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| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name S-Ethyl N,N-bis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate | |
Other names
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.016.289 
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| EC Number |
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| PubChem CID | |
| UNII | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
InChI
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SMILES
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| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C11H23NOS |
| Molar mass | 217.37 g·mol |
| Appearance | Amber liquid |
| Odor | Aromatic odor |
| Density | 940 kg/m |
| Melting point | 137.7 °C (279.9 °F; 410.8 K) |
| Boiling point | 292.6 °C (558.7 °F; 565.8 K) |
| Solubility in water | 45 mg/L |
| Vapor pressure | 170 mPa |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
| Hazard statements | H312, H332 |
| Flash point | 115 °C (239 °F; 388 K) |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LD50 (median dose) |
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| LC50 (median concentration) | >4.2 mg/L (freshwater fish, 96 hours) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references | |
Butylate or butilate is a widely used thiocarbamate herbicide. As a herbicide, it was introduced in 1962, and it quickly became the fourth most used herbicide in the US, with 28.5 million pounds (12.9 thousand tonnes) used in 1974. Its use has declined significantly, to 15 million pounds (6.8 thousand tonnes) in 1991 to 950 thousand pounds (430 tonnes) by 1998. It is used on corn (field, sweet, and popcorn), to control grassy and broadleaf weeds and nutsedge.
Application
Butylate is applied as an emulsifiable concentrate of 85% active ingredient and is incorporated into the soil, being applied preplant, at plant, postplant, or after harvest. Its maxmimum application rate is 6.3 lb/acre (7.1 kg/Ha), which is much higher than many other herbicides. Soil incorporation is necessary due to the high volatility. Granular and encapsulated forms are also used. Butylate is often used in combination with atrazine and cyanazine.
There is no residential application of butylate; its use is only on feed-crop.
Health
Butylate is not toxic, not carcinogenic, not teratogenic and not mutagenic. Rat trials show acute neurotoxic effects at the lowest observed adverse effects level (LOAEL) of 2,000 mg/kg/day, leading to a no observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) of 600 milligrams/kilogram/day being established for the general population. At 400 mg/kg/day, rat offspring development was affected, showing decreased fetal weights and increased incidences of misaligned sterebrae, although no developmental effect at any dose is noted in rabbits.
The EPA estimates human food exposure was under 0.3% of the permissible dose for all population subgroups, and so dietary risk of butylate is not a concern. Butylate is metabolised rapidly, so there are no residues expected in meat, milk, poultry or eggs, and no intact residues are found in harvested corn.
The EPA requires that pesticide applicators wear, among other items, pants.
Environmental
Butylate has high volatility, with a vapor pressure of 170 mPa, so it may drift outside of target areas. Butylate is mobile to slightly mobile in soil. Ground water contamination is not expected. Technical butylate is highly toxic to freshwater fish, and non-toxic to birds and mammals. Surface water runoff may occur after rain.
References
- ^ "Butylate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
- ^ Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242
- "Butylate | C11H23NOS". www.chemspider.com.
- "Pesticide Usage Survey of Agricultural, Governmental, and Industrial Sectors in the United States, 1974". epa.gov. EPA. 1977.
- ^ "Butylate | Pesticides | US EPA". archive.epa.gov. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
- ^ "Butylate: Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Fact Sheet - US EPA ARCHIVE". archive.epa.gov. EPA. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
Links
- Butylate (herbicide) in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)