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2019–2020 Spanish government formation

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2019–2020 Spanish government formation
Picture of Pedro Sánchez and Pablo Iglesias Turrión shaking handsPedro Sánchez and Pablo Iglesias after signing the PSOE–Unidas Podemos pre-agreement for a coalition government on 12 November 2019.
Date1st: 29 April – 17 September 2019
2nd: 11 November 2019 – 7 January 2020
LocationSpain
CauseHung parliaments following the April and November 2019 general elections.
Participants
Outcome1st:
2nd:

Attempts to form a government in Spain followed the Spanish general election of 28 April 2019, which failed to deliver an overall majority for any political party. As a result, the previous cabinet headed by Pedro Sánchez was forced to remain in a caretaker capacity until the election of a new government.

Despite the April 2019 election delivering a clear plurality for left-of-centre parties, with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Unidas Podemos being able to command a majority together with regionalist and nationalist parties, negotiations were frustrated as a result of conflicting positions between the two parties on the future government's composition. Both parties' opposite stances saw Pedro Sánchez trying and failing to pass an investiture vote on 23–25 July. Subsequently, a political impasse set in as King Felipe VI could not find a new candidate to nominate with sufficient parliamentary support. As a result, a snap election was held on 10 November.

The second election delivered a diminished plurality for PSOE and Unidas Podemos, which ended up accepting their shared responsibility and agreed on a joint government two days after the vote. A new investiture attempt on 5–7 January 2020 saw Sánchez re-elected as prime minister after 253 days without an operational government, which would see the formation of the first nationwide coalition cabinet in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic.

Legal provisions

The procedure for government formation in Spain was outlined in Article 99 of the 1978 Constitution:

1. After renewal of the Congress of Deputies, and in other cases provided under the Constitution, the King, after consultation with the representatives appointed by the political groups with Parliamentary representation, and through the Speaker of Congress, shall nominate a candidate for President of the Government.
2. The candidate nominate [sic] in accordance with the provisions of the foregoing paragraph shall submit to the Congress of Deputies the political programme of the Government that he intends to form and shall seek the confidence of the Houses.
3. If the Congress of Deputies, by vote of the absolute majority of its members, invests said candidate with its confidence, the King shall appoint him President. If an absolute majority is not obtained, the same proposal shall be submitted for a new vote forty-eight hours after the previous vote, and it shall be considered that confidence has been secured if it passes by a simple majority.
4. If, after this vote, confidence for the investiture has not been obtained, successive proposals shall be voted upon in the manner provided in the foregoing paragraphs.
5. If within two months after the first vote for investiture no candidate has obtained the confidence of Congress, the King shall dissolve Congress and call new elections, following endorsement by the Speaker of Congress.

— Article 99 of the Spanish Constitution.

First formation round (April–September 2019)

Post-April 2019 election developments

Election aftermath

Picture of Pedro Sánchez meeting Pablo Casado in Moncloa palacePicture of Pedro Sánchez and Albert Rivera shaking hands in Moncloa palacePicture of Pedro Sánchez and Pablo Iglesias shaking hands in Moncloa palacePedro Sánchez meeting PP, Cs and Unidas Podemos leaders Pablo Casado, Albert Rivera and Pablo Iglesias on 6 and 7 May 2019.

While the April 2019 general election produced a hung parliament, the resulting parliamentary arithmetics coupled with the scale of the People's Party (PP) collapse ensured that the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) of incumbent Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez was the only party that could realistically form a government. The outgoing government had been a PSOE minority cabinet with the external support of Unidas Podemos—the electoral alliance of Pablo Iglesias's Podemos, United Left (IU), En Comú Podem, Equo and other minor left-wing parties—as well as case-by-case support from the smaller regional and nationalist parties; after the election such a scheme could count with the 165 seats garnered by both PSOE and Unidas Podemos, but was hampered by the former's reluctance to reach any deal with Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), which, together with Together for Catalonia (JxCat), had triggered the April 2019 election by siding with right-of-centre parties to reject Sánchez's 2019 General State Budget. Another possibility was an alliance between the PSOE and the liberal Citizens (Cs) party of Albert Rivera, together commanding an overall majority of 180 seats in the Congress of Deputies, but animosity among grassroot PSOE supporters to such deal (well represented by chants of "Not with Rivera!" during the party's victory celebrations), as well as Rivera's own pre-election veto to any sort of agreement with Sánchez, meant that such a scenario was unlikely.

Seat distribution in the Congress of Deputies following the 28 April 2019 election
Congress of Deputies resulting from the 28 April 2019 general election.

Both Cs and PP leader Pablo Casado—who described his party's dismal performance as "very bad" but rejected to resign from his post—vyed for the leadership of the opposition to Sánchez's government, with far-right Vox having entered parliament for the first time. As a result of the election, the Spanish right was fragmented into three slices which, even taking regional allies such as Navarrese People's Union (UPN)—running within the Navarra Suma alliance—into account, could only muster 149 seats, far from any prospective shot at forming a government. Rivera quickly rejected any chance of agreement with the PSOE, pointing out that "Sánchez and Iglesias are going to govern with the nationalists", despite attempts from both PSOE and PP to court the party into abstaining in order to allow the investiture process to proceed.

On 1 May, Sánchez arranged meetings with Casado, Rivera and Iglesias within the following days at Moncloa Palace in order to evaluate the post-election situation and probe their parties' stances towards his investiture, with the PSOE's aim being to renew their minority government and sustain it through stable parliamentary agreements with other parties, which would include Unidas Podemos and regionalists. Iglesias, who claimed of having learned of such arrangements throughout the media, demanded as a prerequisite for supporting Sánchez's investiture that a coalition be formed between their two parties, calling for not taking for granted Unidas Podemos's support if such a condition was not met. Nonetheless, following the meetings on 6 and 7 May and with both Casado and Rivera confirming their negative stance to Sánchez's election, Iglesias came out positively that both him and Sánchez had "agreed to work in reaching an agreement". It was commented that Sánchez expected for a new government to be up and running by 20 June, but acknowledged that negotiations and the investiture vote itself would be delayed as a result of the ongoing campaign for the 26 May local, regional and European Parliament elections.

Initial approaches

The sympathetic attitude between PSOE and Unidas Podemos was first put to test in the negotiations for the Congress of Deputies bureau on 21 May, which saw Territorial Policy minister Meritxell Batet becoming new president of the chamber as well as both parties securing a majority of the nine posts at stake (namely, those of the four vice presidencies and the four secretaries), with the PSOE securing three and Unidas Podemos the remaining two.

Election of the President of the Congress of Deputies
Ballot → 21 May 2019 21 May 2019
Required majority → 176 out of 350 Simple
Meritxell Batet (PSC) 175 / 350 ☒N 175 / 350 checkY
Ana Pastor (PP) 67 / 350 ☒N 125 / 350 ☒N
Sara Giménez (Cs) 58 / 350 ☒N Eliminated
Ignacio Gil Lázaro (Vox) 24 / 350 ☒N Eliminated
Blank ballots 7 / 350 35 / 350
Invalid ballots 19 / 350 15 / 350
Absentees 0 / 350 1 / 350
Sources

Aside of PSOE and Unidas Podemos, various regionalist parties also supported Batet and other PSOE members to the Congress bureau: the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Canarian Coalition (CCa), Commitment Coalition (Compromís) and the Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC), for a total of 175 supportive votes—one short of an overall majority—whereas ERC and EH Bildu cast invalid ballots including the word Llibertat (Catalan for "freedom") in protest for the jailing of several pro-Catalan independence leaders within the context of the judicial process investigating the events surrounding the failed 2017 referendum.

The 26 May elections saw the PSOE securing substantial wins and a number of territorial gains, whereas support for Unidas Podemos-supported candidacies plummeted. This prompted the PSOE to feel strengthened in the government formation negotiations and to ask Iglesias to reconsider his demands for a coalition, with Sánchez proposing a single-party cabinet that incorporated "renowned independents who may be well regarded by progressives", which could see the appointment of Unidas Podemos-proposed members beyond the coalition formula. While the incorporation of Podemos into the government had been generally seen as feasible after the 7 May Sánchez–Iglesias meeting, Iglesias acknowledged that his negotiating position had been weakened by his party's results in the local, regional and European Parliament elections, but insisted on his demand for entering the cabinet nonetheless. Concurrently, the PSOE attempted to pressure Cs into abstaining to ease Sánchez's election in an investiture vote, but this was met with a new rejection from Rivera's party.

Candidate Pedro Sánchez (PSOE): first attempt

June developments

Pedro Sánchez giving a press conference in Moncloa palace
Pedro Sánchez announcing his acceptance of King Felipe's nomination on 6 June 2019.

Following the 26 May elections, King Felipe VI held a round of talks with the various parties with parliamentary representation in the Congress of Deputies which saw Pedro Sánchez being formally nominated as prime ministerial candidate on 6 June, which he accepted. Sánchez stressed that there was no alternative to his government and asked PP, Cs and Unidas Podemos for "high-mindedness" and "responsibility" to let him govern. By this point, conversations with other political parties had not seen any advance: CCa had already rejected supporting Sánchez if it meant either a coalition or a programmatic agreement with Podemos, UPN was willing to allow Sánchez's investiture only if he pressured his party's regional branch in Navarre to allow a UPN-led regional cabinet following the 2019 Navarrese election, whereas the position of pro-independence parties—namely, ERC, JxCat and EH Bildu—was dependant on Sánchez's stance towards their jailed leaders. An agreement was quickly reached with the Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC), which pledged its support to Sánchez's investiture in exchange for the PSOE renewing its support for Miguel Ángel Revilla as Cantabrian president following the 2019 regional election.

On 11 June, Sánchez met again with the leaders of PP, Cs and Unidas Podemos, this time in the building of the Congress of Deputies, in a move that signaled the formal start of negotiations 43 days after the general election. Both Sánchez and Iglesias emerged from the meeting agreeing to explore the formation of a "government of cooperation", a semantic point that was widely commented in the media because it explicitly excluded the use of the word "coalition", as well as because both leaders committed to such an "innovative" formula without resolving the main friction point between them, namely the entry of Unidas Podemos into the government or its right to appoint cabinet ministers. Soon, both parties clashed on the interpretation of this meeting's conclusions: for Unidas Podemos, what was agreed was to negotiate on the basis of a "plural" and "joint government" that did not exclude an eventual coalition; for the PSOE, it was a government that was "plural, open, inclusive and representative of various sensitivities", but that was to remain a Socialist-only executive with a number of independents that could be agreed with Podemos. PP leader Pablo Casado mocked the "cooperation government" term as "a new parliamentary and administrative kind." A new and discreet Sánchez–Iglesias summit on 17 June saw no advances or specific commitments, but rather "generic exchanges", an offer by the PSOE to award Unidas Podemos "intermediate posts" in the government structure outside the Council of Ministers—which was rejected by the latter—and the finding that the two parties' positions were "very far apart" because of the way in which each group understood the "cooperation".

On 24 June, in advance of a new meeting between Sánchez and Iglesias scheduled for the next day, it transcended that Sánchez had secretly met Casado at Moncloa earlier that day in an attempt to secure his party's abstention in his investiture, but this was met with Casado's negative; Rivera had also been invited to the meeting, amidst growing internal voices within Cs that called for at least considering to enter negotiations with the PSOE, but he refused to attend outright. In the wake of this event and following the meeting between their leaders—the fourth since the April 2019 election—Podemos accused Sánchez of having told Iglesias that he "preferred the right's support or going to a failed investiture without negotiating anything", a statement which was promptly denied by PSOE deputy secretary-general Adriana Lastra, who replied by accusing Iglesias of paving the ground for "voting against a left-wing prime minister". Both parties also hinted at each other's performance during the failed 2015–2016 government formation negotiations, which led to the June 2016 snap election. Finance minister María Jesús Montero warned Podemos that there would not be new opportunities should Sánchez's investiture—scheduled for July—fail, hinting at the possibility of a snap election being needed to unlock the situation, though this heavy-handed tone was brought down by the government the next day.

Rushed negotiations

On 3 July, Pablo Iglesias published a column in La Vanguardia newspaper in which he undertook to review his position for a coalition by September if Sánchez attempted—and failed—to get this proposal succeed in an investiture vote in July. The previous day, Sánchez had agreed with Congress speaker Meritxell Batet to schedule the start of the investiture plenary for 22 July, with successive votings on 23 July and, should a second round be needed, 25 July, despite not having secured the support of any other political group besides the PRC for his election. The next day, Sánchez offered Iglesias to designate a number of "renowned independents" to be appointed as ministers, and on 8 July the PSOE appointed a negotiating team to address programmatic contents with Unidas Podemos on the basis of a document synthesizying the key elements of the Socialist electoral manifesto: employment and pensions; feminism and fight against social inequality; climate emergency and ecological transition; technological advance and digital transition; and Spain's position in Europe. The document left the issue of the Catalan crisis out of the paper, as it was one of the main friction programmatic points between the two parties.

On 9 July, a fifth meeting between Sánchez and Iglesias foundered, allegedly because Iglesias rejected making any sensible additions to the PSOE programmatic proposal and pressed for cabinet posts and the office of deputy prime minister for himself—according to PSOE sources—a claim which Unidas Podemos denied. Concurrently, the PP kept rejecting calls for an abstention to allow Sánchez's investiture, dubbing it as a "bad joke" for considering that Sánchez "broke the spirit of constitutionalist collaboration" when "he relied on pro-independence political parties to be prime minister". On 11 July, Sánchez offered Unidas Podemos the right of appointing cabinet ministers on the condition that they had a "technical profile", which was regarded by Iglesias as a "veto" to the main leaders of his alliance—including himself—and the proposal was rejected. The next day, Podemos announced that it would hold a vote among party members on 18 July to decide what its stance should be on Sánchez's investiture under such circumstances, with almost 70% of participants voting against a single-party PSOE government and in favour of a coalition with Podemos.

18 July Podemos membership vote
Question: "How should Podemos's deputies vote in the
investiture sessions of the 13th Legislature?"
Choice Votes %
checkY Choice 1 94,964 69.13
Choice 2 42,397 30.87
Valid votes 137,361 99.19
Invalid or blank votes 1,127 0.81
Total votes 138,488 100.00
Registered voters and turnout ~190,000 ~73.00
Source

Even before the Podemos vote was held, Sánchez dubbed it as a "masquerade" aimed at justifying opposing his investiture as well as a deliberate and one-sided break of negotiations, while accusing Iglesias of being entrenched in a "maximalist position"; he also stated that his offer for accepting Unidas Podemos members of technical profile into his government was to be considered as rejected, and that in no case would he intend to improve on it. Further, he claimed that he would not "accept impositions" and vindicated for himself "the ability to decide who will join government." On the next day, Iglesias replied to Sánchez by demanding his right to enter the cabinet, under the pretense that "Sánchez has never told me that I can't be there".

After several days of back-and-forth declarations, Sánchez revealed that the main obstacles in the negotiations were Iglesias's political positions—"I need a deputy prime minister that does not speak of political prisoners" he said, in reference to Iglesias's defence of jailed Catalan leaders—as well as his demands for a deputy prime ministership in control of the social areas of the government, the ministries of Finance, Labour and the Social Security as well as the responsibilities for government communication; demands that, ultimately, singled out Iglesias as the main impediment for a coalition between PSOE and Unidas Podemos. In response, on 19 July, Pablo Iglesias announced that he would renounce to become cabinet minister "as long as there are no more vetoes and the presence of Unidas Podemos in the government is proportional to its votes", while emphasizing that it was up to his party to choose the members that would be part of any coalition government. Sánchez and the PSOE replied by welcoming this predisposition, but stressed that negotiations should begin on the contents and the programmatic measures and that only then would the government composition be decided. Both PSOE and Unidas Podemos started negotiations against the clock, with only three days to go ahead of the start of Sánchez's investiture debate on 22 July.

First investiture attempt

Pedro Sánchez giving a speech in the Congress of Deputies
Pedro Sánchez during the first day of debate on his investiture on 22 July 2019.

Initially, negotiation talks went smoothly, with both parties being confident and optimistic on 21 July of an agreement being reached by the time of Sánchez's second investiture voting within four days, in which only a simple majority—that could be achieved with the support of Unidas Podemos, Compromís and the PRC and the abstention of ERC—would be needed for success. With promising advances on programmatic contents, the issue still remained on what Podemos's position in the cabinet would be, with the PSOE stressing its dominance of the so-called "state ministries" (Foreign Affairs, Justice, Defense and Interior) and disputes on the Finance, Labour, Social Security and Ecological Transition portfolios. Pedro Sánchez's investiture debate was scheduled to start at 12:00 CEST (UTC+2) on 22 July with Sánchez's speech, to be followed by the replies of all other parties and a first round of voting on 23 July, with a second and final ballot on 25 July if required.

During the debate, Sánchez and Iglesias clashed on the role their respective parties should have with respect to government. Iglesias warned that his party would not be "humilliated" and that Podemos would not participate in a coalition in which it was a mere "decoration", whereas Sánchez asked Iglesias not to block the investiture if a joint government was not formed so that other options—an investiture-only agreement or a legislature pact without entering the cabinet—could be considered. Sánchez also asked the PP and Cs for their abstention, without success. Albert Rivera's speech against Sánchez was particularly harsh, rejecting to grant him the abstention of Cs by accusing Sánchez of having a "plan" to "criminalize his rivals" and of being the leader of "a gang".

Sánchez lost the first round of voting, only gaining support from the PRC. PNV and EH Bildu abstained, whereas Unidas Podemos joined the abstention bloc as well—a last hour change in position, as Podemos' Congress spokesperson Irene Montero's telematic 'no' vote (she was on maternity leave) revealed—as a "gesture" ahead the second round of voting.

Investiture
Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
Ballot → 23 July 2019 25 July 2019
Required majority → 176 out of 350 ☒N Simple ☒N
Yes 124 / 350 124 / 350
No 170 / 350 155 / 350
Abstentions 52 / 350 67 / 350
Absentees 4 / 350 4 / 350
Sources

Negotiations resumed in the 48 hours between the first and second rounds of voting, with both parties making offers amid a climate of distrust: Podemos' offer was leaked by the PSOE to the media, and it included demands for a post of deputy prime minister and five ministries (Social Rights, Equality and Economy for the Citizens; Labour, Social Security and Fight against Precariousness; Ecological Transition, Environment and Animal Rights; Tax Justice and Fight against Fraud; and Science, Innovation, Universities and Digital Economy). On the other hand, PSOE's offer included a post of deputy prime minister and three ministries (Housing and Social Economy; Health, Social Rights and Consumer Affairs; and Equality). Neither side accepted to cave in to the other's demands, with negotiations breaking up only hours before the second round was scheduled to be held. The PSOE argued that Iglesias had fooled them by making further demands after they had accepted to cede the Equality ministry to Podemos.

During the second round debate on 25 July, Iglesias launched a new offer to Sánchez: his party would renounce to the Labour portfolio in exchange for being granted control over "active employment policies", while accusing the PSOE of "not having addressed him with the due respect deserved by a government partner" and stating that "it is very difficult to negotiate in 48 hours what has not been negotiated in 80 days, against the clock and leaking everything to the media". On the other hand, Sánchez regretted the persistence of the parliamentary deadlock while affirming that PSOE's offer was generous and "not a humiliation" and criticizing Iglesias for demanding "100 percent of the social budget" with "25 percent" of the PSOE's parliamentary strength. Sánchez lost the vote, which mirrored the first round of voting—except for ERC, which abstained in an attempt to ease the investiture—opening the way for a repeat election to be held on 10 November.

Inconclusive summer and dissolution

On 26 July, the King chose to postpone any new round of talks "for the time being", refusing to appoint anyone to form a government until political parties were able to reach an agreement for a successful investiture. Concurrently, deputy prime minister Carmen Calvo announced that there would not be any coalition government with Podemos, "as that offer expired yesterday ". The only offer that the PSOE would accept from that point onwards was for Podemos to allow a PSOE minority government, while also pressuring PP and Cs to ease Sánchez's investiture in order to avoid a new election. Sánchez chose to delay further negotiations to form a government until mid-August.

Pedro Sánchez giving a press conference in the gardens of Marivent palace
Pedro Sánchez during a press conference on 7 August 2019.

In the meantime, the PP rejected further calls for abstaining in a new Sánchez's investiture, but suggested that they could offer such option in the event that the PSOE fielded a different candidate for prime minister. The party's secretary-general, Teodoro García Egea, commented that the King could propose another "consensus candidate" instead of Pedro Sánchez and that it could be someone from "an alliance of constitutionalists, PP and Cs, with the abstention of others". On 10 August, the PP's coomunications vice secretary-general, Pablo Montesinos, insisted on rejecting any chance of his party abstaining to allow Sánchez's re-election, and suggested PSOE's abstention to allow "a constitutionalist, reformist government led by Pablo Casado, in the event that neither Sánchez nor an alternative candidate do obtain the necessary support with their natural partners".

On 20 August, Unidas Podemos sent a new document to the PSOE, proposing "to resume dialogue" and "form a coalition government as soon as possible" after the "shortage of time" prevented an agreement in July. The document offered four possibilities of government structure in the event of a coalition, with Podemos asking for the following portfolios:

  1. Deputy prime ministership of Social Rights and Equality; Ministry of Labour, Migrations and Social Security; Ministry of Health; and Ministry of Housing and Social Economy.
  2. Deputy prime ministership of Social Rights and Equality; Ministry of Ecological Transition; Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; and Ministry of Housing and Social Economy.
  3. Deputy prime ministership of Social Rights and Equality; Ministry of Ecological Transition; Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Empty Spain.
  4. Deputy prime ministership of Social Rights and Equality; Ministry of Labour, Migrations and Social Security; Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; and Ministry of Culture.

The PSOE replied by insisting that the coalition formula was now unfeasible, while further delaying negotiations with Podemos until September.

Both parties met again on 5 September, but no agreement point was found: Podemos' spokeswoman Ione Belarra claimed that "the PSOE maintains its immovable position", whereas its Socialist counterpart Adriana Lastra stated that "we have confirmed our differences". On 10 September, Podemos offered to renounce to its "active employment policies"-proposal and to accept the three ministries that the PSOE had offered them in July (Health, Equality and Housing), but the PSOE insisted in that its July offer was no longer on the table. By this point, Iglesias was said to be "regretful" of having rejected the PSOE's last coalition offer and now proposed a devaluated coalition agreement (with further concessions from Podemos) or even a temporary coalition to prove "they were trustworthy". This was also rejected by the Socialists, who were said to be readying themselves for a new election. Both parties subsequently suspended talks.

On 12 September, the King announced a new round of talks to be held on the 16th and 17th. After realizing that neither Sánchez nor any other candidate could muster a parliamentary majority for a successful investiture, the King refused to nominate anyone, thus ensuring a new election would be held. A last attempt to unlock the situation would come from Cs leader Albert Rivera who, in a surprise U-turn from his previous opposition to allow a Sánchez government, offered on 16 September a "constitutionalist agreement" consisting on the simultaneous abstention of his party and the PP in exchange for the break-up of the newly-formed government of María Chivite, the formation of a government coalition with the Navarra Suma alliance in Navarre, the enforcement of direct rule in Catalonia and a pledge not to raise taxes. The PSOE rejected all these demands by arguing that the party was already committed to constitutionalism, whereas the PP did not join Rivera's offer of a coordinated abstention, thus ending all chances of a successful investiture.

On 23 September, with the deadline for government formation having been reached, the 13th Legislature of Spain came to a close and the Cortes Generales were dissolved by the King the following day, with the election date being set for 10 November 2019.

Second formation round (November 2019 – January 2020)

Post-November 2019 election developments

PSOE–Podemos pre-agreement

Seat distribution in the Congress of Deputies following the 10 November 2019 election
Congress of Deputies resulting from the 10 November 2019 general election.

The November 2019 election resulted in both PSOE and Unidas Podemos losing ground—falling from a combined 165 seats to 155—in a more fragmented parliament, with both PP and Vox emerging stronger at the expense of Citizens' collapse in support (which led to Albert Rivera's resignation as party leader). As no bloc was able to muster a clear majority, calls surged for a grand coalition to be formed between PSOE and PP immediately after the election. The PSOE ruled out this option as a way to end the deadlock and surprised everyone by announcing a pre-agreement with Podemos for a full four-year coalition government on 12 November.

The negotiations for such an agreement, which would see the first coalition government since the Second Spanish Republic, started on the day following the election and lasted 48 hours under the utmost secrecy, with Sánchez himself accepting to incorporate Podemos' members into the government and with both parties using their common ground during the failed July negotiations as a framework for the agreement. Both parties had their memberships vote on the pre-agreement throughout November: PSOE and PSC members supported it on 23 November with 93% and 95% of valid votes, respectively, whereas the two main constituent parties of the Unidas Podemos alliance—Podemos and IU—approved it with 97% and 90% of the participants on 27 November and between 22 and 24 November, respectively.

23 November PSOE & PSC membership vote
Question: "Do you support the accord achieved between PSOE
and UP to form a progressive coalition government?"
PSOE PSC
Choice Votes % Choice Votes %
checkY Yes 95,763 93.33 checkY Yes 6,007 94.72
No 6,845 6.67 No 335 5.28
Valid votes 102,608 98.93 Valid votes 6,342 98.86
Invalid or blank votes 1,110 1.07 Invalid or blank votes 73 1.14
Total votes 103,718 100.00 Total votes 6,415 100.00
Registered voters and turnout 178,651 63.01 Registered voters and turnout 14,276 44.94
Source Source
27 November Podemos membership vote
Question: "Do you agree that we participate in a coalition
government under the terms of the pre-agreement
signed by Pedro Sánchez and Pablo Iglesias?"
Choice Votes %
checkY Yes 130,150 96.84
No 4,244 3.16
Valid votes 134,394 99.73
Invalid or blank votes 366 0.27
Total votes 134,760 100.00
Registered voters and turnout ~228,400 ~59.00
Source
22–24 November IU membership vote
Question: "On the basis of the 10-point programme
agreement and the last State General Budget
agreement, do you agree that United Left members
participate in a coalition government between
Unidas Podemos and the PSOE?"
Choice Votes %
checkY Yes 10,281 89.67
No 1,185 10.33
Valid votes 11,466 98.22
Invalid or blank votes 208 1.78
Total votes 11,674 100.00
Registered voters and turnout 37,416 31.20
Source

Concurrently, ERC asked its members whether it should block Sánchez's investiture "if a negotiation table is not agreed upon first to address the political conflict with the State", in order to raise pressure and increase the price of its consent to a PSOE government. This plan was supported by 95% of ERC members casting a valid ballot.

25 November ERC membership vote
Question: "Do you agree with rejecting Pedro Sánchez's
investiture if there is not previously an agreement
to address the political conflict with the State through
a negotiation table?"
Choice Votes %
checkY Yes 5,953 94.91
No 319 5.09
Valid votes 6,272 100.00
Invalid or blank votes 0 0.00
Total votes 6,272 100.00
Registered voters and turnout 8,500 73.79
Source

Within the PP, party leaders considered debating a "patriotic abstention" in Sánchez's investiture on the condition that the PSOE broke up its agreement with Podemos. While some PSOE regional leaders were open to explore this alternative so that their party did not rely on the support of pro-independence parties, the national leadership ignored this proposal as coming too late.

Easening of tensions

Following the approval of the pre-agreement by their memberships, both PSOE and Unidas Podemos engaged in negotiations from the end of November and through December to develop and specify the terms of the coalition, with documents negotiated between the two parties in 2018 and in their July failed negotiations being incorporated to speed up talks.

The easening of tensions between both parties was seen in the constitution of the 14th Cortes Generales on 3 December: Meritxell Batet was re-elected as president of the chamber, while the left was able to secure six out of the nine posts in the Congress bureau—three each for PSOE and UP—thanks to its coordination with other regionalist and nationalist parties (namely, the PNV, the PRC and CCa, but also Más País and New Canaries (NC), which had entered the Congress in the November 2019 election). ERC and EH Bildu kept casting invalid ballots with the word "freedom" in both the Catalan and Basque languages.

Election of the President of the Congress of Deputies
Ballot → 3 December 2019 3 December 2019
Required majority → 176 out of 350 Simple
Meritxell Batet (PSC) 167 / 350 ☒N 166 / 350 checkY
Ana Pastor (PP) 91 / 350 ☒N 140 / 350 ☒N
Macarena Olona (Vox) 52 / 350 ☒N Eliminated
Blank ballots 11 / 350 11 / 350
Invalid ballots 28 / 350 29 / 350
Absentees 1 / 350 4 / 350
Sources

With both PSOE and Podemos now endorsing Pedro Sánchez's investiture, the King started a new round of talks with the political parties between 10 and 11 December, resulting in Sánchez being tasked with the formation of a government. This time, unlike the July attempt, the main difficulty for investiture came on the part of ERC and EH Bildu's stances. ERC's abstention or support vote was required for Sánchez's investiture to succeed, but the concurrent protests in Catalonia—a reaction to the Supreme Court of Spain ruling in the trial to independence leaders for the 2017 referendum events—and its coalition government in the Catalan government with hardline pro-independence Together for Catalonia (JxCat)—firmly in the 'no' camp—made ERC's position harder to secure. Further, Sánchez needed for EH Bildu not to block his investiture, though this party accepted to consider its abstention "to prevent the far-right from accessing the Spanish government".

Candidate Pedro Sánchez (PSOE): second attempt

Investiture negotiations

The main negotiations were held between PSOE and Podemos and finalized by 30 December, with a wide range of programmatic measures being agreed. In a document labeled "Progressive Coalition, A New Agreement for Spain", both parties agreed to raise the minimum wage to 60% of the average wage in Spain, to approve a new labour reform that replaced Rajoy's 2012 reform—which was held accountable for an increasing precariousness of working conditions in the labour market—, to increase taxes on the highest incomes (by raising the personal income tax by two points for incomes of more than 130,000 euros and four points for those that exceed 300,000 euros, as well as studying other forms of taxation of large fortunes), to use dialogue as the way to solve the Catalan conflict, to update pensions according to the real CPI and to increase the purchasing power of minimum and non-contributory pensions, to stop abusive rent increases, to protect all vulnerable families in a situation of energy poverty, to progressively eliminate the health co-payments introduced in 2012, to increase public resources for education and scholarships, to abolish Rajoy's Citizen Security Law (most commonly known in Spain as the "gag law"), to recover universal justice—limited by Rajoy's government in 2014—, to strengthen a comprehensive legislative and political framework that "eradicates hate speech and hate crimes" to guarantee the protection of the rights and freedoms of all people, etc. With respect to the cabinet structure, Unidas Podemos was awarded one post of deputy prime minister and four portfolios: Social Rights, Equality, Labour and Universities.

Pedro Sánchez giving a speech in the Congress of Deputies
Pedro Sánchez during the first day of debate on his investiture on 4 January 2020.

Concurrently, negotiations were held with ERC focused on a political solution for the Catalan issue, starting on 28 November. Initially inclined to vote against Sánchez, the party easened its position throughout the ensuing weeks after several meetings on 3 and 10 December, and by 2 January 2020 an agreement was reached—which included political concessions and the treatment of ERC as a preferential partner—that allowed ERC's to announce its abstention in Sánchez's investiture. Another agreement was reached with the PNV, compromising its support in exchange for the transfer of competences to Navarre and the Basque Country. The PSOE also secured the support of Más País, Compromís, the BNG, NC and the Teruel-based Teruel Existe platform, as well as the abstention of CCa, whereas the PRC announced that it would vote against Sánchez's investiture in protest to its agreement with ERC. EH Bildu, on its part, supported "giving a chance" to the PSOE–UP coalition government and announced its abstention on 3 January.

Second investiture attempt

Sánchez's investiture debate was scheduled to start at 9:00 CET (UTC+1) on 4 January with Sánchez's speech, with two rounds of voting scheduled for 5 and 7 January. One day earlier, the Central Electoral Commission (JEC) decided on 3 January both to strip Catalan president Quim Torra of his status as regional MP—enforcing a judicial ruling in December convicting him for disobedience, after he refusing to remove a poster in favor of imprisoned Catalan independence leaders from the balcony of the Palau de la Generalitat during the May 26 local elections campaign—and to reject accepting ERC leader Oriol Junqueras's appointment as a MEP.

The investiture vote was expected to be tight. The PSOE denounced an attempt by the right-wing (PP and Vox) to boycott Sánchez's investiture, amid fears that the JEC ruling could influence ERC's decision to abstain. Further complications arose when CCa deputy Ana Oramas chose to disobey her party and vote against the investiture—instead of abstaining—accusing Sánchez of "kneeling before secessionism" and dubbing his investiture agreements as "an offense against the rest of the communities". This move meant that Sánchez's investiture would succeed by a small margin of just two votes. ERC held on to the pressure and argued that they would maintain their decision to abstain despite the JEC ruling, arguing that they would not play as "the useful arm in Congress of an illegal maneuver by PP, Citizens and Vox".

Investiture
Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
Ballot → 5 January 2020 7 January 2020
Required majority → 176 out of 350 ☒N Simple checkY
Yes 166 / 350 167 / 350
No 165 / 350 165 / 350
Abstentions 18 / 350 18 / 350
Absentees 1 / 350 0 / 350
Sources

As scheduled, Sánchez did not secure an absolute majority of votes to be elected after the first ballot held on 5 January, but the result, while close (166 voting in favour and 165 against, with one UP deputy being abstent and unable to vote telematically) anticipated a successful outcome in the second round 48 hours later.

The PP engaged in a campaign to pressure Socialist MPs into breaking party discipline and not vote for Sánchez. Teruel Existe MP Tomás Guitarte denounced a series of threats and a massive spamming campaign on his e-mail demanding him not to support Sánchez, to the point that the interior ministry was forced to ensure his protection ahead of the vote. Some media pointed to fears of a new tamayazo—an episode following the May 2003 Madrilenian regional election in which two PSOE MPs did not attend parliamentary meetings amid suspicions of vote buying, thus aborting a mathematical left-wing majority in the Assembly—which the PSOE rejected, though the party nonetheless warned its deputies to remain in Madrid for the duration of the investiture process.

Pedro Sánchez successfully passed the second ballot of investiture on 7 January with the support of 167 MPs to 165 against and 18 abstentions—the closest successful investiture vote since the Spanish transition to democracy.

Aftermath

Sánchez's re-election as prime minister ended the 253-day stalemate and paved the way for the first nationwide coalition cabinet in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic to be formed. Only two months into Sánchez's new term in office, in March 2020, the newly-formed government had to face the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact which, included the COVID-19 recession resulting from the extensive COVID-19 lockdowns implemented to curb the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Later, the government would have to face the economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, as well as growing tensions between both coalition partners—including a succession in the leadership of the Unidas Podemos alliance from Pablo Iglesias to Yolanda Díaz following the former's departure in March 2021—and the troublesome political relationship with pro-independence parties ERC and EH Bildu.

This government experience was brought to an end following the poor results of the left-wing bloc in the 28 May 2023 regional and local elections—mainly a result of Podemos' collapse in support—, which led to a surprise early dissolution of parliament by Pedro Sánchez and the calling of a general election for 23 July 2023.

Notes

  1. "To vote for Pedro Sánchez as prime minister, it is necessary to reach a comprehensive coalition government agreement (programmatic agreement and teams), without vetoes, in which the coalition partners have a representation that is reasonably proportional to their votes."
  2. "To vote for Pedro Sánchez as prime minister (either by voting in favour or by abstention), the PSOE's proposal is enough: a government that is designed solely by the PSOE, with collaboration at administrative levels subordinate to the government and a programmatic agreement."

References

  1. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Official Gazette of the State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
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  24. Romero, Juanma (6 June 2019). "Sánchez acepta el encargo del Rey y reclama a PP, Cs y Podemos que le dejen gobernar". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 October 2021. Ahora llega el momento de la verdad. Un instante para el que el aspirante socialista pide "altura de miras" al resto de fuerzas y también "responsabilidad".
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  31. "Gobierno de "coalición" y de "cooperación": qué diferencias hay según PSOE y Unidas Podemos". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 12 June 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2021. Para Iglesias es "un gobierno plural para afrontar los grandes retos de este país" y "un gobierno conjunto". Para Lastra es un gobierno "plural, abierto, integrador, incluyente y representativo" de varias sensibilidades. (...) El líder del PP, Pablo Casado, tras verse con Sánchez reconoció su estupor y, sin que nadie le preguntara, definía el gobierno de cooperación como "un nuevo género parlamentario y administrativo".
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  46. Díez, Anabel; Marcos, José (12 July 2019). "Sánchez ofrece ministros a Podemos sin perfil político e Iglesias lo rechaza". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 8 October 2021. El líder del PSOE ofreció a Iglesias la creación de dos equipos de negociación e incluir algún ministro que proponga Podemos, independiente o del partido con perfil técnico, pero no de la dirección. (...) La respuesta de Iglesias fue un no rotundo: no acepta ningún tipo de vetos.
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  82. "En el PP sugieren que se abstendrían si Pedro Sánchez "da un paso atrás"" (in Spanish). Madrid: laSexta. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  83. "Egea anima al Rey a proponer a otro candidato "de consenso" en lugar de Pedro Sánchez". El Español (in Spanish). Agencias. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2023. Según Egea, ese candidato podría surgir incluso de una "alianza" de partidos constitucionalistas (PP y Cs) y contar con la abstención de otras fuerzas, también del PSOE.
  84. "El PP pide al PSOE que reflexione si facilitaría con su abstención un gobierno PP-Cs para acabar con el bloqueo" (in Spanish). Madrid: Servimedia. 6 August 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  85. "El PP vuelve a plantear la abstención del PSOE ante un posible gobierno de Pablo Casado" (in Spanish). Madrid: laSexta. Agencias. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2023. "Si la parálisis persiste, si continúa, hay una tercera vía". Por ello, ha preguntado a los socialistas si están dispuestos a abstenerse "ante un Gobierno constitucionalista, reformista, liderado por Pablo Casado en caso de que Sánchez no logre los apoyos necesarios ni un candidato alternativo con sus socios naturales".
  86. Gil, Andrés (20 August 2019). "Unidas Podemos envía al PSOE una nueva propuesta para retomar las negociaciones para un Gobierno de coalición". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2023. El documento enviado por Iglesias a Sánchez para "retomar el diálogo desde donde se dejó en el mes de julio, cuando la escasez de tiempo impidió lograr un acuerdo con el PSOE, y conformar a la mayor brevedad un Gobierno de coalición como ya existe en muchos otros países europeos y también en nuestro país a nivel municipal y autonómico" (...).
  87. Ruiz, Miriam (21 August 2019). "PSOE y Unidas Podemos, cuatro meses de desencuentros en busca de un acuerdo" (in Spanish). Newtral. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  88. Carvajal, Álvaro (23 August 2019). "Pedro Sánchez presiona con los tiempos y retrasa hasta septiembre el inicio de la negociación para la investidura". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  89. Hernández, Marisol (29 August 2019). "Pedro Sánchez pospone las negociaciones con Podemos y pide "generosidad" a todos para que no haya elecciones". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  90. Marcos, Ana; Elordi Cué, Carlos (5 September 2019). "PSOE y Unidas Podemos concluyen casi cinco horas de reunión sin avances sustanciales". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023. Ione Belarra, de Unidas Podemos, ha dejado claro que no había ido bien: "El PSOE mantiene su posición inamovible. La tercera vía es la primera vía de junio. Nos vamos preocupadas. Han venido a presentar su programa electoral". Adriana Lastra, portavoz parlamentaria de los socialistas, ha suavizado su valoración. "Hemos constatado las diferencias", ha asegurado (...).
  91. Gil, Iván; Romero, Juanma (10 September 2019). "Podemos ofrecerá al PSOE renunciar a las políticas activas de empleo para pactar". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  92. Marcos, Ana; Marcos, José (29 August 2019). "El Gobierno rechaza recuperar la oferta de coalición que hizo a Podemos en julio". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  93. Hernández, Marisol; Piña, Raúl (12 September 2019). "Pedro Sánchez rechaza la última intentona de Pablo Iglesias: una coalición temporal para demostrar que son fiables". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  94. Piña, Raúl; Hernández, Marisol (12 September 2019). "Pablo Iglesias aceptaría ahora una coalición peor que la que rechazó en julio". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023. Hay dos losas que pesan en Podemos y Pablo Iglesias. El haber rechazado la última oferta de Gobierno de coalición que ofreció el PSOE en julio -una vicepresidencia y tres ministerios- y el no haber negociado él personalmente con Pedro Sánchez y haber delegado la tarea en los equipos de negociación. Sobre este último aspecto, muestra un especial arrepentimiento.
  95. Marcos, Ana; Elordi Cué, Carlos (10 September 2019). "PSOE y Unidas Podemos suspenden el diálogo y abocan a elecciones". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  96. Piña, Raúl (12 September 2019). "El Rey decidirá el martes si propone a Pedro Sánchez como candidato tras la ronda de consultas". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  97. Portillo, Juande (17 September 2019). "El Rey no propone candidato a la investidura y España se aboca a elecciones". Cinco Días (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  98. Sanz, Luis Ángel; Lamet, Juanma (16 September 2019). "Albert Rivera acorrala a Pedro Sánchez con una "solución de Estado"". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023. Tras el Comité Permanente de Ciudadanos, Rivera llamó a Pablo Casado y le propuso ofrecer a Pedro Sánchez un pacto constitucionalista a cambio de hacer posible su investidura mediante la abstención de los dos partidos.
  99. Esteban, Paloma; Collado, Ángel (17 September 2019). "El PP rechaza la iniciativa de Rivera para coordinar una doble abstención". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  100. Elordi Cué, Carlos; García de Blas, Elsa; Marcos, Ana (17 September 2019). "Las opciones de la investidura de Sánchez se agotan tras el no de PP y Ciudadanos". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  101. Casqueiro, Javier; Alberola, Miquel (24 September 2019). "El Rey firma la disolución de las Cortes y la convocatoria de elecciones el 10-N". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  102. Junquera, Natalia (10 November 2019). "El PP gana 22 escaños y Casado no cierra ninguna puerta: "A ver qué hace Sánchez"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  103. ^ Jones, Sam (11 November 2019). "Spain election: grand coalition ruled out as far-right Vox surges". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  104. Elordi Cué, Carlos; Marcos, José (12 November 2019). "Sánchez e Iglesias alcanzan un acuerdo para formar un Gobierno de coalición". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  105. Gil Grande, Rocío (12 November 2019). "El primer Gobierno de coalición que marcaría un nuevo hito en la historia de España" (in Spanish). RTVE. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  106. "Así se fraguó el preacuerdo entre el PSOE y Unidas Podemos: en 24 horas y en secreto" (in Spanish). laSexta. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  107. Hernández, Marisol (13 November 2019). "Crónica de las horas en que se fraguó el acuerdo exprés entre Pedro Sánchez y Pablo Iglesias: una vicepresidencia y tres o cuatro ministerios". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  108. Ruiz Castro, Miriam (13 November 2019). "El Gobierno de coalición, en manos de las bases del PSOE y Podemos". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
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  110. ^ Romero, Juanma (23 November 2019). "Las bases dan un sí masivo a Sánchez (92%) para atar el pacto con UP y negociar con ERC". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  111. ^ "Las bases de IU respaldan con un 88% que el partido entre en un Gobierno de coalición". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
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  114. "El apoyo al preacuerdo de Gobierno progresista de coalición impone ampliamente". Socialists' Party of Catalonia (in Spanish). 25 November 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  115. "El 97 % de los inscritos avala que Podemos gobierne en coalición con el PSOE". Alcalá Hoy (in Spanish). 28 November 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  116. "Consulta sobre nuestra participación en un gobierno de coalición". Podemos (in Spanish). 27 November 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  117. "Las bases de IU respaldan con un 88% en el referéndum vinculante que miembros de esta formación participen en un Gobierno de coalición". United Left (in Spanish). 25 November 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  118. ^ López, Estela (25 November 2019). "ERC logra el aval masivo de sus bases para exigir a Sánchez una mesa de diálogo". El Economista (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  119. "Masivo aval de las bases de ERC a negociar con el PSOE si hay mesa de diálogo". Noticias de Navarra (in Spanish). 26 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  120. Lamet, Juanma (15 November 2019). "El PP tenderá la mano a Pedro Sánchez si rompe con Pablo Iglesias". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 31 July 2023. Génova estaría dispuesta a "debatir" la "abstención patriótica" que piden Feijóo y Mañueco.
  121. Hernández, Marisol (15 November 2019). "El PSOE ignora la abstención del PP pese al debate interno". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  122. Riveiro, Aitor; Castro, Irene (30 November 2019). "PSOE y Unidas Podemos arrancan la negociación del programa de coalición y aparcan las medidas que los separan". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  123. Romero, Juanma (3 December 2019). "Batet, reelegida presidenta del Congreso: "Invirtamos en respeto y diálogo real"". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  124. Díaz, Anabel; Casqueiro, Javier (3 December 2019). "Vox entra en la Mesa del Congreso sin que lo impidan el PSOE y el PP". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  125. Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones Generales 10 de noviembre de 2019". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  126. "El Rey iniciará el martes la ronda de consultas para la investidura". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Madrid. Europa Press. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  127. Esteban, Paloma (11 December 2019). "El Rey propone a Sánchez como candidato a la investidura a la espera del apoyo de ERC". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  128. Silvente, Adriana (31 December 2019). "2019: Cronología política de un año en funciones" (in Spanish). Newtral. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  129. B., P. (30 December 2019). "Bildu pone sobre la mesa su abstención y consultará a sus bases". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  130. Pérez, Claudi; Díez, Anabel (30 December 2019). "El pacto con acento social de PSOE y Podemos da un acelerón a la investidura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  131. "PSOE y Podemos acuerdan subir el salario mínimo a 1.000 euros en 2020 y llevarlo a 1.200 para 2023". El Economista (in Spanish). 13 December 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  132. "El Gobierno de PSOE y Unidas Podemos derogará la reforma laboral y la Ley 'mordaza'" (in Spanish). EiTB. Agencias. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  133. Gómez, Pablo (30 December 2019). "Avance en el acuerdo PSOE-Podemos: Iglesias y Montero entrarían en un Gobierno con cuatro carteras moradas". La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  134. Elordi Cué, Carlos; Marcos, José (28 November 2019). "ERC mantiene el no a investir a Sánchez tras la primera reunión con el PSOE, pero sigue negociando". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  135. Romero, Juanma; Lamelas, Marcos (3 December 2019). "PSOE y ERC acuerdan "activar una vía política" en Cataluña y seguirán negociando". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  136. Baqueiro, Camilo Sixto; Marcos, José (9 December 2019). "Reunión sorpresa en Barcelona entre PSOE y ERC para encarrilar la negociación horas antes de la cita oficial". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona / Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  137. Mondelo, Víctor (10 December 2019). "PSOE y ERC avanzan en la mesa para "encauzar el conflicto político de Cataluña"". El Mundo (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  138. Baqueiro, Camilo Sixto; Marcos, José (30 December 2019). "ERC ve una "oportunidad" en el acuerdo con el PSOE". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  139. Baqueiro, Camilo Sixto (31 December 2019). "El pacto PSOE-ERC incluye una consulta sobre los acuerdos entre Generalitat y Estado". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  140. Marcos, José; Cia, Blanca; Baqueiro, Camilo Sixto (2 January 2020). "ERC y el viraje desde el no a Sánchez a la abstención". El País (in Spanish). Madrid / Barcelona. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  141. Gorospe, Pedro; Marcos, José (2 January 2020). "El acuerdo de PSOE y PNV incluye trasferencias de competencias a Navarra". El País (in Spanish). Bilbao / Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  142. "Más País anuncia su apoyo a la investidura de Pedro Sánchez" (in Spanish). Madrid: laSexta. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  143. Martínez, Laura (2 January 2020). "Compromís apoyará la investidura de Sánchez tras acordar con el PSOE avanzar en la reforma de la financiación autonómica en ocho meses". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  144. "Revilla votará contra Sánchez, pero el apoyo de Teruel Existe y de Nueva Canarias apuntala la investidura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  145. Rodríguez Pontevedra, Silvia; García de Blas, Elsa (3 January 2020). "El BNG votará sí y Coalición Canaria se abstendrá en la investidura de Sánchez". El País (in Spanish). Santiago de Compostela / Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  146. Gorospe, Pedro (3 January 2020). "La bases EH Bildu aprueban la decisión de la dirección de abstenerse". El País (in Spanish). Bilbao. Retrieved 29 July 2023. Las bases de la coalición independentista avalan con un 81,4% la postura defendida por la dirección para "darle una oportunidad" al Gobierno socialista.
  147. Díez, Anabel; Marcos, José (31 December 2019). "El pleno para la investidura de Pedro Sánchez se celebrará los días 4, 5 y 7 de enero". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  148. "El Pleno de investidura de Sánchez comenzará el sábado a las nueve de la mañana con la previsión de votar el domingo". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Europa Press. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  149. Pérez, Fernando Jesús (3 January 2020). "La Junta Electoral acuerda destituir a Quim Torra tras su condena por desobediencia". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  150. Pérez, Fernando Jesús (4 January 2020). "La Junta Electoral sacude la investidura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  151. Marcos, José (2 January 2020). "El PSOE denuncia una maniobra de la derecha para el boicot de la investidura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  152. Pérez, Fernando Jesús (3 January 2020). "Sánchez afronta su investidura en plena tormenta por las decisiones de la Junta Electoral" (in Spanish). RTVE. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  153. García de Blas, Elsa; Marcos, José (4 January 2020). "Oramas ignora la decisión de Coalición Canaria y votará no en la investidura de Sánchez". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 30 July 2023. "Hoy se está inaugurando la demolición del Estado que conocemos", ha arrancado Oramas su discurso en el pleno de investidura. La sentencia parecía poco compatible con una abstención. "Su pacto es una ofensa contra el resto de comunidades", ha criticado a Sánchez la diputada de Coalición Canaria, antes de acusarle también de "arrodillarse ante el secesionismo".
  154. "Ana Oramas vota 'no' a Sánchez a pesar del riesgo de expulsión de Coalición Canaria". Canarias Ahora (in Spanish). Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  155. "ERC aguanta la presión y mantendrá su abstención en la investidura de Sánchez". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Agencias. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023. (...) Así lo aseguró el coordinador de la formación (y vicepresidente del Govern), Pere Aragonès. "Si la derecha y la extrema derecha se esperaban que ERC lo dejaría correr y que dejaría pasar la oportunidad de abrir una negociación con el Estado, si se esperaban que haría de brazo útil en el Congreso de una maniobra ilegal de PP, Ciudadanos y Vox, se equivocan".
  156. Díez, Anabel; Marcos, José (5 January 2020). "Sánchez no logra la confianza del Congreso en la primera votación". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  157. ^ Casqueiro, Javier; J. Pérez, Fernando (7 January 2020). "Pedro Sánchez logra la investidura y formará el primer Gobierno de coalición de la democracia". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  158. Portillo, Juande (6 January 2020). "Sánchez pierde una primera votación que anticipa su investidura el martes". Cinco Días (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  159. "El PP pide a diputados del PSOE que traicionen a Sánchez y voten en contra de la investidura" (in Spanish). COPE. Europa Press. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  160. "El PP pide a Page "cumplir su palabra" y ordenar a 9 diputados de PSOE votar contra la investidura" (in Spanish). Toledo: Europa Press. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  161. García de Blas, Elsa (6 January 2020). "Presión sobre el diputado de Teruel Existe: 8.800 'emails' para que cambie su voto". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  162. "PSOE, UP y Teruel Existe denuncian las continuas amenazas y presiones en la víspera a la sesión investidura" (in Spanish). Antena 3. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  163. "Interior pone protección al diputado de Teruel Existe, Tomás Guitarte, tras las amenazas". NIUS (in Spanish). Madrid. Agencias. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  164. De la Fuente, Nacho (5 January 2020). "El PSOE pide a sus diputados que duerman mañana en Madrid para evitar sustos en la segunda votación del martes". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  165. Romero, Juanma (7 January 2020). "El PSOE descarta un 'tamayazo' y se moviliza para sortear presiones e investir a Sánchez". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  166. Lamet, Juanma (7 January 2020). "Los nervios del PSOE horas antes de la investidura de Pedro Sánchez: "Ojo, que la diferencia es un voto"". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  167. Mayo, M. G.; Amigot, B. (7 January 2020). "Pedro Sánchez gana la investidura por dos votos". Expansión (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  168. Romero, Alexis; Sánchez, Manuel (13 March 2021). "De la unidad ante la pandemia a la cuerda floja: un año del estado de alarma que puso a prueba al Gobierno de coalición". Público (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  169. Gil, Iván (15 March 2021). "Yolanda Díaz, de abogada laboralista a designada por Iglesias para su relevo". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  170. Galán Cuello de Oro, María (7 January 2023). "Claves de tres años del Gobierno de coalición: sobrevivir a una pandemia, una guerra en Europa y un giro político en Cataluña". NIUS (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  171. Elordi Cué, Carlos (29 May 2023). "Pedro Sánchez adelanta las elecciones generales al 23 de julio ante el fiasco de las autonómicas". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  172. "Spain's Sanchez gambles on snap election after regional ballot rout". Reuters. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
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