In May 2005, an unregistered editor created a hoax Misplaced Pages article about journalist John Seigenthaler. The article falsely stated that Seigenthaler had been a suspect in the assassinations of U.S. president John F. Kennedy and U.S. attorney general Robert F. Kennedy.
After the hoax was discovered and corrected later in September, Seigenthaler, a friend and aide to Robert Kennedy, wrote in USA Today describing the article as an "Internet character assassination".
The incident raised questions about the reliability of Misplaced Pages and other websites with user-generated content that lack the legal accountability of traditional newspapers and published materials. In a December 13, 2005, interview, co-founder Jimmy Wales expressed his support for Misplaced Pages policy allowing articles to be edited by unregistered users, but announced plans to roll back their article creation privileges as part of a vandalism-control strategy. The incident ultimately led Misplaced Pages to introduce stricter referencing requirements for biographies of living persons.
Hoax
On May 26, 2005, a biographical article about John Seigenthaler was created by an anonymous Misplaced Pages editor that contained, in its entirety, the following text:
John Seigenthaler was the assistant to Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the ealry [sic] 1960's. [sic] For a brief time, he was thought to have been directly involved in the Kennedy assasinations [sic] of both John, and his brother, Bobby. Nothing was ever proven.
John Seigenthaler moved to the Soviet Union in 1971, and returned to the United States in 1984.
He started one of the country's largest public relations firm [sic] shortly thereafter.
Detection and correction
In September, Victor S. Johnson Jr., a friend of Seigenthaler's, discovered the article. After Johnson alerted him to the article, Seigenthaler emailed his friends and colleagues about it. On September 23, 2005, colleague Eric Newton copied Seigenthaler's official biography from the Freedom Forum website into Misplaced Pages. The following day, this biography was removed by a Misplaced Pages editor due to copyright violation and was replaced with a short original biography. Newton informed Seigenthaler of his action when he ran into Seigenthaler in November in New York at the Committee to Protect Journalists dinner.
In October 2005, Seigenthaler contacted the Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation, Jimmy Wales, who hid affected versions of the article history from public view in the Misplaced Pages version logs, in effect removing them from all but Misplaced Pages administrators' view. Some mirror websites not controlled by Misplaced Pages continued to display the older and inaccurate article for several weeks until the new version of the article was propagated to these other websites. In 2013, the hoax article was archived to Misplaced Pages:List of hoaxes on Misplaced Pages.
Anonymous editor identified
On November 29, 2005, Seigenthaler described the incident in an op-ed in USA Today, of which he had been the founding editorial director. In the article, he included a verbatim reposting of the false statements and called Misplaced Pages a "flawed and irresponsible research tool".
An expanded version was published several days later in The Tennessean, a daily newspaper in Nashville, Tennessee, where Seigenthaler had served in various capacities from beat reporter to chairman. In the article, Seigenthaler detailed his failed attempts to identify the anonymous person who posted the inaccurate biography. He reported that he had asked the poster's Internet service provider, BellSouth, to identify its user from the user's IP address. BellSouth refused to identify the user without a court order, suggesting that Seigenthaler file a John Doe lawsuit against the user, which Seigenthaler declined to do.
Daniel Brandt, a San Antonio activist who had started the website Misplaced Pages Watch to provide scrutiny of Misplaced Pages content in response to his objections to the article about him, looked up the IP address in Seigenthaler's article. He found that it related to Rush Delivery, a delivery service company in Nashville. He contacted Seigenthaler and the media and posted this information on his website.
On December 9, Brian Chase, an operations manager of Rush Delivery, admitted that he had posted the false biography because he believed Misplaced Pages to be "some sort of joke website". After confessing, Chase was fired from Rush Delivery. He presented a letter of apology to Seigenthaler, who successfully interceded with Rush Delivery to reinstate Chase. Seigenthaler confirmed that he would not file a lawsuit in relation to the incident. He said that he was concerned that "every biography on Misplaced Pages is going to be hit by this stuff—think what they'd do to Tom DeLay and Hillary Clinton, to mention two. My fear is that we're going to get government regulation of the Internet as a result."
Reactions
Seigenthaler's public reaction
In his November 29, 2005, USA Today editorial, Seigenthaler criticized Congress for Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which protects ISPs and web sites from being held legally responsible for content posted by their customers and users:
Federal law also protects online corporations – BellSouth, AOL, MCI, Misplaced Pages, etc. – from libel lawsuits. Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, passed in 1996, specifically states that "no provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker." That legalese means that, unlike print and broadcast companies, online service providers cannot be sued for defaming attacks on citizens posted by others. And so we live in a universe of new media with phenomenal opportunities for worldwide communications and research – but populated by volunteer vandals with poison-pen intellects. Congress has enabled them and protects them.
On December 5, 2005, Seigenthaler and Wales appeared jointly on CNN to discuss the matter. On December 6, 2005, the two were interviewed on National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation radio program. Wales described a new policy that he had implemented in order to prevent unregistered users from creating new articles on the English-language Misplaced Pages, though their ability to edit existing articles was retained.
In the CNN interview, Seigenthaler also raised the spectre of increased government regulation of the Web:
Can I just say where I'm worried about this leading. Next year we go into an election year. Every politician is going to find himself or herself subjected to the same sort of outrageous commentary that hit me, and hits others. I'm afraid we're going to get regulated media as a result of that. And I tell you, I think if you can't fix it, both fix the history as well as the biography pages, I think it's going to be in real trouble, and we're going to have to be fighting to keep the government from regulating you.
In the December 6 joint NPR interview, Seigenthaler said that he did not want to have anything to do with Misplaced Pages because he disapproved of its basic assumptions. In an article Seigenthaler wrote for USA Today in late 2005, he said, "I am interested in letting many people know that Misplaced Pages is a flawed and irresponsible research tool." He also pointed out that the false information had been online for over four months before he was aware of it, and that he had not been able to edit the article to correct it. After speaking with Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales, Seigenthaler said: "My 'biography' was posted May 26. On May 29, one of Wales' volunteers 'edited' it only by correcting the misspelling of the word 'early.' For four months, Misplaced Pages depicted me as a suspected assassin before I erased it from the website's history Oct. 5. The falsehoods remained on Answers.com and Reference.com for three more weeks." Editing Misplaced Pages, he suggested, would lend it his sanction or approval, and he stated his belief that editing the article was not enough and instead he wanted to expose "incurable flaws" in the Misplaced Pages process and ethos.
On December 9, Seigenthaler appeared on C-SPAN's Washington Journal with Brian Lamb hosting. He said he was concerned that other pranksters would try to spoof members of Congress or other powerful figures in government, which may then prompt a backlash and turn back First Amendment rights on the Web.
In the June 2007 issue of Reason magazine, Seigenthaler also expressed concern about the lack of transparency underlined by Wales' removal of the hoax pages from the article's history page. He also stated that many of the comments left by users in the edit summaries were things he would not want his nine-year-old grandson to see.
Wikimedia Foundation reaction
In an interview with BusinessWeek on December 13, 2005, Wales discussed the reasons the hoax had gone undetected, and steps being taken to address them. He stated that one problem was that Misplaced Pages's use had grown faster than its self-monitoring system could comfortably handle, and that therefore new page creation would be restricted to account holders, addressing one of Seigenthaler's main criticisms.
He also gave his opinion that encyclopedias as a whole (whether print or online) were not usually appropriate for primary sources and should not be relied upon as authoritative (as some were doing), but that nonetheless Misplaced Pages was more reliable as "background reading" on subjects than most online sources. He stated that Misplaced Pages was a "work in progress".
A variety of changes were also made to Misplaced Pages's software and working practices, to address some of the issues arising. A new policy, 'biographies of living persons', was created on December 17, 2005; editorial restrictions, including reference requirements, were introduced on the creation of new Misplaced Pages articles; and new tracking categories for the biographies of living people were implemented.
The Foundation added a new level of "oversight" features to the MediaWiki software, accessible as of May 16, 2012, to around 37 experienced editors and Wikimedia staff members nominated by either Wales or the Arbitration Committee. This originally allowed for specific historical versions to be hidden from everyone (including Oversight editors), which then become unable to be viewed by anyone except developers via manual intervention, though the feature was later changed so that other Oversighters could view these revisions to monitor the tool's use. Currently such procedures are standardized by the 'Office actions' policy which states: "Sometimes the Wikimedia Foundation has to delete, protect or blank a page without going through the normal site/community process(es). These edits are temporary measures to prevent legal trouble or personal harm and should not be undone by any user."
Other reactions
In reaction to the controversy, The New York Times business editor Larry Ingrassia sent a memo to his staff commenting on the reliability of Misplaced Pages and writing, "We shouldn't be using it to check any information that goes into the newspaper." Several other publications commented on the incident, often criticizing Misplaced Pages and its open editing model as unreliable, citing the Seigenthaler incident as evidence.
The scientific journal Nature conducted a study comparing the accuracy of Misplaced Pages and the Encyclopædia Britannica in 42 hard sciences–related articles in December 2005. The Misplaced Pages articles studied were found to contain four serious errors and 162 factual errors, omissions or misleading statements, while the Encyclopædia Britannica also contained four serious errors and 123 factual errors, omissions or misleading statements. Referring to the Seigenthaler incident and several other controversies, the authors wrote that the study "suggests that such high-profile examples are the exception rather than the rule."
See also
- Bertrand Meyer § Misplaced Pages hoax – a French academic who was falsely declared dead on the German Misplaced Pages
References
Notes
- Cohen, Noam (August 24, 2009). "Misplaced Pages to Limit Changes to Articles on People". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
- ^ Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). "A false Misplaced Pages 'biography'". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
- "The State of the News Media 2006". The Project for Excellence in Journalism. September 14, 2009. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016.
- ^ Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). "Misplaced Pages: "A Work in Progress"". BusinessWeek Online. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
- "First edit to Seigenthaler's biography page". Misplaced Pages. May 26, 2005. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
- Carney, John I. (February 13, 2006). "Seigenthaler battles online encyclopedia". Shelbyville Times-Gazette. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
- Archived version Archived June 9, 2022, at the Wayback Machine of the rewriting of the official biography.
- Two deletion log entries Archived November 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine of the article.
- Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Misplaced Pages: How we are editing reality. Somerset: Siduri. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-9562052-0-9.
- Terdiman, Daniel. "Is Misplaced Pages safe from libel liability?". CNET. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
- Terdiman, Daniel (December 15, 2005). "In search of the Misplaced Pages prankster". CNET. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
- ^ Buchanan, Brian J. (November 17, 2006). "Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace". First Amendment Center. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- "The wiki principle". The Economist. April 22, 2006. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
- "Man who posted false Misplaced Pages bio apologizes to Seigenthaler". First Amendment Center. June 4, 2007. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
- Page, Susan (December 11, 2005). "Author apologizes for fake Misplaced Pages biography". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 28, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
- Mangu-Ward, Katherine (June 2007). "Misplaced Pages and Beyond: Jimmy Wales' sprawling vision". Reason Magazine: 20–29. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
- "Misplaced Pages and Seigenthaler; Restricted editing". Misplaced Pages Signpost. December 5, 2005. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
- Ral315 (June 5, 2006). "New revision-hiding feature added". Misplaced Pages Signpost. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Office actions". Misplaced Pages. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
- "The New York Times Business editor Larry Ingrassia's memo "Wiki-whatdia?"". December 7, 2005. Archived from the original on March 8, 2006.
- Orlowski, Andrew (December 12, 2005). "There's no Misplaced Pages entry for 'moral responsibility'". The Register (UK). Archived from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
- Terdiman, Daniel (December 5, 2005). "Growing pains for Misplaced Pages". CNET. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
- Giles, Jim (December 15, 2005). "Special Report: Internet encyclopaedias go head to head". Nature. 438 (7070): 900–901. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..900G. doi:10.1038/438900a. PMID 16355180.
Other sources
- Boyd, Danah (December 17, 2005). "Misplaced Pages, academia and Seigenthaler". Corante.com. Archived from the original on December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 18, 2005.
- Cooper, Charles (December 2, 2005). "Misplaced Pages and the nature of truth". CNET. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
- Lamb, Brian (December 9, 2005). "Interview with John Seigenthaler". C-SPAN Washington Journal.
- Mielczarek, Natalia (December 11, 2005). "Fake online biography created as 'joke'". The Tennessean.
- Phillips, Kyra (December 5, 2005). "Live From... Transcript". CNN. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2006., interview with John Seigenthaler and Jimmy Wales.
- NPR (December 12, 2005). "Misplaced Pages joker eats humble pie". BBC News. Archived from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2006.
- NPR (December 6, 2005). "Misplaced Pages to Require Contributors to Register". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018., Talk of the Nation story summary and radio broadcast.
- Seigenthaler, John (December 4, 2005). "Truth can be at risk in the world of the web". The Tennessean.
- Terdiman, Daniel (December 7, 2005). "Is Misplaced Pages safe from libel liability?". CNET. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
External links
- Is an Online Encyclopedia, Such as Misplaced Pages, Immune From Libel Suits? by Prof. Anita Ramasastry on Writ
- John Seigenthaler, "Misplaced Pages, WikiLeaks, and Wiccans": 49-minute presentation at Vanderbilt University, October 21, 2011, C-Span Video Library
- "Snared in the Web of a Misplaced Pages Liar" by Katharine Q. Seelye of The New York Times
