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Amiiformes Temporal range: Triassic–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Extant bowfin Amia calva (Amiidae)
Caturus (Caturidae) Late Jurassic, Germany
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Infraclass:	Holostei
Clade:	Halecomorphi
Order:	Amiiformes O. P. Hay, 1929
Type species
Amia calva Linnaeus, 1766
Families
See text

The Amiiformes /ˈæmi.ɪfɔːrmiːz/ order of fish has only two extant species, the bowfins: Amia calva and Amia ocellicauda, the latter recognized as a separate species in 2022. These Amiiformes are found in the freshwater systems of North America, in the United States and parts of southern Canada. They live in freshwater streams, rivers, and swamps. The order first appeared in the Triassic, and the extinct members include both marine and freshwater species, many of which are morphologically disparate from bowfins, such as the caturids.

Evolution and diversity

The extinct species of the Amiiformes can be found as fossils in Asia and Europe, but the bowfin is the last living species in the order. Amiiformes is therefore the last surviving order of Halecomorphi, the clade to which the bowfin and its fossil relatives belong. Other orders, such as the Parasemionotiformes, are all extinct.

Halecomorphs, and its sister group Ginglymodi, belong to Holostei. Holosteans are the sister group of teleosteans, the group to which nearly all (i.e., 96%) living fishes belong to. Holosteans and Teleosts form a clade called Neopterygii. The following cladogram summarizes the evolutionary relationships of living and fossil Halecomorphs, and other neopterygians.

Possible specimens of caturoids are known from the Late Triassic, with the earliest unambiguous members being known from the Early Jurassic. Amiiformes had spread to North America and Africa by the end of the Middle Jurassic, reaching an apex of diversity during the Early Cretaceous, during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, the group declined until only a single genus, Amia, containing the bowfin remained.

Taxonomy

• Order Amiiformes Hay, 1929
  • Genus †Guizhouamia Liu, Yin & Wang, 2002
  • Genus †Otomitla Felix, 1891
  • Genus †Paraliodesmus Dunkle, 1969
  • Superfamily †Caturoidea
    • Genus †Eurypoma Huxley, 1866
    • Genus †Gymnoichthys? Tintori et al., 2010
    • Genus †Liodesmus Wagner, 1859
    • Genus †Strobilodus Wagner, 1851
    • Family †Caturidae Owen, 1860
      • Genus †Catutoichthys Gouiric-Cavalli, 2016
      • Genus †Amblysemius Agassiz, 1844
      • Genus †Caturus Agassiz, 1834
  • Superfamily Amioidea Bonaparte, 1838
    • Genus †Amiidarum? Lange, 1968
    • Genus †Ferganamia? Kaznyshkin, 1990
    • Genus †Lehmanamia? Casier, 1966
    • Genus †Tomognathus Dixon, 1850
    • Family †Sinamiidae Berg, 1940
      • Genus †Ikechaoamia Liu, 1961
      • Genus †Siamamia Cavin et al., 2007
      • Genus †Sinamia Stensiö, 1935
    • Family Amiidae Bonaparte, 1837
      • Subfamily Amiinae Bonaparte, 1837 (sensu Grande & Bemis, 1998)
        • Genus Amia Linnaeus, 1766
        • Genus †Cyclurus Agassiz, 1839
        • Genus †Pseudamiatus Whitley, 1954
      • Subfamily †Amiopsinae Grande & Bemis, 1998
        • Genus †Amiopsis Kner, 1863
      • Subfamily †Solnhofenamiinae Grande & Bemis, 1998
        • Genus †Solnhofenamia Grande & Bemis, 1998
      • Subfamily †Vidalamiinae Grande & Bemis, 1998
        • Tribe †Calamopleurini Grande & Bemis, 1998
          • Genus †Calamopleurus Agassiz, 1841
          • Genus †Maliamia Patterson & Longbottom, 1989
        • Tribe †Vidalamiini Grande & Bemis, 1998
          • Genus †Melvius Bryant, 1987
          • Genus †Pachyamia Chalifa & Tchernov 1982
          • Genus †Vidalamia White & Moy-Thomas, 1941
          • Genus †Nipponamia Yabumoto, 1994

References

1. "Amiiformes". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
2. Wright; et al. (3 October 2022). "Phylogenomic analysis of the bowfin (Amia calva) reveals unrecognized species diversity in a living fossil lineage". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 16514. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1216514W. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20875-4. PMC 9529906. PMID 36192509.
3. Sun, Zuoyu; Tintori, Andrea; Xu, Yaozhong; Lombardo, Cristina; Ni, Peigang; Jiang, Dayoung (April 2017). "A new non-parasemionotiform order of the Halecomorphi (Neopterygii, Actinopterygii) from the Middle Triassic of Tethys". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 15 (3): 223–240. doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1181679. S2CID 133176227.
4. López-Arbarello, Adriana; Ebert, Martin (January 2023). "Taxonomic status of the caturid genera (Halecomorphi, Caturidae) and their Late Jurassic species". Royal Society Open Science. 10 (1). doi:10.1098/rsos.221318. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 9832298. PMID 36686548.
5. Poyato-Ariza, Francisco José; Martín-Abad, Hugo (2020-07-19). "History of two lineages: Comparative analysis of the fossil record in Amiiformes and Pycnodontiformes (Osteischtyes, Actinopterygii)". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 28 (1): 79. doi:10.7203/sjp.28.1.17833. hdl:10486/710030. ISSN 2255-0550.
6. Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Amiiformes – bowfin and relatives". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
7. Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
8. van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
9. ^ Tan, K.; Jin, F. (2013). "Re-study on Gymnoichthys inopinatus from Middle Triassic of Luoping, Yunnan, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 51 (1): 1–16.
10. Arratia, G.; Schultze, H.-P. (2007). "Eurycormus – Eurypoma, two Jurassic actinopterygian genera with mixed identity". Fossil Record. 10 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600016.
11. López-Arbarello, A.; Ebert, M. (2023). "Taxonomic status of the caturid genera (Halecomorphi, Caturidae) and their Late Jurassic species". Royal Society Open Science. 10 (1): 221318. Bibcode:2023RSOS...1021318L. doi:10.1098/rsos.221318. PMC 9832298. PMID 36686548. S2CID 255570499.
12. Gouiric-Cavalli, S. (2016). "A new Late Jurassic halecomorph fish from the marine Vaca Muerta Formation, Argentina, southwestern Gondwana". Fossil Record. 19 (2): 119–129. doi:10.5194/fr-19-119-2016. hdl:11336/54624.
13. Forey, P. L.; Patterson, C. (2006). "Description and systematic relationships of † Tomognathus , an enigmatic fish from the English Chalk". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 4 (2): 157–184. doi:10.1017/S1477201905001719. S2CID 86028273.
14. Cavin, L.; Suteethorn, V.; Buffetaut, E.; Claude, J.; Cuny, G.; Le Loeuff, J.; Tong, H. (2007). "The first sinamiid fish (Holostei: Halecomorpha) from Southeast Asia (Early Cretaceous of Thailand)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (4): 827–837. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[827:TFSFHH]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85325978.

External links

Data related to Amiidae at Wikispecies

v t e Halecomorphi
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Subclass: Neopterygii Infraclass: Holostei Actinopterygii see Actinopterygii Neopterygii see Neopterygii Halecomorphi see below↓ Halecomorphi
Halecomorphi †Angolaichthys? †Cipactlichthys †Peia? †Promecosomina? †Prosantichthys †Parasemionotidae Albertonia Broughia Candelarialepis Devillersia Icarealcyon Jacobulus Jurongia Lehmanotus Lombardina? Ospia Parasemionotus Piveteaunotus Qingshania Stensionotus Suius Thomasinotus Watsonulus †Ionoscopiformes Ainia Allolepidotus? Altmuehlfuro Archaeosemionotus Asialepidotus? Brachyichthys Cerinichthys Elongofuro Eoeugnathus? Furo Gymnoichthys? Heterolepidotus Holzmadenfuro Italophiopsis Ohmdenfuro Oligopleurus? Ophiopsis Panxianichthys? Robustichthys? Sanctusichthys Schernfeldfuro Sinoeugnathus? Subortichthys Xingyia? Zandtfuro Ionoscopidae Ionoscopus Oshunia Quetzalichthys Spathiurus Ophiopsiellidae Congophiopsis Macrepistius Ophiopsiella Petalopteryx Placidichthys Teoichthys Amiiformes †Caturoidea Eurypoma Liodesmus Strobilodus Caturidae Amblysemius Caturus Catutoichthys Amioidea †Tomognathus †Sinamiidae Ikechaoamia Siamamia Sinamia Amiidae Amia †Amiopsis †Calamopleurus †Cratoamia †Cyclurus †Hispanamia †Maliamia †Melvius †Nipponamia †Pachyamia †Pseudamiatus †Solnhofenamia †Vidalamia

• Amiiformes
• Ray-finned fish orders