21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom

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The early 21st century has seen a rise in and increasing organisation around anti-transgender sentiments in the United Kingdom. The most common strain is that of gender-critical feminism, though such sentiments are by no means limited to any one section of political alignment. This has caused some to refer to the United Kingdom by the nickname "TERF Island", and has led to substantial rollbacks in the rights of transgender people, including in the areas of gender recognition, access to gender-affirming care, education, sports, the justice system, and access to social services.

Background

Gender Recognition Act 2004

Main article: Gender Recognition Act 2004

In 1970, a judge ruled that transgender people could not change the sex listed on their birth certificate. Following cases by trans rights organizations, the European Court of Human Rights issued a ruling that the UK government's policy was in breach of human rights. This led to the implementation of the 2004 Gender Recognition Act (GRA). The GRA allowed trans people to change their legal sex provided they were medically diagnosed with gender dysphoria and had lived for two years as their "acquired" gender.

In June 2020, the European Commission argued these to be "intrusive medical requirements" out of line with international human rights standards. In 2021, the House of Commons women and equalities committee and the United Nations Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity concurred, and called for gender self-identification to be the policy.

Gender-critical feminism

Main article: Gender-critical feminism

Gender-critical feminism, also known as trans-exclusionary radical feminism or TERFism, is an ideology or movement that opposes what it refers to as "gender ideology", the concept of gender identity and transgender rights, especially gender self-identification. Gender-critical feminists believe that sex is biological and immutable, and believe gender, including both gender identity and gender roles, is inherently oppressive. They reject the concept of transgender identities.

Gender-critical feminism has been described as transphobic by feminist and scholarly critics, and is opposed by many feminist, LGBTQ rights, and human rights organizations. The Council of Europe has condemned gender-critical ideology, among other ideologies, and linked it to "virulent attacks on the rights of LGBTI people" in Hungary, Poland, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and other countries. UN Women has described the gender-critical movement as among several extreme anti-rights movements that employ hate propaganda and disinformation.

In several countries, including the UK, gender-critical feminist groups have formed alliances with right-wing, far-right, and anti-feminist organisations.

Rise in anti-trans sentiments

In 2016, the House of Commons' Women and Equalities Committee issued a report recommending that the Gender Recognition Act 2004 be updated "in line with the principles of gender self-declaration". Later in 2016, in England and Wales, Theresa May's government developed a proposal to revise the Act to introduce self-identification, with a public consultation opening in 2018. A significant majority of respondents were in favour of the GRA reforms in 2018. However, the proposed reform became a key locus of conflict for the emerging gender-critical movement, seeking to block reform of the Act in concert with many from the Christian right; however, neither gender-critical feminism nor the religious right were the only political sections which would later take part in furthering anti-trans sentiments and policy; as attacks ultimately have come from across the political spectrum.

Another key locus of conflict for the emerging movement was the stance of LGBTQ rights charity Stonewall on trans issues. In 2015, Stonewall had begun campaigning for trans equality, with Stonewall head Ruth Hunt apologising for the organisation's previous failure to do so.

Media involvement

Beginning in the late 2010s, British media outlets across the political spectrum began publishing articles positioning transgender rights as being directly at odds with the rights of women and children. According to political economist Lisa Tilley of the University of London, the British media created an environment where "male violence is also displaced from the real culprits onto vulnerable transgender people, who are demonized collectively as abusers, rather than more accurately represented as victims and survivors of abuse". Christine Burns, author of Trans Britain: Our Journey from the Shadows, stated in a CNN article that The Times and The Sunday Times newspapers in particular published "six trans related pieces in 2016" but "over 150 in 2017 and similarly each year since" which painted trans rights as dangerous and censorious. Other news outlets that took part included Sky News, The Guardian, and the BBC. Burns would later describe this as a "trans backlash" stemming from 2015. In December 2020, the Independent Press Standards Organisation released a report stating that the average number of UK media stories about trans rights had jumped 414% between May 2014 and May 2019, from 34 per month to 176 per month, and that in the preceding year of research that number had risen to 224 stories per month.

Moving into the 2020s, the British media climate grew further hostile to trans people. One notable example was the 2021 BBC article "We're being pressured into sex by some trans women", in which the BBC cited a social media poll from an anti-trans activist group to say that cisgender lesbians were being forced to have sex with transgender women under fears of being labeled transphobic. The article included statements from the LGB Alliance, and from an individual who would, shortly after the article's publication, call for all trans women to be executed. The article included no statements from any trans people.

Organisations founded

The ensuing years saw the formation of a significant number of small but influential groups.

In 2019, the LGB Alliance was founded in opposition to Stonewall's 2015 pivot towards supporting trans rights, accusing the organisation of having "undermined women's sex-based rights and protections" and attempting "to introduce confusion between biological sex and the notion of gender". Sociologist Craig McLean describes the LGB Alliance as a lobby group that is part of what he calls the "anti-transgender movement in the United Kingdom". The LGB Alliance has said it is "not anti-trans".

The year 2019 also saw the formation of Women's Declaration International (formed as the Women's Human Rights Campaign) by noted gender-critical feminist Sheila Jeffreys and co-founder Heather Brunskell-Evans. The group published a manifesto titled the Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights, which argued that recognising trans women as women "constitutes discrimination against women" and called for the "elimination of that act".

In 2021, the group Genspect was founded in close affiliation with the American lobby group The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) - both of which have since been designated as anti-LGBTQ hate groups by the Southern Poverty Law Center; and both of whose activities focused primarily on lobbying, within politics and the field of medicine, against access to gender-affirming care.

Policy changes

Changes in policy regarding trans rights and associated views have covered a vast area of topics.

Legal status of gender-critical beliefs

In 2021, it was ruled in the landmark case Forstater v Centre for Global Development Europe that gender-critical beliefs are "worthy of respect" and qualify for discrimination protections on the same level as religion. While this ruling made such views a protected belief, it did not grant the right for holders of such beliefs to discriminate against transgender people themselves. Maya Forstater, the plaintiff, had sued her employer, the Center for Global Development Europe, for not having her employment contract renewed after expressing gender-critical beliefs.

In April 2021, the British Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) submitted evidence backing Maya Forstater in Forstater v Center for Global Development Europe. The EHRC issued a statement saying, "We think that a 'gender critical' belief that 'trans women are men and trans men are women' is a philosophical belief which is protected under the Equality Act".

Gender recognition

In the late 2010s, a number of groups were formed in response to the proposed GRA reform, including Fair Play for Women, For Women Scotland, and Woman's Place UK.

In January 2022, the EHRC released dual statements opposing the removal of administrative barriers for trans people to receive legal recognition in Scotland, and asking that England and Wales' ban on conversion therapy exclude such therapies for trans people. A month later, Vice News reported on leaked sections of an unpublished 2021 EHRC guidance pack, which advised businesses and organisations to exclude transgender people from single-sex spaces – including toilets, hospital wards, and changing rooms – unless they held a Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC). Vice reported that the guidance, due to be released in January 2022 but unpublished as of February 2022, was aimed at " women", and that just 1% of trans people in the UK held a GRC.

In June 2022, the EHRC stated that transgender people could be excluded from single-sex spaces as long as it serves a legitimate aim, such as "privacy, decency, to prevent trauma or to ensure health and safety".

In July 2024, the EHRC released guidance clarifying that sex-based occupational requirements included sex as modified by a GRC, but that under schedule 9 of the Equality Act 2010 employers were permitted to exclude transgender persons even with a GRC. The guidance stated that the basis and reasons for any occupational restrictions should be clearly stated in any advertisement.

Conversion therapy

Main article: Transgender rights in the United Kingdom § Conversion therapy

In 2015, health organizations across the UK came together to sign the Memorandum of Understanding on Conversion Therapy (MoU), a statement outlining their opposition to conversion therapy for LGB people. It was updated to include conversion therapy for transgender people in 2017. In 2022, the Conservative government under Boris Johnson backtracked on plans to include conversion therapy suppressing gender identity from an upcoming bill banning the practice following pressure from gender-critical lobbying groups. The coalition behind the MoU published an open letter condemning the decision and the government had to cancel its first LGBTQ conference as the members dropped out in protest. Gender critical campaign group Transgender Trend criticized the letter, citing the Cass Review's interim report.

The Cass Review's interim report said that affirmative approaches were not neutral, and that some professionals were scared to take an "an exploratory approach or challenging approach" due to perceived pressures from organisations taking an "ideological stance". It suggested there was "a fear of being labelled transphobic" if professionals tried to explore or investigate the causes of gender non-conformity in children. In 2024 Hilary Cass, who chaired the review, told Kemi Badenoch that the proposed conversion therapy ban was risky and told The Guardian that she'd been "really clear with the government that any legislation would have to take inordinate care to not make workforce problems worse than they are".

In 2022, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and regional transgender health bodies released a statement in response to NHS England's interim service specifications, which followed the Cass Review's interim report. The statement said:

This document seems to view gender incongruence largely as a mental health disorder or a state of confusion and withholds gender-affirming treatments on this basis. WPATH, ASIAPATH, EPATH, PATHA, and USPATH call attention to the fact that this "psychotherapeutic" approach, which was used for decades before being superseded by evidence-based gender-affirming care, has not been shown to be effective (AUSPATH, 2021; Coleman et al., 2022). Indeed, the denial of gender-affirming treatment under the guise of "exploratory therapy" has caused enormous harm to the transgender and gender diverse community and is tantamount to "conversion" or "reparative" therapy under another name.

The Professional Association for Transgender Health Aotearoa (PATHA), a New Zealand professional organisation, said the Cass Review made "harmful recommendations" and was not in line with international consensus. It said, "Restricting access to social transition is restricting gender expression, a natural part of human diversity." They further said that several people involved in the review "previously advocated for bans on gender-affirming care in the United States, and have promoted non-affirming 'gender exploratory therapy', which is considered a conversion practice."

In November 2023, the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP) published a statement on gender-critical views:

Psychotherapists and psychotherapeutic counsellors who hold such views are likely to believe that the clinically most appropriate approach to working therapeutically with individuals who present with gender dysphoria, particularly children and young people, is exploratory therapy, rather than medicalised interventions such as puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones or reassignment surgery.

In April 2024 the UK Council for Psychotherapy withdrew from the Memorandum and membership of the Coalition against Conversion Therapy on the grounds of not wanting to oppose conversion therapy for trans young people. This was criticised by other signatories of the MoU and over 1500 UKCP members. The board was retained as only 20% of voters called for their removal.

Healthcare restrictions

Bell v Tavistock

Main article: Bell v Tavistock

In 2020, the High Court issued a ruling banning transgender patients under the age of 16 from receiving puberty-suppressing medication for the purpose of preventing the development of unwanted secondary sex characteristics. This led to many patients having their care withdrawn, and consequently having to undergo the puberty of their assigned gender at birth. Many more patients over the age of 16 also had their gender-related healthcare withdrawn, even if that care did not take the form of puberty blockers.

In late 2021, the ruling was overturned on appeal, and puberty-suppressing treatment was allowed to resume by the courts, but nevertheless remained unavailable through the NHS, with a resultant sharp rise in deaths by suicide of young trans people on the Tavistock's GIDS's waiting list.

Cass Review

Main article: Cass Review

In 2024, the publication of the controversial Cass Review of youth gender services led to a criminal ban on puberty blockers for transgender children, and a general shift in NHS policy towards "gender exploratory therapy", which many experts say is a form of conversion therapy. The review's recommendations were generally welcomed by the British medical community, while many international academics and medical organisations criticised the review on grounds of methodology and findings. While the ban was initially introduced in May 2024 as a temporary measure citing safety concerns, in December 2024 it was made indefinite. Puberty blockers continue to be available as necessary to cisgender children, as well as to trans children who were already prescribed them.

In response to claims of trans youth suicide due to such bans, in July 2024 the Health Secretary, Wes Streeting, asked Professor Louis Appleby to examine the data. The ensuing report stated "the data do not support the claim" of increased suicide, adding that the way the issue had been discussed on social media and the making of such claims was "insensitive, distressing and dangerous". The report was criticized by some, who called it "rushed" and said that it failed to include known cases of trans youth suicide due to denial of care in its dataset, leading said critics to allege a cover-up.

Education

In December 2021, the Girls' Day School Trust, the largest network of girls' private schools in the UK, issued a blanket ban on trans girls being admitted to any of its schools.

In August 2022, Attorney-General Suella Braverman suggested that it is lawful for schools to misgender, deadname, ban from some sports, reject from enrollment based on their trans status, and refuse any and all other forms of gender affirmation to trans kids, and that to recognise their identities as trans could qualify as "indoctrinating children".

Sports

In September 2021, the UK Sports Council Equality Group issued new guidance saying that in their view, trans inclusion and "competitive fairness" cannot coexist in sports. The SCEG based its guidance on 300 interviews regarding personal opinions on the matter, conducted across 54 sports and 175 organisations. Only 20 of those interviewed were trans people. In June 2022, the then UK Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Nadine Dorries met the heads of UK sporting bodies and told them that "elite and competitive women's sport must be reserved for people born of the female sex".

Since then, trans women have been banned from competing in women's sports in a wide array of disciplines, ranging from cycling to fishing.

Rape law

Under 2024 guidance published by the Crown Prosecution Service, trans people who fail to disclose their birth sex to a sexual partner, whether deliberately or not, can be charged with rape.

Prisons

As of 2023, trans women imprisoned in England and Wales are to be housed in men's prisons if they have committed any violent or sexual crime, or if they have "male genitalia". In late 2023, it was announced that trans women in Scotland would be sent to a men's prison only if they were convicted of or awaiting trial for a crime against a woman, and were considered to be a risk to women and girls.

International responses

In 2021 the Council of Europe's Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination warned that:

ongoing social, political and legal debate about what constitutes harmful discourse when it comes to trans people and their rights, and arguments defending freedom of expression have been – and are still being – used as a tool to justify transphobic rhetoric, further penalising and harming already marginalised trans people and communities

and concluded the "'gender-critical' movement, which wrongly portrays trans rights as posing a particular threat to cisgender women and girls, has played a significant role in this process".

In May 2023, a United Nations investigation found that the British Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) had deliberately acted with the objective of reducing human-rights protections for transgender people who had legal gender recognition.

Analysis

Sociologist Craig McLean of Northumbria University has argued that the British anti-trans movement has come about via the influence of lobby groups, which "have used their influence in the media to push with impunity a narrative that transwomen are not safe and should not be allowed to use female facilities. They have pushed a narrative of 'raising reasonable concerns' and just 'asking questions', but the reality is that they have helped to demonize an already vulnerable minority".

Sociologist Sone Erikainen of University of Aberdeen echoed a similar sentiment, saying that "though they are indeed a small minority, their views and arguments are being platformed by many outlets just as much and sometimes more than the views of trans-affirming feminists and trans activists, and their arguments have also carried a lot of impact on policy decisions".

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