetin, Deschamps & Claude (2014).

Newly named turtles

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Alienochelys

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

de Lapparent de Broin et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Oulad Abdoun Basin

 Morocco

A sea turtle, a member of Dermochelyoidae. The type species is Alienochelys selloumi.

Allaeochelys libyca

Sp. nov

Valid

Havlik, Joyce & Böhme

Miocene (Langhian)

 Libya

A relative of the pig-nosed turtle, a species of the (possibly paraphyletic) genus Allaeochelys.

Ashleychelys

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Weems & Sanders

Oligocene

 United States

A pancheloniid sea turtle. The type species is Ashleychelys palmeri.

Atolchelys

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Romano et al.

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

Morro do Chaves Formation

 Brazil

A bothremydid pleurodiran. The type species is Atolchelys lepida.

Brodiechelys royoi

Sp. nov

Valid

Pérez-García, Gasulla & Ortega

Early Aptian

Arcillas de Morella Formation

 Spain

A xinjiangchelyid, a species of Brodiechelys.

Cheirogaster bacharidisi

Sp. nov

Valid

Vlachos, Tsoukala & Corsini

Pliocene

Gonia Formation

 Greece

A tortoise, originally described as a species belonging to the genus Cheirogaster. Subsequently, transferred by Pérez-García & Vlachos (2014) to the genus Titanochelon.

Eodortoka

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Pérez-García, Gasulla & Ortega

Early Cretaceous (Aptian)

Arcillas de Morella Formation

 Spain

A dortokid, a member of the clade Pan-Pleurodira (containing living pleurodirans and all turtles that are more closely related to them than to cryptodirans). The type species is Eodortoka morellana.

Gobiapalone

Gen. et comb. et sp. nov

Valid

Danilov et al.

Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Maastrichtian)

Barun Goyot Formation
Bayan Shireh Formation
Nemegt Formation

 Mongolia

A trionychine trionychid. The type species is "Amyda" orlovi Khosatzky (1976); genus also contains new species Gobiapalone breviplastra. The genus Gobiapalone was considered to be a junior synonym of the genus Kuhnemys by Georgalis & Joyce (2017), though the authors maintained G. orlovi and G. breviplastra as distinct species within the latter genus.

Hylaeochelys kappa

Sp. nov

Valid

Pérez-García & Ortega

Late Jurassic (Tithonian)

Freixial Formation

 Portugal

A basal member of Eucryptodira, a species of Hylaeochelys.

Judithemys kranzi

Sp. nov

Valid

Weems

Paleocene (early Thanetian)

Aquia Formation

 United States

A member of (likely paraphyletic) group "Macrobaenidae", a species of Judithemys.

Nemegtemys

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Danilov et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Nemegt Formation

 Mongolia

A cyclanorbine trionychid. The type species is Nemegtemys conflata.

Osonachelus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

de Lapparent de Broin et al.

Eocene (late Bartonian)

Vic-Manlleu Marls Formation

 Spain

A cheloniid sea turtle. The type species is Osonachelus decorata.

Procolpochelys charlestonensis

Sp. nov

Valid

Weems & Sanders

Oligocene

 United States

A pancheloniid sea turtle; a species of Procolpochelys.

Riodevemys

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Pérez-García, Royo-Torres & Cobos

Late Jurassic

 Spain

A pleurosternid paracryptodiran. The type species is Riodevemys inumbragigas.

Tacuarembemys

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Perea et al.

Late Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous

Tacuarembó Formation

 Uruguay

A turtle of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Tacuarembemys kusterae.

Titanochelon

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Pérez-García & Vlachos

Early Miocene to early Pleistocene

 Austria
 Bulgaria
 France
 Germany
 Greece
 Portugal
 Spain
  Switzerland
 Turkey
 Malta?

A tortoise; a new genus for "Testudo" bolivari Hernández-Pacheco (1917). Genus also contains "Testudo" eurysternum Gervais (1848–1852), "Testudo" ginsburgi de Broin (1977), "Testudo" vitodurana Biedermann (1862), "Cheirogaster" steinbacheri Karl (1996), "Testudo" leberonensis Depéret (1890), "Testudo" schafferi Szalai (1931), "Testudo" perpiniana Depéret (1885) and "Cheirogaster" bacharidisi Vlachos et al. (2014). Genus might also contain "Testudo" gymnesicus Bate (1914).

‘Trionyx’ baynshirensis

Sp. nov

Valid

Danilov et al.

Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian)

Bayan Shireh Formation

 Mongolia

A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.

‘Trionyx’ dissolutus

Sp. nov

Valid

Vitek & Danilov

Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)

 Uzbekistan

A trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.

‘Trionyx’ gilbentuensis

Sp. nov

Valid

Danilov et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Nemegt Formation

 Mongolia

A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.

‘Trionyx’ gobiensis

Sp. nov

Valid

Danilov et al.

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Nemegt Formation

 Mongolia

A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.

‘Trionyx’ shiluutulensis

Sp. nov

Valid

Danilov et al.

Late Cretaceous (Campanian)

 Mongolia

A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.

Archosauromorphs

Archosaurs

Main article: 2014 in archosaur paleontology

Basal archosauromorphs

Research

  • A redescription of Tasmaniosaurus triassicus is published by Ezcurra (2014).
  • A revision of anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the archosauriform Dorosuchus neoetus is published by Sookias et al. (2014).
  • A revision of putative euparkeriids from the Triassic of China is published by Sookias et al. (2014).

New taxa

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Aenigmastropheus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Ezcurra, Scheyer & Bulter

Late Permian (Wuchiapingian)

Usili Formation

 Tanzania

A non-archosauriform archosauromorph, probably a protorosaurian. The type species is Aenigmastropheus parringtoni.

Garjainia madiba

Sp. nov

Valid

Gower et al.

Early Triassic (late Olenekian)

Burgersdorp Formation

 South Africa

An erythrosuchid archosauriform, a species of Garjainia.

Hyperodapedon tikiensis

Sp. nov

Valid

Mukherjee & Ray

Late Triassic

Tiki Formation

 India

A rhynchosaur, a species of Hyperodapedon.

Proterosuchus goweri

Sp. nov

Valid

Ezcurra & Butler

Early Triassic

 South Africa

A proterosuchid archosauriform, a species of Proterosuchus.

Pseudochampsa

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Trotteyn & Ezcurra

Late Triassic (late Carnian or earliest Norian)

Ischigualasto Formation

 Argentina

A proterochampsid archosauriform; a new genus for "Chanaresuchus" ischigualastensis Trotteyn, Martínez & Alcober (2012).

Other reptiles

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Abyssomedon

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Macdougall & Reisz

Early Permian

Garber Formation

 United States

A nyctiphruretid parareptile. The type species is Abyssomedon williamsi.

Atopodentatus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Cheng et al.

Middle Triassic (Anisian)

Guanling Formation

 China

A marine reptile, probably a relative of sauropterygians. The type species is Atopodentatus unicus.

Delorhynchus cifellii

Sp. nov

Valid

Reisz, Macdougall & Modesto

Early Permian

Garber Formation

 United States

A parareptile relative of lanthanosuchoids, a species of Delorhynchus.

Eohupehsuchus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Chen et al.

Early Triassic

Jialingjiang Formation

 China

A hupehsuchian. The type species is Eohupehsuchus brevicollis.

Horaffia

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Klein & Hagdorn

Middle Triassic (Ladinian)

Erfurt Formation

 Germany

A marine diapsid reptile of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Horaffia kugleri.

Largocephalosaurus qianensis

Sp. nov

Valid

Li et al.

Triassic

Guanling Formation

 China

A member of Saurosphargidae, a species of Largocephalosaurus.

Parahupehsuchus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Chen et al.

Early Triassic

Jialingjiang Formation

 China

A hupehsuchian. The type species is Parahupehsuchus longus.

References

  1. Valentin Fischer; Maxim S. Arkhangelsky; Darren Naish; Ilya M. Stenshin; Gleb N. Uspensky & Pascal Godefroit (2014). "Simbirskiasaurus and Pervushovisaurus reassessed: implications for the taxonomy and cranial osteology of Cretaceous platypterygiine ichthyosaurs" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 822–841. doi:10.1111/zoj.12158. S2CID 67765108.
  2. Aubrey Jane Roberts; Patrick Scott Druckenmiller; Glenn-Peter Sætre & Jørn Harald Hurum (2014). "A New Upper Jurassic Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaur from the Slottsmøya Member, Agardhfjellet Formation of Central Spitsbergen". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e103152. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3152R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103152. PMC 4118863. PMID 25084533.
  3. Nikolay G. Zverkov; Natalya E. Prilepskaya (2019). "A prevalence of Arthropterygius (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauridae) in the Late Jurassic—earliest Cretaceous of the Boreal Realm". PeerJ. 7: e6799. doi:10.7717/peerj.6799. PMC 6497043. PMID 31106052.
  4. Lene L. Delsett; Aubrey J. Roberts; Patrick S. Druckenmiller; Jørn H. Hurum (2019). "Osteology and phylogeny of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 64 (4): 717–743. doi:10.4202/app.00571.2018. hdl:10852/76089. S2CID 210294877.
  5. Valentin Fischer; Maxim S. Arkhangelsky; Gleb N. Uspensky; Ilya M. Stenshin & Pascal Godefroit (2014). "A new Lower Cretaceous ichthyosaur from Russia reveals skull shape conservatism within Ophthalmosaurinae". Geological Magazine. 151 (1): 60–70. Bibcode:2014GeoM..151...60F. doi:10.1017/S0016756812000994. hdl:2268/137853. S2CID 49470362.
  6. Valentin Fischer; Nathalie Bardet; Myette Guiomar & Pascal Godefroit (2014). "High Diversity in Cretaceous Ichthyosaurs from Europe Prior to Their Extinction". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84709. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984709F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084709. PMC 3897400. PMID 24465427.
  7. M.S. Arkhangelsky & N.G. Zverkov (2014). "On a new ichthyosaur of the genus Undorosaurus" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 318 (3): 187–196.
  8. Rodrigo A. Otero; Sergio Soto-Acuña; Frank Robin O'Keefe; José P. O’Gorman; Wolfgang Stinnesbeck; Mario E. Suárez; David Rubilar-Rogers; Christian Salazar; Luis Arturo Quinzio-Sinn (2014). "Aristonectes quiriquinensis, sp. nov., a new highly derived elasmosaurid from the upper Maastrichtian of central Chile". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 100–125. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.780953. hdl:11336/79718. S2CID 84729992.
  9. Michael W. Maisch (2014). "A well preserved skull of Cymatosaurus (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the uppermost Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Germany". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 272 (2): 213–224. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2014/0407.
  10. Da-Yong Jiang; Ryosuke Motani; Andrea Tintori; Olivier Rieppel; Guan-Bao Chen; Jian-Dong Huang; Rong Zhang; Zuo-Yu Sun; Cheng Ji (2014). "The Early Triassic eosauropterygian Majiashanosaurus discocoracoidis, gen. et sp. nov. (Reptilia, Sauropterygia), from Chaohu, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1044–1052. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.846264. S2CID 129828376.
  11. Jun Liu; Shi-xue Hu; Olivier Rieppel; Da-yong Jiang; Michael J. Benton; Neil P. Kelley; Jonathan C. Aitchison; Chang-yong Zhou; Wen Wen; Jin-yuan Huang; Tao Xie; Tao Lv (2014). "A gigantic nothosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of SW China and its implication for the Triassic biotic recovery". Scientific Reports. 4: Article number 7142. doi:10.1038/srep07142. PMC 4245812. PMID 25429609.
  12. Silvio Renesto; Giorgio Binelli; Hans Hagdorn (2014). "A new pachypleurosaur from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation of Northern Italy". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 271 (2): 151–168. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2014/0382.
  13. Nicole Klein & Torsten M. Scheyer (2014). "A new placodont sauropterygian from the Middle Triassic of the Netherlands". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 59 (4): 887–902. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0147. S2CID 54714765.
  14. Zulma Gasparini; José P. O'Gorman (2014). "A new species of Pliosaurus (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina". Ameghiniana. 51 (4): 269–283. doi:10.5710/amgh.03.04.2014.2225. hdl:11336/9372. S2CID 130194647.
  15. Sebastian Apesteguia; Raúl O. Gómez; Guillermo W. Rougier (2014). "The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1792): 20140811. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0811. PMC 4150314. PMID 25143041.
  16. Sebastian Apesteguia; Jose L. Carballido (2014). "A new eilenodontine (Lepidosauria, Sphenodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of central Patagonia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (2): 303–317. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.803974. hdl:11336/6524. S2CID 130381621.
  17. Arnau Bolet; Massimo Delfino; Josep Fortuny; Sergio Almécija; Josep M. Robles; David M. Alba (2014). "An Amphisbaenian Skull from the European Miocene and the Evolution of Mediterranean Worm Lizards". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): e98082. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...998082B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098082. PMC 4045672. PMID 24896828.
  18. Andrej Čerňanský; Jean-Claude Rage; Jozef Klembara (2014). "The Early Miocene squamates of Amöneburg (Germany): the first stages of modern squamates in Europe". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (2): 97–128. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.897266. S2CID 140170242.
  19. Tiago R. Simões; Michael W. Caldwell; Alexander W. A. Kellner (2014). "A new Early Cretaceous lizard species from Brazil, and the phylogenetic position of the oldest known South American squamates". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (7): 601–614. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.947342. S2CID 84446189.
  20. Randall L. Nydam (2014). "Dakotaseps gen. nov., a replacement name for the lizard genus Dakotasaurus Nydam 2013, a junior homonym of the ichnotaxon Dakotasaurus Branson and Mehl 1932". Zootaxa. 3900 (1): 150. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3900.1.11. PMID 25543731.
  21. Randall L. Nydam (2013). "Lizards and Snakes from the Cenomanian through Campanian of Southern Utah: Filling the Gap in the Fossil Record of Squamata from the Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America". In Alan L. Titus; Mark A. Loewen (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Indiana University Press. pp. 370–423. ISBN 978-0-253-00896-1.
  22. Li Xu; Xiaochun Wu; Junchang Lü; Songhai Jia; Jiming Zhang; Hanyong Pu; Xingliao Zhang (2014). "A New Lizard (Lepidosauria: Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Henan, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 88 (4): 1041–1050. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12271. S2CID 128552980.
  23. Salvador Bailon; Renaud Boistel; Pere Bover; Josep Antoni Alcover (2014). "Maioricalacerta rafelinensis, gen. et sp. nov. (Squamata, Lacertidae), from the early Pliocene of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean Sea)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (2): 318–326. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.799481. S2CID 49559770.
  24. Arnau Bolet; Marc Augé (2014). "A New Miniaturized Lizard From the Late Eocene of France and Spain". The Anatomical Record. 297 (3): 505–515. doi:10.1002/ar.22855. PMID 24482323. S2CID 205411659.
  25. ^ Adam C. Pritchard; Jacob A. McCartney; David W. Krause; Nathan J. Kley (2014). "New snakes from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Basin, Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1080–1093. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.841706. S2CID 84867457.
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