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Battle of Kruty

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1918 battle of the Ukrainian–Soviet War
Battle of Kruty
Part of the Ukrainian–Soviet War

Scheme of the Battle of Kruty.
DateJanuary 29 or 30, 1918
Locationnear Kruty, Ukraine 51°4′46.32″N 32°9′33.48″E / 51.0795333°N 32.1593000°E / 51.0795333; 32.1593000
Result

Strategic Ukrainian victory

Belligerents
Ukrainian People's Republic Soviet Russia
Commanders and leaders
Averkiy Honcharenko [uk] Simon Petliura Mikhail Muravyov
Pavel Yegorov
Reingold Berzin
Units involved
The Kyiv Cadet auxiliary kurin and the company size element of Free Cossacks Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
Strength

Total: 600 soldiers

500 students
2 armored trains
~100 cossacks

Total: 6,000 soldiers

1,000 men (strike force)
2,000+ men (reserves)
2 armored trains
artillery battery
Casualties and losses
Less than 260
36 prisoners (28 later executed)		 Heavy, about 300
Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921)
Bolshevik uprisings in Ukraine
Part of a series on the
History of Ukraine
Topics
Early history
Middle Ages
Early Modern period
Modern history
Contemporary Ukraine

The Battle of Kruty (Ukrainian: Бій під Крутами, Biy pid Krutamy) took place on January 29 or 30, 1918, near Kruty railway station (today the village of Pamiatne, Nizhyn Raion, Chernihiv Oblast), about 130 kilometres (81 miles) northeast of Kyiv, Ukraine, which at the time was part of Nezhinsky Uyezd of Chernigov Governorate.

Order of battle

Ukrainian forces (D. Nosenko)
  • 1st Student Company (Sich Riflemen auxiliary kurin) - Petro Omelchenko (fatally wounded) (116 soldiers) was split into four platoons
  • Cadet Corps of the 1st Ukrainian military school of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi - Averkiy Honcharenko (~200 soldiers)
  • Hlukhiv Free Cossacks (80 soldiers)
    • Cavalry detachment
  • Ad hoc armed train (consisted of artillery gun on a flatcar) - S.Loshchenko
  • Armored train - M.Yartsev (wounded), withdrew to Nizhyn
Russian forces (Mikhail Muravyov)
  • 1st Revolutionary Army (Komdiv Pavel Yegorov) - 1,500
    • Baltic sailors of Remnyov
    • 1st Petrograd Red Guards
      • 1st battalion - Lifanov (wounded)
      • 2nd battalion - Vorobyov
    • 1st Moscow Red Guards - Ye.Lapidus
    • Armored train No.2
  • 2nd Revolutionary Army (Komdiv Reingold Berzin)
    • 436th Novo-Ladoga Regiment
    • 534th Novo-Kyiv Regiment
    • detachment of Baltic sailors
    • Lenin armored train

The battle

As Bolshevik forces of about 4,000 men, commanded by Mikhail Muravyov, advanced toward Kyiv, a small Ukrainian unit of 400 soldiers of the Bakhmach garrison (about 300 of which were students), commanded initially by Captain F. Tymchenko, withdrew from Bakhmach to a small railroad station Kruty midway towards Nizhyn. The small unit consisted mainly of the Student Battalion (Kurin) of Sich Riflemen, a unit of the Khmelnytsky Cadet School, and a Free Cossacks company.

Just before the assault Tymchenko was replaced by D. Nosenko. Tymchenko left for Nizhyn in attempt to recruit the locally quartered Shevchenko Regiment (800 soldiers) to the Ukrainian side. On January 30, 1918, the Shevchenko regiment sided with the Soviet regime, the news of which forced the Ukrainian garrison of Kruty hastily to withdraw. Over half of the 400 men were killed during the battle, which lasted up to five hours. In Soviet historiography, the battle is mistakenly dated on January 29, 1918 and confused with the Plysky rail station skirmish (uk:Плиски (станція)).

The Haidamaka Kish of Symon Petlyura (300 soldiers) that rushed to reinforce the Kruty garrison and was delayed due to the Darnytsia railworkers sabotage and stopped in close vicinity at Bobryk railway station. They eventually turned back to Kyiv due to the Bolshevik Arsenal Uprising, which occurred on the same day.

Eighteen of the students were re-buried at Askold's Grave in the centre of Kyiv after the return of the Tsentralna Rada to the capital in March 1918. At the funeral the then President of the Ukrainian People's Republic, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, called every one of the 400 students who fought in the battle, heroes. Poet Pavlo Tychyna wrote "To the memory of the thirties" about the heroic death of the students.

After the fall of the Ukrainian People's Republic the bodies of the students were moved to the Lukyanivske Cemetery in Kyiv.

Ukrainian legacy

The true story of the battle was hidden by the Soviet Government. Only recently, a monument was set up to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Kruty at Askold's Grave, and a commemorative hryvnia coin was minted. In 2006, the Kruty Heroes Monument was erected on the site of the historic battle. The battle is remembered each year on or around January 29.

Ukrainian youngsters lost their lives to stop the Bolshevist army of Russian Lieutenant General Nikolai Muravyov from advancing on Kyiv.

— Ex-President Viktor Yuschenko at the 91st anniversary of the battle describing the students

Young people, like Spartan soldiers, died for the sake of their motherland in a struggle against foreign aggressors, and it was an example of their sacrifice and selfless love for their native land. Every anniversary of the Heroes of Kruty is not only a day to honor those people who loved our motherland more than their lives. This is also another reminder to our contemporary politicians regarding their responsibility for the fate of their country and people.

— Ex-Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko describing the battle

Near Kruty the Kyiv military cadets and students became the forerunners of the Ukrainian political nation. Having different ethnic roots, they as one fought for our Ukrainian State. As the founding of the Ukrainian People's Republic became the base of the Ukrainian statehood, so the heroism of the Kruty's warriors became the beginning and the symbol of liberating struggles of Ukrainians for the liberty in the past 20th century.

— Ex-President Viktor Yuschenko at the 91st anniversary of the battle
Burial of Students who died during the Battle of Kruty (May 1918)

On 1 March 2022, the armed forces of Ukraine successfully defended the area around Kruty from a Russian army attack during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, with the Russians losing nearly 200 men. Before the fighting, Russian soldiers took photos near the Memorial to the Heroes of Kruty, and fired on it.

Important personalities

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  • Leonid Butkevych, the youngest soldier who was in the sixth grade
  • Yakiv Ryabokin-Rohoza-Rozanov
  • Volodymyr Shulhyn, a brother of the Ukrainian statesman Oleksander Shulhyn
  • Ivano Hrushetsky, later an Orthodox priest who eventually died in a Soviet prison in August 1940
  • Mytrofan Shvydun, later continued to fight on the "Shooter" and "Free Ukraine" armored trains and in 1941 organized the Lutsk Battalion of OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists)
  • Mykhailo Mykhailyk, later wrote a detailed memoir about the battle
  • Numerous former students of Kruty became the base of the officer corps of the legendary Black Zaporizhians Cavalry Regiment
  • Mykola Kryvopusk and Hnat Martynyuk in 1920-1921 served as personal bodyguards of Symon Petlyura, Martynyuk, after becoming a priest, perished in Volyn in 1943 under unknown circumstances
  • Serhiy Zakhvalsky, eventually became an officer in the Polish Army, however, he was renowned for imprisoning a whole company of the Red Army in 1920, while heading one of the cavalry squads of the Zaliznyak Cavalry Regiment
  • Averkiy Honcharenko, in 1943 became one of the organizers of the SS Halychyna of which he was appointed a commander in 1945
  • Petro Franchuk, one of the members of SS Halychyna
  • Yuri Voronoy, son of Ukrainian mathematician Georgy Voronoy, performed the first human kidney transplant in 1933

To the memory of the thirties

At the Askold Cemetery
They were buried,
The thirty martyrs-Ukrainians,
The glorious young...

At the Askold Cemetery
The Ukrainian bloom! —
By the bloody roadway
For us to follow into the world.

Onto whom has dared to rise
The betrayer's hand?
Sun is blooming, wind is playing
And the Dnieper-river...

Against whom has Cain committed?
O, Lord, punish them!
Over everything they loved
It was their loved land.

They died in the New Testament
With the glory of saints.
At the Askold Cemetery
They were buried.

— Pavlo Tychyna, 1918 (free translation)

Gallery

  • Photo, mistakenly taken as photo of burial of the student fighters of the battle, 1918 Photo, mistakenly taken as photo of burial of the student fighters of the battle, 1918
  • A hryvnia coin commemorating the Battle of Kruty A hryvnia coin commemorating the Battle of Kruty
  • Kruty monument on Askold's Grave Kruty monument on Askold's Grave

See also

Notes

  1. The student company consisted of students from the Kyiv University, the Ukrainian People's University and the 2nd Kyiv Gymnasium of St.Cyril and Methodius.
  2. Former 1st Kyiv Konstantinovskoye Military School

References

  1. ^ Battle of Kruty at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
  2. ^ Kovalchuk, M. Battle of Kruty: known and known pages. Ukrayinska Pravda (Historic Pravda). 29 January 2015 ( (original source)
  3. "Kruty, Battle of".
  4. Михайло Михайлик: День 29 січня 1918 року. — Львів, 1932 (Ukrainian)
  5. ^ Tynchenko, Ya. Life after Kruty. How turned out the fate of participants of January battle. Ukrayinska Pravda (Istorychna Pravda). 28 January 2011
  6. Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press. p. 352. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
  7. "History of Ukraine" (in Ukrainian). Retrieved September 12, 2006.
  8. Zelensky commemorates Kruty Heroes, UNIAN (29 January 2020)
  9. Events by themes: 91st anniversary of battle near Kruty, UNIAN (29 January 2009)
  10. Yuschenko, Tymoshenko address their compatriots on occasion of Battle of Kruty, Interfax-Ukraine, (29 January 2009)
  11. History of the Battle of Kruty - English, YouTube
  12. ^ About 200 Russian invaders killed in new battle near Kruty in Chernihiv region, Ukrinform (2 March 2022)
  13. Dubenko, Dmytro. "Хірург Вороний, який вперше пересадив нирку людині: українізатор і учасник бою під Крутами". BBC News Україна. BBC. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  14. Lavrinenko, Yu. Shot Renaissance: Anthology 1917-1933: Poetry-prose-drama-essay. "Prosvita". Kyiv, 2001. 794 p.

External links

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