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BMT
A New York Transit Museum set of BMT Triplexes on the BMT Brighton Line
Overview
Status	Incorporated into the New York City Subway
Owner	City of New York
Service
Operator(s)	New York City Transit Authority
Depot(s)	Coney Island Yard, East New York Yard
Rolling stock	R46, R68, R68A, R143, R160, R179
History
Opened	1923; 101 years ago (1923)
Closed	1940; 84 years ago (1940) (acquisition by the NYC Board of Transportation)
Technical
Track gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Route map

The Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) was an urban transit holding company, based in Brooklyn, New York City, United States, and incorporated in 1923. The system was sold to the city in 1940. Today, together with the IND subway system, it forms the B Division of the modern New York City Subway.

The original BMT routes form the J/Z, L, M, N, Q, R and W trains, as well as the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, with the IND B and D using BMT trackage in Brooklyn. The M train enters the IND via the Chrystie Street Connection after crossing the Williamsburg Bridge. The Q, along with some rush-hour N trains enter the IND from the BMT 63rd Street Line. The R train enters the IND via the 60th Street Tunnel Connection.

The Z train supplements the J in the peak direction during rush hours only. Prior to city ownership, the BMT services were designed with numbers, and the current letter scheme was developed as a continuation of the IND nomenclature as the IND and BMT systems were integrated.

History

Company years

The Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation took over the assets of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company on June 15, 1923, following the previous company's bankruptcy. Like its predecessor it controlled subsidiaries which operated the great majority of the rapid transit and streetcar lines in Brooklyn with extensions into Queens and Manhattan. One of these, New York Rapid Transit Corporation operated the elevated and subway lines.

In 1923, their president, Gerhard Melvin Dahl, published a document called "Transit Truths" to explain the issues the company faced. In it he complained that the company had "met with the bitter, personal and unfair opposition of Mayor Hylan." In a separate letter to Hylan he said: "For seven years, you have been misleading and fooling the people in this community… For seven years, you have blocked every effort at transit relief. You, and only you, are to blame for the present…deplorable condition of the whole transit situation. You have used the transit situation as a political escalator".

In the late 1930s, the BMT was pressed by the City administration of Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia to sell its operations to the City, which wanted to have all subway and elevated lines municipally owned and operated. The City had two powerful incentives to coerce the sale:

• the BMT was forced by provisions of the Dual Contracts to charge no more than a five-cent fare, an amount set in 1913, before the inflation of World War I.
• the City had the right of “recapture” of those lines that had been built or improved with City participation under those Dual Contracts. This meant that, if the City forced the issue, the BMT could have been left with a fragmented system and City competition in many of its market areas.

The BMT sold all of its transit operations to the City on June 1, 1940.

Afterward

After World War II the city-built IND subway took over parts of the former BMT, starting in 1954 with the extension of the D train from its terminal at Church Avenue via a new connection with the former BMT Culver line at Ditmas Avenue. From 1954 the three remaining Culver stations between Ninth Avenue and Ditmas Avenue were used by the Culver Shuttle. The service was discontinued in 1975 because of budget cuts and was later demolished.

The 60th Street Tunnel Connection between the IND Queens Boulevard Line and BMT Broadway Line opened in December 1955. This new route was used by the BMT Brighton local, which formerly ran to Astoria, for service to Forest Hills along with the IND GG local. The next year saw the new extension of the IND Fulton Street Line (A train) in Brooklyn connected to the rebuilt section of the former BMT Fulton Street elevated at 80th Street in Queens in April 1956. The portion of the BMT Fulton Street El running west of 80th Street to Rockaway Avenue was demolished afterward.

The late 1950s and early 1960s saw the biggest project of that era with the building of the Chrystie Street Connection, and the IND Sixth Avenue express tracks. This project connected the IND Sixth Avenue services to the BMT services that ran over the Manhattan and Williamsburg Bridges. Express services were directly connected to the Manhattan Bridge, and local services could use either the Williamsburg Bridge or the existing Rutgers Street Tunnel. Both connections opened in November 1967 and created the largest re-routing of train services in the history of the NYCTA. The BMT West End and Brighton Lines became served primarily by IND services as a result. From 1967, some IND Sixth Avenue trains called KK and later K, used the Chrystie Street Connection to the BMT Jamaica Line over the Williamsburg Bridge. That connection was discontinued due to budget cuts in 1976.

In 1988, the BMT Archer Avenue Line was opened, connecting to what was then the east end of the BMT Jamaica Line. Two stations—Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport and Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer—were added.

In 1989, the BMT 63rd Street Line opened as an extension of the express tracks of the BMT Broadway Line, connecting to the IND 63rd Street Line at Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station. A connection from the Broadway/63rd Street Lines to the IND Second Avenue Line opened in 2017.

In June 2010, as a result of more budget cuts, the Chrystie Street Connection was put back into revenue service for use by the M train, which was rerouted up the IND Sixth Avenue Line to replace the discontinued V train.

Operation

The BMT operated rapid transit (subway and elevated lines) through the New York Rapid Transit Corporation and surface transit (streetcars and buses) through the Brooklyn and Queens Transit Corporation.

The BMT was a national leader in the transit industry, and was a proponent of advanced urban railways, participating in development of advanced streetcar designs, including the PCC car, whose design and advanced components influenced railcar design worldwide for decades. The company also sought to extend the art of rapid transit car design with such innovations as articulated (multi-jointed-body) cars, lightweight equipment, advanced control systems, and shared components with streetcar fleets.

Unlike the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the other private operator of subways in New York City, the BMT remained solvent throughout the Great Depression and showed a profit, albeit small in its last year, until the very end of its transit operations.

Surviving BMT Equipment

Several pre-unification BMT equipment have been preserved in various museums. While some of the equipment are operational, others are in need of restoration or are used simply as static displays.

• BU cars 197, 659, 1227, 1273, 1349, 1362, 1365, 1404 and 1407 have been preserved. Cars 197, 659, 1227, 1349 and 1362 are located at the Shore Line Trolley Museum. Car 1365 is on static display at the St. Louis Museum of Transportation. Cars 1273, 1404 and 1407 are operational at the New York Transit Museum.
• BMT Elevated Instruction car 999 is preserved at the Shore Line Trolley Museum.
• Q-type cars 1602A and 1612C have been preserved. Car 1602A survives at the Trolley Museum of New York, while car 1612C survives at the New York Transit Museum.
• AB Standards 2204, 2390, 2391, 2392 and 2775 have been preserved. Car 2204 is located at the New York Transit Museum; cars 2390, 2391 and 2392 are preserved by the Railway Preservation Corp; and car 2775 is preserved at the Shore Line Trolley Museum.
• D-type Triplex sets 6019, 6095, and 6112 have been preserved by the New York Transit Museum.

References

1. Sims, Calvin (June 30, 1990). "About New York – Alphabet Soup – Telling an IRT From a BMT". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
2. State of New York Transit Commission Third Annual Report for the Calendar Year 1923. New York State Transit Commission. 1924. p. 501.
3. "Paving the Way for Buses– The Great GM Streetcar Conspiracy Part I, the villains". Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2010. Any appeal to Mayor Hylan was rebuffed. Bankruptcy and receivership didn't help. In 1923, Gerhard Dahl, president of the reorganized B.M.T., published "Transit Truths" to gain some public sympathy. Dahl's words serve to highlight the relationship between transit and Hylan: " … the B.M.T. has met with the bitter, personal and unfair opposition of Mayor Hylan." And from a letter to Hylan: "For seven years, you have been misleading and fooling the people in this community… For seven years, you have blocked every effort at transit relief. You, and only you, are to blame for the present…deplorable condition of the whole transit situation. You have used the transit situation as a political escalator. You have been willing to sacrifice the comfort, the convenience and even the necessities of the people of this community to your selfish political interests. You are persisting in that course." Unfortunately, this broadside changed nothing
4. Cunningham, Joseph; DeHart, Leonard O. (January 1, 1993). A History of the New York City Subway System. J. Schmidt, R. Giglio, and K. Lang.
5. "Straphangers Sit As Tunnel Opens". The New York Times. December 2, 1955. p. 29. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
6. Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 2014). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1.
7. "First Leg of Rockaways Transit Opened at Cost of $10,154,702" (PDF). The New York Times. April 30, 1956. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
8. Perlmutter, Emanuel (November 16, 1967). "Subway Changes to Speed Service: Major Alterations in Maps, Routes and Signs Will Take Effect Nov. 26" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
9. "Transit Agency Drops 215 Runs". The New York Times. August 31, 1976. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
10. Johnson, Kirk (December 9, 1988). "Big Changes For Subways Are to Begin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2016.

External links

• Article about BMT rapid transit car designs in The Third Rail by Paul Matus
• History site including articles about the BMT
• Site dedicated to the history of the BMT
• Early Rapid Transit in Brooklyn, 1878–1913, nycsubway.org
• BMT map

v t e New York City Subway
Current services	Shuttles 42nd Street Franklin Avenue Rockaway Park Planned
Defunct services	1985–present Pre-1985 8 9 (Dyre Avenue) AA BB CC EE (Eighth Avenue) EE (Broadway) GG HH (Court Street) JJ K (Jamaica) KK LL MJ NX QB QJ QT RJ RR T TT Shuttles Bowling Green Broadway/63rd Street Culver Grand Street Nassau Street Polo Grounds Sixth Avenue/63rd Street BMT numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Brooklyn Loops East New York Loop Unused labels Unused New York City Subway service labels
Stations (List)	By borough The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens By type Closed Terminals Transfer Accessible
Divisions	A Division IRT B Division BMT IND
Other lists	Lines Yards Rolling stock R-type contracts
History	Early history IRT BMT BRT Dual Contracts Expansions MTA Capital Construction and Development Company Chrystie Street Connection Interborough Express Program for Action 7 Subway Extension Second Avenue Subway Historic proposals Construction Other proposals LaGuardia Airport extension Notable crashes Ninth Avenue, 1905 Malbone Street, 1918 Times Square, 1928 Union Square, 1991 Williamsburg Bridge, 1995 96th Street, 2024 Strikes 1966 1980 2005 Service disruptions 2017–2021 New York City transit crisis 2019–2020 L train shutdown Other major incidents 1984 shooting 2000 lawsuit 2017 bombing 2020 fire 2022 attack 2023 killing
Infrastructure	Accessibility 58 Joralemon Street Fulton Center Corbin Building Dey Street Passageway Substations 7 18 219 401 IRT Dyckman-Hillside
Arts and culture	In popular culture Mass Transit Super Bowl Miss Subways MTA Arts & Design Music Under New York "Showtime" Subway Challenge Subway Series Tiles
Miscellaneous	Automation and signals Chaining Fares MetroCard OMNY Pizza Principle Map Nomenclature Technology
Other rapid transit in NYC	AirTrain JFK PATH Staten Island Railway Stations Historical Beach Pneumatic Transit Manhattan Railway Company

v t e Companies and predecessors of the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
Elevated railroads and subways	Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad Brooklyn Elevated Railroad Union Elevated Railroad Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railway Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach Railroad/Canarsie Railroad Kings County Elevated Railway Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad New York and Sea Beach Railway New York Consolidated Railroad New York Rapid Transit Corporation Sea View Railroad
Streetcars and cable cars	Atlantic Avenue Railroad BQT Brooklyn City Railroad Brooklyn City, Hunterspoint & Prospect Park Brooklyn City & Newtown Brooklyn Heights Railroad Bridge Operating Company (BRT - NYR) Broadway Ferry & Metropolitan Avenue Brooklyn & North River (3rd Ave - NYR - BRT) Brooklyn, Queens & Suburban Bushwick Railroad Coney Island & Brooklyn Coney Island, Fort Hamilton & Brooklyn Coney Island & Gravesend DeKalb Avenue & North Brooklyn East River & Atlantic Ocean Grand Street, Prospect Park & Flatbush Grand Street & Newtown Greenpoint & Williamsburgh Hunter's Point & Prospect Park Jamaica & Brooklyn Kings County Central Long Island Traction Company Nassau Railroad Nassau Electric Railroad New York & Brooklyn Bridge Park Avenue Prospect Park & Coney Island Prospect Park & South Brooklyn Red Hook light rail South Brooklyn Railway South Brooklyn Street Railway Union Railroad Williamsburgh & Flatbush Yates Avenue & Flatbush
Buses	BQT Brooklyn Bus
Streetcar lists	Brooklyn Manhattan Queens
Other	Carhouses New York City Bus garages MTA Bus garages Financing, advertising, real estate, etc. Broadway Subway and Home Borough Car Advertising Company Transit Development Company

• Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
• Defunct public transport operators in the United States
• Defunct New York (state) railroads
• History of the New York City Subway
• 1923 establishments in New York City
• 1940 disestablishments in New York (state)
• Railway companies established in 1923
• Railway companies disestablished in 1940
• Transportation in Queens, New York
• Transportation in Manhattan
• Transportation in Brooklyn
• American companies disestablished in 1940
• American companies established in 1923