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A balangay, or barangay, is a type of lashed-lug boat built by joining planks edge-to-edge using pins, dowels, and fiber lashings. They are found throughout the Philippines and were used largely as trading ships up until the colonial era. The oldest known balangay are the eleven Butuan boats, which have been carbon-dated individually from 689 to 988 CE and were recovered from several sites in Butuan, Agusan del Norte. The Butuan boats are the single largest concentration of lashed-lug boat remains of the Austronesian boatbuilding traditions. They are found in association with large amounts of trade goods from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and as far as Persia, indicating they traded as far as the Middle East.

Balangay were the first wooden watercraft excavated in Southeast Asia. Balangay are celebrated annually in the Balanghai Festival of Butuan.

Names

Balangay was one of the first native words the Europeans learned in the Philippines. The Venetian chronicler Antonio Pigafetta, who was with Ferdinand Magellan when setting foot in the Philippines in 1521 called the native boats balangai or balanghai. This word appears as either balangay or barangay, with the same meaning, in all the major languages of the Philippines. Early colonial Spanish dictionaries make it clear that balangay and barangay were originally pronounced "ba-la-ngay" and "ba-ra-ngay", but due to centuries of Spanish influence, the modern barangay is pronounced "ba-rang-gay" in modern Filipino (/bɑːrɑːŋˈɡaɪ/, instead of precolonial /bɑːrɑːŋˈaɪ/). Pigafetta's alternate spelling with an H, balanghai, later gave rise to the historically incorrect neologism balanghay in the 1970s (with a new, slightly different pronunciation which Pigafetta did not intend).

The term was also used by the Tagalog people to refer to the smallest discrete political units, which came to be the term used for native villages under the Spanish colonial period. The name of the boat was usually Hispanicized in Spanish and American records as barangayan (plural: barangayanes) to distinguish them from the political unit.

Among the Ibanag people of Northern Luzon, balangay were known as barangay, a term sometimes extended to the crew. Large vessels were called biray or biwong.

In the Visayas and Mindanao, there are multiple names for balangay-type boats, including baloto (not to be confused with the balutu), baroto, biray, lapid, tilimbao (or tinimbao). Cargo-carrying versions of balangay with high sides and no outriggers (which necessitated the use of long oars instead of paddles) were also known as bidok, birok, or biroko (also spelled biroco) in the Visayas. The karakoa, a large Visayan warship, was also a type of balangay.

History

"Balangay" is a general term and thus applies to several different types of traditional boats in various ethnic groups in the Philippines. In common usage, it refers primarily to the balangay of the Visayas and Mindanao islands, which were primarily inter-island trading ships, cargo transports, and warships. Large balangay (especially warships), including the Butuan boats, are commonly equipped with large double-outriggers which support paddling and fighting platforms, in which case, they can be generically referred to as paraw or tilimbao (also tinimbao, from timbao, "outrigger"). Balangay warships, along with the larger karakoa, were regularly used for raiding (mangayaw) by Visayan warriors. It is believed that they may have been the "Pi-sho-ye" raiders described as regularly attacking Chinese settlements in the coast of Fujian in the 12th century AD.

"They (Visayans) have many kinds of ships of very different designs and names for fighting their wars and making their voyages. Most of the ones they use for wars and raiding are small; they are called barangay. And if they are a little bigger, they are called biray. The latter are very long and narrow, the smaller seating 50 and the larger ones 100, all of whom must row except the chief who is aboard the ship. The oars of these ships are a little more than a vara in length; their shafts are very well made. The oars are not fastened to the boat for rowing; instead the seated oarsmen ply gently with both hands. These vessels are extremely swift. They hold two or three banks of seated oarsmen on a side, provided there are enough people to fill them. And these banks are placed in counterweights (outriggers), which are made of a very large bamboo plant found on all the Philippine Islands of the West. These counterweights are placed on the outer sides of the vessel, where the oarsmen are seated comfortably. These vessels travel very safely with these counterweights because they cannot capsize, and the counterweights also allow them to travel in heavy seas because the ship is elevated above the level of the water, so the waves break against the counterweights and not against the boats. They have round sails like ours."

"They have other ships they call birocos, these are much larger than the ones mentioned earlier, some capable of carrying 500 or 600 fanegas of wheat. They are also oared, but they are very long and are moored to the ship like ours, and are of a different design. These are the biggest of their boats; the rest are small and are called by many different names and have different designs and need not be described here because they are unimportant."

— Anonymous, Boxer Codex (c.1590)

In Tagalog regions, the balangay or barangay has the same functions as in the southern islands but differ in that it is constructed through the sewn-plank technique, rather than through dowels.

In the province of Cagayan in Northern Luzon, the balangay of the Ibanag people were predominantly used within the Cagayan River system, but were also sometimes used as coastal trade ships, reaching as far as the Ilocos Region. They were mainly used as cargo and fishing ships and differed from other balangay in being much smaller with a shallower draft.

Marina Sutil

During the 18th to 19th centuries, balangay were also often used as warships for defending coastal villages from Moro and Dutch raiders during the Moro Wars, in conjunction with watchtowers (castillo, baluarte, or bantáy) and other fortifications. The raiders were regularly attacking coastal settlements in Spanish-controlled areas and carrying off inhabitants to be sold as slaves in markets as far as Batavia and the Sultanate of Gowa. Defense fleets of balangay and vinta (known as the Marina Sutil, "Light Navy" or "Defense Navy") were first organized under Governor-General José Basco y Vargas in 1778. They were lightly armed but fast, which made them ideal for responding quickly to raider sightings and attacks.

Notable leaders of these defense squadrons include Don Pedro Estevan, a principalía of Tabaco, Albay; and Julián Bermejo, an Augustinian friar who commanded ten balangay and established an alarm system using a line of small relay forts in southern Cebu. They were responsible for several major naval victories against Moro raiders from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries. The most significant was the Battle of Tabogon Bay (modern Tabgon, Caramoan) in 1818, where the combined fleets of Estevan and Don José Blanco defeated around forty Moro warships led by Prince Nune, the son of a sultan from Mindanao. Nune escaped, but hundreds of Moro raiders died in the skirmish and around a thousand more were stranded and hunted down in the mountains of Caramoan. The 1818 victory led to increased usage of defense fleets and the reduction of Moro raids to only sporadic attacks on isolated fishermen or smaller villages until their eventual suppression in 1896.

Construction

Balangay were basically lashed-lug plank boats put together by joining the carved out planks edge-to-edge. The prow and stern posts were also composed of V-shaped ("winged") single carved pieces of wood. The strakes were made from heartwood taken from the section in between the softer sapwood and the pith of trees. Tree species favored include doongon (Heritiera littoralis), lawaan (Shorea spp.), tugas (Vitex parviflora), and barayong (Afzelia rhomboidea), among others. The trees were traditionally cut on a moonlit night in accordance with local folk beliefs. A single tree usually produces two lengths of curving planks. Traditionally, the planks and other ship parts were shaped with straight (dalag) or curved (bintong) adzes hammered with a mallet called a pakang. The master shipwright is called a pandáy (similar to other craftsmen in Philippine cultures).

The balangay's keel is built first. Like most Austronesian ships (and in contrast to western ships), the keel is basically a dugout canoe (a bangka) made from a single log. The keel is also known as a baroto which is the origin of one of the alternative names for balangay in the Visayas. The Butuan balangay boats differ from later balangay designs in that they do not have a true keel. Instead, they have a central plank fitted with three parallel lines of thin lugs which serve as additional attachment points for lashings.

The outer shell of the hull is built first by fitting strakes on each side of the keel edge-to-edge (to a total of six or more). The shaping of these strakes into the appropriate curvature (lubag) requires a skilled pandáy. They are locked in place with wooden dowels or pins (treenails) around 19 cm (7.5 in) long slotted into holes drilled into the edges of the strakes. Some sections may necessitate the use of two or more planks for each strake. These are attached end-to-end using hooked scarf joints. Once the hull is assembled, it is left to season for a month or two.

After the wood is seasoned, the hull is taken apart once again and checked. It is then reassembled in a stage known as sugi ("matching"). This involves fitting the strakes back together. Once fitted, the space between the strakes is run through with a spoon-like implement called a lokob. This creates a space with an even thickness in between the two strakes. The space is then filled with fine palm fibers called baruk or barok and caulked with resin-based pastes. The dowels are also further secured by drilling holes into them through the planks with the help of marks inscribed beforehand. Counter pegs called pamuta are then hammered into these holes.

The second stage is known as os-os or us-us, which involves lashing the planks very tightly to wooden ribs (agar) with fiber or rattan ropes. The ropes are tied to holes bored diagonally into lugs (tambuko), which are rectangular or rounded protrusions on the inner surface of the planks. The tambuko occur at even distances corresponding to six dowel hole groupings. Wedges are then driven in the space between the ribs and the planks, drawing the lashings even tighter as the distance between them is increased. Thwarts are then placed across the hull which are also lashed to corresponding tambuko on each side and covered with removable decking. Once completed, the hull usually measures around 15 m (49 ft) long and 4 m (13 ft) wide.

The masts and outriggers (katig or kate) of the balangay boats were not preserved, which is why modern reconstructions tend to omit the latter. However, as with later balangay designs described by Spanish explorers, they are believed to possess large outriggers which would be necessary for them to carry sails without capsizing. Outriggers dramatically increased stability and sail power without significant increase in weight. Outriggers in large war balangay designs also supported paddling and fighting platforms known as the daramba and the burulan, respectively.

Similar traditional ship-building techniques are still preserved by Sama-Bajau boat makers in Sibutu Island in Tawi-Tawi.

Butuan boats

The Butuan balangay boats were the first wooden watercraft excavated in Southeast Asia. They were discovered in the late 1970s in Butuan, Agusan del Norte. A total of nine wooden boats were accidentally found by locals searching for alluvial gold on land near the Masao River. The site was in Sitio Ambangan, Barrio Libertad within an older dried-up river channel, perhaps a former tributary of the Masao River. The number of boats discovered in the site has since increased to at least eleven. Each boat is named based on the order that they were discovered, not when they were excavated.

Seven of the eleven balangays discovered (Butuan Boats 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9) have been excavated or are being excavated by the National Museum. Only three of which (Butuan Boats 1, 2, and 5) have been fully recovered and displayed. The wood used for the boats come from a variety of tree species, all of which are indigenous to the Philippines and neighboring regions in Southeast Asia. They were originally radiocarbon dated in the 1970s and 1980s, but the results (ranging from the 4th century CE to the 13th century CE) were too disparate for one site. More modern methods using accelerator mass spectrometry carbon-14 dating yielded more reliable results ranging from the 7th to 10th centuries CE.

• Butuan Boat 1 - excavated from 1976. It originally measured around 10.2 m (33 ft) in length and has been dated to 777-988 CE. The timber used in its construction are identified as Petersianthus quadrialatus (toog), and Vatica sp. (narig), and Shorea sp. (lawaan). It is currently exhibited at the National Museum of the Philippines (formerly the "Balangay Shrine") in Butuan.
• Butuan Boat 2 - excavated from 1977. It originally measured around 11.3 m (37 ft) in length. It is the oldest of the boats recovered and has been dated to 689-940 CE. The timber used in its construction are identified as Pterocarpus indicus (narra) and Hopea sp. (manggachapui). It is currently in storage at the National Museum of Anthropology in Manila, though it was formerly on display.
• Butuan Boat 3 - excavated from 1977. It was found close to Butuan Boat 2. Only three planks have been recovered from the ship, and the excavation was abandoned with no explanation.
• Butuan Boat 4 - started excavation in 2012, currently still being excavated. The original length is unknown, because roughly one half of the vessel remains unexcavated. It overlaps Butuan Boat 9 in the excavation site. It has been dated to around 775-973 CE. The timber used in its construction are identified as Vatica sp. (narig) and Pometia pinnata (malugai).
• Butuan Boat 5 - excavated from 1985-1986. It originally measured around 11.5 m (38 ft) in length. It has been dated to around 776-971 CE. The timber used in its construction are identified as Pistacia chinensis (sangilo), Vitex parviflora (mulawin), Dimocarpus sp. (alupag), and Pterocarpus indicus (narra). The quarter rudder was made from Eusideroxylon zwageri (tambulian). It is currently partially displayed at the National Museum in Butuan, along with Butuan Boat 1. Most of its parts are in storage. There were missteps in the early conservation of Butuan Boat 5, leading to the warping of some of the wood pieces.
• Butuan Boat 7 - excavated in 1988-1989. Very little information was recorded from its excavation, except for observations that it was in very poor condition and thus was not recovered.
• Butuan Boat 9 - started excavation in 2012, currently still being excavated. It is the largest discovered balangay and is sometimes referred to as the "mother boat", roughly measuring at twice the length of the other boats. It overlaps Butuan Boat 4 in the excavation site. It has been dated to around 773-968 CE. The timber used in its construction has not yet been identified.

The excavation of the Butuan Boats have faced major challenges. Having originally been discovered by treasure hunters, the early excavations of the site in the 1970s and 1980s suffered from poor written and photographic documentation and conservation measures. Excavation on Butuan Boats 5 and 9 have been suspended due to their poor conditions which necessitates further study on how to recover them without damage. As of 2022, the rest of the ships which are yet to be excavated, remain in their original waterlogged condition which is proven to be the best way to preserve the said artifacts.

The Butuan boats are the single largest concentration of lashed-lug boat remains of the Austronesian boatbuilding traditions. Similar shipwrecks found elsewhere in Southeast Asia include the Pontian boat (c. 260–430 CE) of Malaysia. The Butuan boats were found in association with large amounts of trade goods from China, Cambodia, Thailand (Haripunjaya and Satingpra), Vietnam, and as far as Persia, indicating they traded as far as the Middle East.

Declarations

National Cultural Treasures

The balangays of Butuan was declared by President Corazon Aquino as National Cultural Treasures with Presidential Proclamation No. 86 on March 9, 1987, and the vicinity of excavation as archaeological reserves.

National Boat

In November 2015, the Balangay was declared as the National Boat of the Philippines by the House Committee on Revisions of Laws. The Balangay was chosen so that the "future generations of Filipinos will recognize the invaluable contribution of their forefathers in shaping the country's maritime tradition and in passing on the values of solidarity, harmony, determination, courage and bravery.

House Bill 6366 proposes that the Balangay should be the National Boat of the Philippines.

The Balangay Voyage

In 2009, the Kaya ng Pinoy Inc. that conquered Mount Everest in 2006 announced plans to re-construct a balangay boat, with the help of Sama-Bajau (Sama Dilaya) and other tribal members who retained the lashed-lug boat-building techniques which were mostly lost in other islands. The balangay's voyage traced the routes of Filipino Ancestors during the waves of Austronesian settlement through Maritime Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The special wood for construction came from the established traditional source in southern Philippines, specifically Tawi-Tawi. The team have pinpointed Sama-Bajau master boat builders, whose predecessors actually built such boats, and used traditional tools during the construction. The balangay was constructed at Manila Bay, at the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex.

The Balangays, named Diwata ng Lahi, Masawa Hong Butuan, and Sama Tawi-Tawi, navigated without the use of modern instruments, and only through the skills and traditional methods of the Filipino Sama people. They journeyed from Manila Bay to the southern tip of Sulu, stopping off at numerous Philippine cities along the way to promote the project. The journey around the country covered a distance of 2,108 nautical miles or 3,908 kilometers.

The second leg of the voyage (2010–2011) saw the balangay boats navigate around South East Asia – Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia, Thailand and up to the territorial waters of Vietnam before heading back to the Philippines.

The balangay was navigated by the old method used by the ancient mariners – steering by the Sun, the stars, the wind, cloud formations, wave patterns and bird migrations. Valdez and his team relied on the natural navigational instincts of the Badjao. Apart from the Badjao, Ivatan are also experts in using the boat. The organisers say that the voyage "aims to bring us back to the greatness of our ancestors and how colonialism robbed these away from us and produced the Filipino today".

In 2019, the Balangay Voyage team announced two more balangay (Lahi ng Maharlika and Sultan sin Sulu) will set sail on December 14, 2019, from Palawan to Butuan, then to Mactan to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Mactan. The two boats will be temporarily renamed Raya Kolambu and Raya Siyagu.

Balangay Site Museum

The Balangay Site Museum also known as "Balanghai Shrine Museum" houses the balangays excavated on 320 AD. It is located at Sitio Ambangan, Barangay Libertad, Butuan. It also displays the cultural materials such as human and animal remains, hunting goods, jewelries, coffins, pots and other items associated to the boat. The shrine was built in 1979 after Felix A. Luna, a resident of the area, donated the land.

Balanghai Festival

In Butuan, Agusan del Norte, the annual Balanghai Festival celebrates the settlement of Butuan via the balangay ships.

See also

• Avang
• Bangka (boat)
• Falua
• Garay (ship)
• Guilalo
• Karakoa
• Lancaran (ship)
• Lepa (ship)
• Paraw
• Vinta

References

1. ^ Lacsina, Ligaya (2014). Re-examining the Butuan Boats: Pre-colonial Philippine watercraft. National Museum of the Philippines.
2. ^ Lacsina, Ligaya (2016). "Boats of the Precolonial Philippines: Butuan Boats". Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures: 948–954. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_10279.
3. ^ "Balangay declared PH National Boat". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015.
4. ^ "Butuan Archeological Sites". UNESCO. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
5. "BALANGHAI FESTIVAL - Commemorating the coming of the early settlers from Borneo and Celebes". Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
6. ^ William Henry Scott (1994). Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 9789715501354.
7. Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing. pp. 62, 420. ISBN 971-642-071-4. citing Plasencia, Fray Juan de (1589). Customs of the Tagalogs. Nagcarlin, Laguna.
8. Junker, Laura Lee (2000). Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 74, 130. ISBN 971-550-347-0.
9. Mallat, Jean (1983). The Philippines: History, Geography, Customs, Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce of the Spanish Colonies in Oceania. National Historical Institute. pp. 45–46.
10. ^ Montero y Vidal, José (1894). Historia general de Filipinas desde el descubrimiento de dichas islas hasta nuestras días. Vol. 2. Est. Tip. de la Viuda e Hijos de Tello. pp. 395, 408, 505, 506, 620.
11. An official guide to eastern Asia. Vol. 5. Tetsudōshō (鉄道省). 1920. p. 76.
12. ^ de Méntrida, Alonso (1637). Vocavulario de Lengua Bisaya, Hiligaina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay Y Sugbu y Para Las Demás Islas (PDF).
13. ^ Clark, Paul; Green, Jeremy; Vosmer, Tom; Santiago, Ray (May 1993). "The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 22 (2): 143–159. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x.
14. Haddon, A. C. (January 1920). "The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes" (PDF). The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 50: 69–134. doi:10.2307/2843375. JSTOR 2843375.
15. ^ Scott, William Henry (1982). "Boat-Building and Seamanship in Classic Philippine Society" (PDF). Philippine Studies. 30 (3): 335–376. JSTOR 42632616.
16. Stead, Martin Roderick (2018). Defining the Construction Characteristics of Indigenous Boats of the Philippines: The Impact of Technical Change Pre and Post Colonisation (PDF) (MPhil). University of Southampton.
17. Isorena, Efren B. (2004). "The Visayan Raiders of the China Coast, 1174-1190 AD". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 32 (2): 73–95.
18. Souza, George Bryan; Turley, Jeffrey S., eds. (2016). The Boxer Codex: Transcription and translation of an illustrated late sixteenth-century Spanish manuscript concerning the geography, ethnography and history of the Pacific, South-East Asia and East Asia. Translated by Turley, Jeffrey S. Leiden: Brill. pp. 346–347. ISBN 978-90-04-30154-2.
19. ^ Warren, James Francis (2002). Iranun and Balangingi: globalization, maritime raiding and the birth of ethnicity. NUS Press. p. 109. ISBN 9789971692421.
20. ^ Mallari, Francisco (1986). "Muslim Raids in Bicol, 1580-1792". Philippine Studies. 34 (3): 257–286. JSTOR 42632949.
21. ^ Dery, Luis C. (1989). "The era of the kris: Moro raids in Sorsogon and Kabikolan and their impact on Philippine History, 1571-1896" (PDF). Transactions National Academy of Science. 11: 145–166.
22. ^ Stead, Roderick; Dizon, E. (2011). A National Cultural Treasure Revisited –Re-assessing the 'Balangay' Boat Discoveries (PDF).
23. ^ Hontiveros, G. 2004 Butuan of a Thousand Years.
24. Hontiveros, G. 2014. Balangay: Re-launching an Ancient Discovery
25. "Butuan: The First Kingdom." Butuan City Historical and Cultural Foundation, 1990.
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27. Dimacali, Timothy James M. (August 9, 2013). "Massive balangay 'mother boat' unearthed in Butuan". GMA News Online. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
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29. Change Me Into A Chieftain: Resistance and Persistence in Upland Panay Island, Philippines, D. Gowey, Arizona State University
30. "Ethnographic Reading of Silungan Baltapa: Ancestral Tradition and Sufic Islam Values of Sama Bajau". October 21, 2013.
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34. "House Committee of Laws declares Balangay as National Boat". Retrieved December 1, 2015.
35. "Committee Report 978" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
36. "Art Valdez rebuilds the ancient Balangay and sets it for voyage". Ferdziview. June 5, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
37. The Balangay: Maritime Connectivity and Migration
38. ^ Evangelista, Katherine (September 25, 2009). "Sailing around RP in an ancient 'balangay'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 4, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
39. "Brace for 'Balangay's epic voyage". Business Mirror. July 14, 2009. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
40. "'DIWATA NG LAHI' Finally Arrives in Butuan." City Government of Butuan. www.butuan.gov.ph. n.d. Web. December 13, 2014.
41. ^ Ann Corvera (June 7, 2009). "The Voyage of the Balangay: From the Mountain to the Seas". The Philippine Star.
42. Sarmiento, Juan V. Jr. (September 27, 2009). "Building a Balangay". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 2, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
43. "What the voyage hopes to achieve".
44. "Balangay replica swamped by flood in Cavite". ABS-CBN Corporation News. September 9, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
45. "Butuan's ancient Balangay boat replicas sail to start 500-day countdown to Mactan quincentennial celebrations". Good News Pilipinas. November 8, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
46. "PARADISE ISLAND BARANGAY LIBERTAD". Butuan: LAGsik NA DAkbayan. 2016.
47. Maranga, Mark (June 16, 2011). "Balangay Site Museum". Philippines Tour Guide.
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Further reading

• Quintos, Paul. "Balangay." 101 Filipino Icons. Manila: Adarna House, Inc. and Bench, 2007.
• Casal, Gabriel S., et al. "The Ingenious Filipino Boat." Kasaysayan Volume II: The Earliest Filipinos. Philippines: Asia Publishing Company Limited, 1998.
• archaeology. (accessed on August 10, 2007).
• The Philippine Consulate General – Vancouver, British Columbia Canada. (accessed on August 10, 2007).
• The Indigenous Filipino Boat

External links

• Official website of The Balangay Voyage
• Some photos of Balangay

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Economy and trade Whaling Fishing Egypt Land of Punt Indo–Mesopotamia relations Meluhha Maritime Jade Route Tin Spice trade Austronesian network Sa Huynh-Kalanay Incense trade Maritime Silk Road Periplus of the Erythraean Sea Maya Greece Greco–Indian shipping Rome Indo–Roman
Piracy History Mediterranean piracy Ameinias the Phocian Cilician pirates Jewish pirates Kidnapping of Julius Caesar Pompey's campaign against the pirates
Research and education Scholars Historians David Blackman Lionel Casson Fik Meijer John Sinclair Morrison William L. Rodgers Chester G. Starr Archaeologists George Bass Jean-Yves Empereur Boris Rankov J. Richard Steffy Peter Throckmorton Shelley Wachsmann Topics and theories Coastal defence and fortification Grave goods Lighthouses Alexandria Marine art Marine navigation Maritime archaeology Naval warfare Maritime temples Temple of Isthmia Temple of Poseidon, Sounion Samothrace temple complex Nusantao network Phoenician discovery of America Pre-Columbian theories Sea Peoples Shipbuilding Shell middens Ship burial Tacking Thalassocracy Underwater archaeology Underwater exploration Wrecks and relics Earliest: Pesse canoe Dufuna canoe Abydos Moor Sand Dokos Khufu ship Dover Bronze Age Boat Uluburun Canaanite Cape Gelidonya Zambratija Rochelongue Hjortspring Austronesia Pontian boat Butuan boats Black Sea‎ Sinop D Marsala Greek: Ashkelon Kyrenia Leontophoros Syracusia Phoenician: Gozo Bajo de la Campana Punic: Marsala Punic shipwreck Roman: Alkedo Arles Rhône 3 Blackfriars I Caligula's Giant Ship De Meern ships Isis Madrague de Giens Nemi ships Marausa Yassi Ada Lists: Oldest surviving Museum ships Surviving ancient ships Sites H3 Qal'at al-Bahrain Experimental archaeology Ship replica Heyerdahl expeditions Kon-Tiki Ra and Ra II Austronesian replicas Hōkūleʻa Sarimanok Te Au o Tonga Hawaiʻiloa canoe Samudra Raksa Alingano Maisu Saina Balangay Voyage Faʻafaite Gaualofa Marumaru Atua Mediterranean Olympias Regina Phoenician Ship Expedition Viking replicas Viking Others Vital Alsar Ivlia Abora Viracocha Tangaroa Institutes and conferences Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology Archaeological Institute of America European Association of Archaeologists Institute of Nautical Archaeology International Congress of Maritime Museums Nautical Archaeology Society RPM Nautical Foundation Sea Research Society Society for American Archaeology Museums and memorials Boat Museum, Kolkata Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology Giza Solar boat museum Grand Egyptian Museum Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle Museum of Ancient Seafaring Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology Viking ship museums: Oslo Roskilde
Legend and literature Legend Ark of bulrushes Flood myths Genesis Gilgamesh Greek Literature Odyssey The Histories (Herodotus) On the Ocean Argonautica The Histories (Polybius) Metamorphoses Geography Aeneid

v t e Austronesian ships
Ship types Taiwan Kavalan Mangka Thao Ruza Tao Ipanitika Tatara Island Southeast Asia Brunei Bajak Bangkong Gubang Jong Kakap Penjajap Tongkang Indonesia Abak Bagan Bago Bajak Bangkong Banting Benawa Borobudur ship Cerucuh Chialoup Eloha Fakatora Ghali Ghurab Golekan Janggolan Jellore Jong Jongkong Juanga Jukung Jukung tambangan Kakap Kalulis Kelulus Kolay Kolekole Knabat bogolu Kora kora Kotta mara K'un-lun po Lancang Lancaran Lepa Lepa-Lepa Leti leti Lis-alis Londe Malangbang Mayang Orembai Padewakang Paduwang Pajala Paledang Penjajap Pangkur Patorani Pelang Pencalang Perahu Pinisi Lambo Palari Sampan Sampan panjang Sandeq Sarua Sekong Solu Teneh Tongkang Toop Malaysia Bajak Bangkong Banting Bedar Buggoh Birau Cerucuh Ghali Ghurab Jong Juanga Kakap Kolek Lancang Lancaran Lepa Pelang Pencalang Penjajap Perahu payang Perahu tambangan Pinas Sampan Sampan panjang Tongkang Moken Kabang Philippines Armadahan Avang Awang Balación Balangay (Barangay) Baloto Bangka Bangka anak-anak Basnigan Batil Bigiw Bilo Birau Biray Biroko (Birok, Bidok) Buggoh Casco Chinarem Chinedkeran Dinahit Djenging (Balutu) Falua Garay Guilalo Juanga Junkun Junkung Karakoa Kulibo Lanong Lapis Lepa (Kumpit, Pidlas) Ontang Owong Panineman Pasaplap Pangayaw Paraw Salambaw Salisipan Sapyaw Seberen Tapake Tataya Tempel Tilimbao (Tinimbao) Tiririt (Buti) Vinta (Dapang, Pilang) Singapore Sampan panjang Tongkang Island Melanesia Admiralty Islands Endrol Kel Fiji Camakau Drua (Waqa tabu) Takia Green Islands Kǒp Tsǐne Papua New Guinea Lakatoi Solomon Islands Binabina Lisi (Solima) Tepukei Tomako (Mon, Ora) Vanuatu Aka Angga Wangga Micronesia Caroline Islands Wa Wahr Waserak Kiribati Baurua Marshall Islands Korkor Tipnol Walap Northern Marianas Duding Duduli Galaideʻ (Agaraide) Ladjak Lelek Panga Sakman (Flying proa) Palau Kaep Wa Yap Chugpin Popow Wa Polynesia Cook Islands Vaka Vaka katea Hawaii Mālia Waʻa Waʻa kaulua Marquesas Vaka touʻua New Zealand Waka Waka hourua Waka taua Waka tīwai Samoa ʻalia Amatasi Fautasi Laʻau Lualua (Foulua) Paopao Vaʻa Vaʻa-alo Vaʻa-tele Society Islands Ivahah Pahi Tipairua Vaʻa Tonga Hamatafua Kalia Pōpao Tongiaki Tuvalu Paopao Madagascar Malagasy Lakana Sakalava Laka fiara IpanitikaWa'a kauluaParawWaPadewakang
Ship construction & sailing Rigging Crab claw sail Junk rig Pinisi rig Tanja sail Hull Catamaran Lashed-lug boat Multihull Outrigger Outrigger boat Polynesian multihull terminology Proa Sewn boat Trimaran Navigation Fanuankuwel Fealofani Bruun Hipour Kafeŕoor List of Māori waka Makassan contact with Australia Māori migration canoes Marshall Islands stick chart Mau Piailug Polynesian navigation Rapwi Tākitimu Weriyeng Yapese navigation Trade Austronesian maritime trade network Hiri trade cycle Kula ring Lapita trade network Lingling-o Maritime Silk Road Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere Sepik Coast exchange Spice trade Trepanging Archaeology Balangay (Butuan boats) Borobudur ship Cirebon shipwreck Other Apilan Burulan Daramba Kota mara
Ship replicas Cook Islands Maire Nui Marumaru Atua Te Au o Tonga Federated States of Micronesia Halametaw Quest Sailoam French Polynesia Faʻafaite Tahiti Nui Guam Saina Hawaii Alingano Maisu Hawaiʻiloa Hikianalia Hōkūleʻa Hokualakai Iosepa Makali'i Indonesia Alfred Wallace Hati Marege Nur Al Marege Samudra Raksa Spirit of Majapahit Malaysia Naga Pelangi New Zealand Aotearoa One Haunui Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti Pūmaiterangi Te Aurere Philippines Balatik Diwata ng Lahi Lahi ng Maharlika Masawa Hong Butuan Raya Kolambu Raya Siyagu Sama Tawi-Tawi Sarimanok Sultan sin Sulu Samoa Gaualofa
See also: Lapita culture Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia

v t e National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines
Built Heritage Declarations
Metro Manila	Las Piñas Bamboo Organ San Agustin Church Santa Ana Church Camarin de la Virgen NCCA Metropolitan Theater Bonifacio Monument San Sebastian Church Arch of the Centuries, Main Building, Central Seminary Building, Open Spaces, Baybayin Documents of the University of Santo Tomas Santo Domingo Church Rizal National Monument Sta. Cruz Church Quezon Memorial Shrine
Ilocos Region	Burial Caves in Sitio Alabok Cape Bojeador Lighthouse Calasiao Church Paoay Church Bacarra Church Magsingal Church Mestizo Section, Vigan Luna Church La Union Watchtowers
Cagayan Valley	Mahatao Church Tumauini Church Malaueg Church Dupax Church
Central Luzon	Masinloc Church Minalin Church Betis Church
Calabarzon	Tayabas Church Cape Santiago Lighthouse Balayan Church Malabrigo Point Lighthouse Maragondon Church Petroglyphs of the Rock-shelter Majayjay Church Tanay Church Tayabas Historic Bridges Silang Church
Mimaropa	Guyangan Cave System Romblon Church Petroglyphs in the Caves of the Tao't Bato Area Historic Bridges of Romblon Tabon Cave Complex Twin Forts of Romblon
Bicol Region	Tabaco Church Daraga Church
Western Visayas	San Joaquin Church and Campo Santo Panay Church Santa Barbara Church
Central Visayas	Santo Niño Basilica Magellan's Cross Pavilion Bohol Watchtowers Baclayon Church Calape Church Loon Church Panglao Church Boljoon Church Bacong Church Lazi Church Dimiao Church Loboc Church Maribojoc Church Dauis Church Loay Church Cortes Church
Eastern Visayas	Guiuan Church Capul Church
Zamboanga Peninsula	Relief Map of Mindanao Fort Pilar
Northern Mindanao	Jasaan Church Jimenez Church
Caraga Region	Balangays of Butuan
CAR	Ifugao Rice Terraces Mummy Caves of Alab Mummy Caves of Kabayan Mummy Caves of Sagada Petroglyphs of Alab Stone Agricultural Calendars of Dap-ay Guiday Tayum Church
BARMM	Karim Ul-Makhdum Mosque Kawayan Torogan

v t e World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
Cultural	Baroque Churches of the Philippines (San Agustin, Paoay, Santa Maria, Miagao) Historic Town of Vigan Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (Batad, Bangaan, Hungduan, Mayoyao Central, Nagacadan)
Natural	Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park Tubbataha Reef

v t e National symbols of the Philippines
Official	Arnis Coat of arms Filipino language Filipino Sign Language Flag Great Seal "Lupang Hinirang" "Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa" Narra Philippine eagle Philippine pearl Sampaguita
Unofficial	Adobo Anahaw Bahay kubo Bakya Balangay Barong and Baro't saya "Bayan Ko" Baybayin Carabao Cariñosa Jeepney Juan dela Cruz Lechon Malacañang Palace Mango Manila Milkfish National Seal Philippine peso Sinigang Sipa Tinikling Waling-waling
National heroes	Implied Andrés Bonifacio José Rizal Declared from national legislation Benigno Aquino Jr. Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period National Heroes Day Veterans of the Second World War From proposed laws Apolinario Mabini Corazon Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Gabriela Silang Juan Luna Marcelo H. del Pilar Melchora Aquino Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat

• National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines
• History of the Philippines (900–1565)
• History of Agusan del Norte
• World Heritage Tentative List for the Philippines
• Outrigger canoes
• Merchant sailing ship types
• Indigenous ships of the Philippines
• Austronesian culture
• Tall ships
• Pirate ships