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67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in true colour, as seen by ESA's Rosetta Spacecraft in December 2014.
Discovery
Discovered by	Klim Ivanovich Churyumov Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko
Discovery site	Almaty, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Discovery date	20 September 1969
Designations
Alternative names	1969 R1, 1969 IV, 1969h, 1975 P1, 1976 VII, 1975i, 1982 VIII, 1982f, 1989 VI, 1988i
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 25 February 2023 (JD 2460000.5)
Aphelion	5.704 AU      (853,300,000 km; 530,200,000 mi)
Perihelion	1.210 AU      (181,000,000 km; 112,500,000 mi)
Semi-major axis	3.457 AU      (517,200,000 km; 321,300,000 mi)
Eccentricity	0.64989
Orbital period (sidereal)	6.43 yr
Mean anomaly	73.57°
Inclination	3.8719°
Longitude of ascending node	36.33°
Time of perihelion	9 April 2028 2 November 2021 (previous)
Argument of perihelion	22.15°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	Large lobe: 4.1 km × 3.3 km × 1.8 km (2.5 mi × 2.1 mi × 1.1 mi) Small lobe: 2.6 km × 2.3 km × 1.8 km (1.6 mi × 1.4 mi × 1.1 mi)
Volume	18.7 km (4.5 cu mi)
Mass	(9.982±0.003)×10 kg
Mean density	0.533 ± 0.006 g/cm      (0.01926 ± 0.00022 lb/cu in)
Escape velocity	est. 1 m/s
Synodic rotation period	12.4043±0.0007 h
Axial tilt	52°
North pole right ascension	69.3°
North pole declination	64.1°
Albedo	0.06
Surface temp. min mean max Kelvin −180 −230 Celsius 0−93 0−43 Fahrenheit −135 0−45

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (abbreviated as 67P or 67P/C–G) is a Jupiter-family comet. It is originally from the Kuiper belt and has an orbital period of 6.45 years as of 2012, a rotation period of approximately 12.4 hours, and a maximum velocity of 135,000 km/h (38 km/s; 84,000 mph). Churyumov–Gerasimenko is approximately 4.3 by 4.1 km (2.7 by 2.5 mi) at its longest and widest dimensions. It was first observed on photographic plates in 1969 by Soviet astronomers Klim Ivanovych Churyumov and Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko, after whom it is named. It most recently came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 2 November 2021, and will next come to perihelion on 9 April 2028.

Churyumov–Gerasimenko was the destination of the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission, launched on 2 March 2004. Rosetta rendezvoused with Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 6 August 2014 and entered orbit on 10 September 2014. Rosetta's lander, Philae, landed on the comet's surface on 12 November 2014, becoming the first spacecraft to land on a comet nucleus. On 30 September 2016, the Rosetta spacecraft ended its mission by landing on the comet in its Ma'at region.

Discovery

Churyumov–Gerasimenko was discovered in 1969 by Klim Ivanovich Churyumov of Kyiv University's Astronomical Observatory, who examined a photograph that had been exposed for comet Comas Solà by Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko on 11 September 1969 at the Alma-Ata Astrophysical Institute, near Alma-Ata, the then-capital city of Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union. Churyumov found a cometary object near the edge of the plate, but assumed that this was comet Comas Solà.

After returning to his home institute in Kyiv, Churyumov examined all the photographic plates more closely. On 22 October, about a month after the photograph was taken, he discovered that the object could not be Comas Solà, because it was about 1.8 degrees off the expected position. Further scrutiny produced a faint image of Comas Solà at its expected position on the plate, thus proving the other object to be a different body.

Shape

The comet consists of two lobes connected by a narrower neck, with the larger lobe measuring about 4.1 km × 3.3 km × 1.8 km (2.5 mi × 2.1 mi × 1.1 mi) and the smaller one about 2.6 km × 2.3 km × 1.8 km (1.6 mi × 1.4 mi × 1.1 mi). With each orbit the comet loses matter, as gas and dust are evaporated away by the Sun. It is estimated that a layer with an average thickness of about 1 ± 0.5 m (3.3 ± 1.6 ft) is lost per orbit as of 2015. The comet has a mass of approximately 10 billion tonnes.

The two-lobe shape of the comet is the result of a gentle, low-velocity collision of two objects, and is called a contact binary. The "terraces", layers of the interior of the comet that have been exposed by partial stripping of outer layers during its existence, are oriented in different directions in the two lobes, indicating that two objects fused to form Churyumov–Gerasimenko.

Surface

There are 26 distinct regions on Churyumov–Gerasimenko, with each named after an Egyptian deity; regions on the large lobe are named after gods, whereas those on the small lobe are named after goddesses. 19 regions were defined in the northern hemisphere prior to equinox. Later, when the southern hemisphere became illuminated, seven more regions were identified using the same naming convention.

Gates

Features described as gates, twin prominences on the surface so named for their appearance, were named after deceased members of the Rosetta team.

Surface changes

During Rosetta's lifetime, many changes were observed on the comet's surface, particularly when the comet was close to perihelion. These changes included evolving patterns of circular shapes in smooth terrains that at some point grew in size by a few metres per day. A fracture in the neck region was also observed to grow in size; boulders tens of metres wide were displaced, sometimes travelling more than 100 metres; and patches of the ground were removed to expose new features. A number of collapsing cliffs have also been observed. One notable example in December 2015 was captured by Rosetta's NAVCAM as a bright patch of light shining from the comet. Rosetta scientists determined that a large cliff had collapsed, making it the first landslide on a comet known to be associated with an outburst of activity. An apparent outburst of the comet was observed on 14 November 2021. According to the researchers, "At the time of the outburst discovery with ZTF, the comet was 1.23 au from the Sun and 0.42 au from the Earth. The comet's last perihelion passage was on 2021 Nov 2.".

Cheops boulder

Cheops is the largest boulder on the surface of the comet, measuring up to 45 meters. It is located in the comet's larger lobe. It was named for the pyramid in Giza because its shape is similar to that of a pyramid.

Orbit and rotation

Like the other comets of the Jupiter family, Churyumov–Gerasimenko probably originated in the Kuiper belt and was ejected towards the interior of the Solar System, where later encounters with Jupiter successively changed its orbit. These interactions will continue until the comet is eventually thrown out of the Solar System or collides with the Sun or a planet.

On 4 February 1959, a close encounter with Jupiter of 0.0515 AU (7.70 million km) moved Churyumov–Gerasimenko's perihelion inward from 2.7 AU (400 million km) to 1.28 AU (191 million km), where it basically remains today. In November 2220 the comet will pass about 0.14 AU (21 million km) from Jupiter which will move perihelion inwards to about 0.8 AU (120 million km) from the Sun.

Before Churyumov–Gerasimenko's perihelion passage in 2009, its rotational period was 12.76 hours. During this perihelion passage, it decreased to 12.4 hours, which likely happened because of sublimation-induced torque.

2015 perihelion

As of September 2014, Churyumov–Gerasimenko's nucleus had an apparent magnitude of roughly 20. It came to perihelion on 13 August 2015. From December 2014 until September 2015, it had an elongation less than 45 degrees from the Sun. On 10 February 2015, it went through solar conjunction when it was 5 degrees from the Sun and was 3.3 AU (490 million km) from Earth. It crossed the celestial equator on 5 May 2015 and became easiest to see from the Northern Hemisphere. Even right after perihelion when it was in the constellation of Gemini, it only brightened to about apparent magnitude 12, and required a telescope to be seen. As of July 2016, the comet had a total magnitude of about 20.

2021 perihelion

The 2021 apparition marked the closest approach to Earth since 1982. The comet reached perihelion on 2 November 2021 and the closest approach to Earth was on November 12, 2021, at 00:50 UTC, at a distance of 38 million miles (61 million km). The comet brightened to an apparent magnitude of 9, meaning it was visible with amateur telescopes. Two outbursts were observed during the apparition, on 2021 October 29.940 and November 17.864 UTC, −3.12 days and +15.81 days respectively from the perihelion date. During the first outburst the comet brightened by 0.26 ± 0.03 mag in the outburst, with a 27% increase in the effective geometric cross-section and total outburst dust mass of 5.3×10 kg. The second outburst caused a brightening of 0.49 ± 0.08 mag with effective geometric cross-section and total outburst dust mass 2.5 times larger than the first event.

Exploration

Rosetta mission

The Rosetta mission was the first mission to include an orbiter that accompanied a comet for several years, as well as a lander that collected close-up data from the comet's surface. The mission launched in 2004, arrived at comet 67P in 2014, and concluded with a touchdown on the comet's surface in 2016.

Advance work

As preparation for the Rosetta mission, Hubble Space Telescope pictures taken on 12 March 2003 were closely analysed. An overall 3D model was constructed and computer-generated images were created.

On 25 April 2012, the most detailed observations until that time were taken with the 2-metre Faulkes Telescope by N. Howes, G. Sostero and E. Guido while it was at its aphelion.

On 6 June 2014, water vapor was detected being released at a rate of roughly 1 litre per second (0.26 US gallons per second) when Rosetta was 360,000 km (220,000 mi) from Churyumov–Gerasimenko and 3.9 AU (580 million km) from the Sun. On 14 July 2014, images taken by Rosetta showed that its nucleus is irregular in shape with two distinct lobes. The size of the nucleus was estimated to be 3.5×4 km (2.2×2.5 mi). Two explanations for its shape were proposed at the time: that it was a contact binary, or that its shape may have resulted from asymmetric erosion due to ice sublimating from its surface to leave behind its lobed shape. By September 2015, mission scientists had determined that the contact binary hypothesis was unambiguously correct.

Rendezvous and orbit

Beginning in May 2014, Rosetta's velocity was reduced by 780 m/s (2,800 km/h; 1,700 mph) with a series of thruster firings. Ground controllers rendezvoused Rosetta with Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 6 August 2014. This was done by reducing Rosetta's relative velocity to 1 m/s (4 km/h; 2 mph). Rosetta entered orbit on 10 September, at about 30 km (19 mi) from the nucleus.

Landing

Descent of a small lander occurred on 12 November 2014. Philae is a 100 kg (220 lb) robotic probe that set down on the surface with landing gear. The landing site has been christened Agilkia in honor of Agilkia Island, where the temples of Philae Island were relocated after the construction of the Aswan Dam flooded the island. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Churyumov–Gerasimenko has been estimated for simulation purposes at 10 m/s, or about 1/10000 of that on Earth.

Because of its low relative mass, landing on the comet relied on tools to anchor Philae to the surface. The probe had an array of mechanisms designed to manage Churyumov–Gerasimenko's low gravity, including a cold gas thruster, harpoons, landing-leg-mounted ice screws, and a flywheel to keep it oriented during its descent. During the event, the thruster and the harpoons failed to operate, and the ice screws did not gain a grip. The lander bounced twice and only came to rest when it made contact with the surface for the third time, two hours after first contact.

Contact with Philae was lost on 15 November 2014 because of dropping battery power. The European Space Operations Centre briefly reestablished communications on 14 June 2015 and reported a healthy spacecraft but communications were lost again soon after. On 2 September 2016, Philae was located in photographs taken by the Rosetta orbiter. It had come to rest in a crack with only its body and two legs visible. While the discovery solves the question of the lander's disposition, it also allows project scientists to properly contextualise the data it returned from the comet's surface.

Physical properties

The composition of water vapor from Churyumov–Gerasimenko, as determined by the Rosetta spacecraft, is substantially different from that found on Earth. The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water from the comet was determined to be three times that found for terrestrial water. This makes it unlikely that water found on Earth came from comets like Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The water vapor is also mixed with significant amount of formaldehyde (0.5 wt%) and methanol (0.4 wt%), these concentrations falling within common range for Solar system comets. On 22 January 2015, NASA reported that, between June and August 2014, the comet released increasing amounts of water vapor, up to tenfold as much. On 23 January 2015, the journal Science published a special issue of scientific studies related to the comet.

Measurements carried out before Philae's batteries failed indicate that the dust layer could be as much as 20 cm (8 in) thick. Beneath that is hard ice, or a mixture of ice and dust. Porosity appears to increase toward the center of the comet.

The nucleus of Churyumov–Gerasimenko was found to have no magnetic field of its own after measurements were taken during Philae's descent and landing by its ROMAP instrument and Rosetta's RPC-MAG instrument. This suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of the Solar System, as had previously been hypothesized.

The ALICE spectrograph on Rosetta determined that electrons (within 1 km or 0.6 mi above the comet nucleus) produced from photoionization of water molecules by solar radiation, and not photons from the Sun as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma. Also, active pits, related to sinkhole collapses and possibly associated with outbursts are present on the comet.

Measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments on the Philae's lander revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde. Astrobiologists Chandra Wickramasinghe and Max Wallis stated that some of the physical features detected on the comet's surface by Rosetta and Philae, such as its organic-rich crust, could be explained by the presence of extraterrestrial microorganisms. Rosetta program scientists dismissed the claim as "pure speculation". Carbon-rich compounds are common in the Solar System. Neither Rosetta nor Philae is equipped to search for direct evidence of organisms. The only amino acid detected thus far on the comet is glycine, along with precursor molecules methylamine and ethylamine.

Solid organic compounds were also found in the dust particles emitted by the comet; the carbon in this organic material is bound in "very large macromolecular compounds", analogous to the insoluble organic matter in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Scientists think that the observed cometary carbonaceous solid matter could have the same origin as the meteoritic insoluble organic matter, but suffered less modification before or after being incorporated into the comet.

One of the most outstanding discoveries of the mission was the detection of large amounts of free molecular oxygen (O₂) gas surrounding the comet. Solar system models suggest the molecular oxygen should have disappeared by the time 67P was created, about 4.6 billion years ago in a violent and hot process that would have caused the oxygen to react with hydrogen and form water. Molecular oxygen has never before been detected in cometary comas. In situ measurements indicate that the O₂/H₂O ratio is isotropic in the coma and does not change systematically with heliocentric distance, suggesting that primordial O₂ was incorporated into the nucleus during the comet's formation. This interpretation was challenged by the discovery that O₂ may be produced on the surface of the comet in water molecule collisions with silicates and other oxygen-containing materials. Detection of molecular nitrogen (N₂) in the comet suggests that its cometary grains formed in low-temperature conditions below 30 K (−243 °C; −406 °F).

On 3 July 2018, researchers hypothesized that molecular oxygen might not be made on the surface of comet 67P in sufficient quantity, thus deepening the mystery of its origin.

Future missions

CAESAR was a proposed sample-return mission aimed at returning to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, capturing regolith from the surface, and returning it to Earth. This mission was competing in NASA's New Frontiers mission 4 selection process, and was one of two finalists in the program. In June 2019, it was passed over in favor of Dragonfly.

Gallery

• A reconstruction of the nucleus's shape based on Hubble observations in 2003
• As seen by the Very Large Telescope on 11 August 2014
• As seen by Rosetta on 22 August 2014
• As seen by Rosetta on 14 September 2014
• As seen by Rosetta on 28 March 2015
• As seen by Rosetta on 2 May 2015
• As seen by Rosetta on 7 July 2015
• Image showing ragged cliffs, 10 December 2014
• Phosphorus-bearing molecules found in a star-forming region and comet 67P.
• Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in enhanced colour, as imaged by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft in 2015.

See also

• List of comets visited by spacecraft
• List of numbered comets § 67P

Notes

1. Both names are stressed on their penultimate syllable. In Ukrainian, the pronunciations are approximately churyúmow herasiménko, with the v pronounced like an English w and the g like an h.

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67. O'Neill, Ian (12 November 2014). "Rosetta's Lander Grabs Onto Comet and Lands". Discovery News. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014. As there was a real risk of the lander bouncing off the comet, harpoons, landing leg ice screws and thrusters needed to work in concert to ensure Philae stayed in place.
68. Agle, D. C.; et al. (13 November 2014). "Rosetta's Comet Lander Landed Three Times". NASA. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
69. Beatty, Kelly (12 November 2014). "Philae Lands on Its Comet – Three Times!". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
70. Biever, Celeste & Gibney, Elizabeth (14 June 2015). "Philae comet lander wakes up and phones home". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17756. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
71. Beatty, Kelly (5 September 2016). "Finally, ESA Locates Comet Lander Philae". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
72. Agle, D. C. & Bauer, Markus (10 December 2014). "Rosetta Instrument Reignites Debate on Earth's Oceans". NASA. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
73. Chang, Kenneth (10 December 2014). "Comet Data Clears Up Debate on Earth's Water". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
74. Schuhmann, Markus; Altwegg, Kathrin; Balsiger, Hans; Berthelier, Jean-Jacques; Johan De Keyser; Fuselier, Stephen A.; Gasc, Sébastien; Gombosi, Tamas I.; Hänni, Nora; Rubin, Martin; Sémon, Thierry; Tzou, Chia-Yu; Wampfler, Susanne F. (2020). "CHO-bearing molecules in Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko". ACS Earth and Space Chemistry. 3 (9): 1854. arXiv:2003.03967. Bibcode:2019ESC.....3.1854S. doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00094. S2CID 201228823.
75. Agle, D. C.; et al. (22 January 2015). "Rosetta Comet 'Pouring' More Water Into Space". NASA. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
76. "Catching a Comet". Science. Special Issue. 347 (6220). 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
77. Baldwin, Emily (18 November 2014). "Philae settles in dust-covered ice". European Space Agency. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
78. Bauer, Markus (14 April 2015). "Rosetta and Philae Find Comet Not Magnetised". European Space Agency. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
79. Schiermeier, Quirin (14 April 2015). "Rosetta's comet has no magnetic field". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17327. S2CID 123964604.
80. Agle, D. C.; et al. (2 June 2015). "NASA Instrument on Rosetta Makes Comet Atmosphere Discovery". NASA. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
81. Feldman, Paul D.; et al. (2 June 2015). "Measurements of the near-nucleus coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with the Alice far-ultraviolet spectrograph on Rosetta" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 583: A8. arXiv:1506.01203. Bibcode:2015A&A...583A...8F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525925. S2CID 119104807.
82. Vincent, Jean-Baptiste; et al. (2 July 2015). "Large heterogeneities in comet 67P as revealed by active pits from sinkhole collapse" (PDF). Nature. 523 (7558): 63–66. Bibcode:2015Natur.523...63V. doi:10.1038/nature14564. PMID 26135448. S2CID 2993705.
83. Ritter, Malcolm (1 July 2015). "It's the pits: Comet appears to have sinkholes, study says". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
84. Jordans, Frank (30 July 2015). "Philae probe finds evidence that comets can be cosmic labs". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
85. "Science on the Surface of a Comet". European Space Agency. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
86. Bibring, J.-P.; et al. (31 July 2015). "Philae's First Days on the Comet – Introduction to Special Issue". Science. 349 (6247): 493. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..493B. doi:10.1126/science.aac5116. PMID 26228139.
87. ^ Ratcliffe, Rebecca (5 July 2015). "Philae comet could be home to alien life, say scientists". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
88. "Alien Life On Philae Comet, Scientists Say". Sky News. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
89. Knapton, Sarah (6 July 2015). "Alien life 'unlikely' on Rosetta comet, say mission scientists". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
90. Altwegg, Kathrin; et al. (27 May 2016). "Prebiotic chemicals—amino acid and phosphorus—in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko". Science Advances. 2 (5). e1600285. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0285A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600285. PMC 4928965. PMID 27386550.
91. Fray, Nicolas; et al. (7 September 2016). "High-molecular-weight organic matter in the particles of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko". Nature. 538 (7623): 72–74. Bibcode:2016Natur.538...72F. doi:10.1038/nature19320. PMID 27602514. S2CID 205250295.
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93. Howell, Elizabeth (28 October 2015). "Modern Mystery: Ancient Comet Is Spewing Oxygen". Space.com. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
94. Yao, Y. & Giapis, K.P. (8 May 2017). "Dynamic molecular oxygen production in cometary comae". Nature Communications. 8. 15298. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815298Y. doi:10.1038/ncomms15298. PMC 5424151. PMID 28480881.
95. Rubin, M.; et al. (April 2015). "Molecular nitrogen in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko indicates a low formation temperature". Science. 348 (6231): 232–235. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..232R. doi:10.1126/science.aaa6100. PMID 25791084.
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97. Dunning, Hayley (3 July 2018). "Molecular oxygen in comet's atmosphere not created on its surface". Imperial College London. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
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Further reading

• Agarwal, Jessica; et al. (June 2010). "The dust trail of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko between 2004 and 2006". Icarus. 207 (2): 992–1012. arXiv:1001.3775. Bibcode:2010Icar..207..992A. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.003. S2CID 118634953.
• Corum, Jonathan (30 April 2015). "Rosetta Is Tailing a Warming Comet". The New York Times.

External links

• 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko at Cometography
• 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
• 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko pronunciation guide by ESA
• "Mission to Land on a Comet" by NASA
• NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: A Dust Jet from the Surface of the Comet 67P (6 November 2017)
• Rosetta's final images on YouTube, by ESA
• Rosetta complete image archive by ESA
• OSIRIS stereo views of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by CNES
• Landing News and Comments (The New York Times; 12 November 2014)

v t e Comets
Features Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower Types Periodic Numbered Lost Long period Halley-type Jupiter-family Encke-type Main-belt Non-periodic Near-parabolic Hyperbolic Unknown-orbit Great Comet Sungrazing (Kreutz) Extinct Exocomet Interstellar Related Naming of comets Observational history of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid Exploration List of missions to comets List of comets visited by spacecraft Latest C/2024 S1 (ATLAS) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) C/2023 H2 (Lemmon) C/2023 E1 (ATLAS) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS) C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2020 F5 (MASTER) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS) C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 2I/Borisov P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) C/2018 C2 (Lemmon) C/2017 U7 C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) C/2015 G2 (MASTER) C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) Culture and speculation Antimatter comet Comets in fiction Comet vintages
Lists of comets (more) Periodic comets Until 1985 (all) 1P/Halley 2P/Encke 3D/Biela 4P/Faye 5D/Brorsen 6P/d'Arrest 7P/Pons–Winnecke 8P/Tuttle 9P/Tempel 10P/Tempel 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 12P/Pons–Brooks 13P/Olbers 14P/Wolf 15P/Finlay 16P/Brooks 17P/Holmes 18D/Perrine–Mrkos 19P/Borrelly 20D/Westphal 21P/Giacobini–Zinner 22P/Kopff 23P/Brorsen–Metcalf 24P/Schaumasse 25D/Neujmin 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup 27P/Crommelin 28P/Neujmin 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 30P/Reinmuth 31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 32P/Comas Solà 33P/Daniel 34D/Gale 35P/Herschel–Rigollet 36P/Whipple 37P/Forbes 38P/Stephan–Oterma 39P/Oterma 40P/Väisälä 41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák 42P/Neujmin 43P/Wolf–Harrington 44P/Reinmuth 45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková 46P/Wirtanen 47P/Ashbrook–Jackson 48P/Johnson 49P/Arend–Rigaux 50P/Arend 51P/Harrington 52P/Harrington–Abell 53P/Van Biesbroeck 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 55P/Tempel–Tuttle 56P/Slaughter–Burnham 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 58P/Jackson–Neujmin 59P/Kearns–Kwee 60P/Tsuchinshan 61P/Shajn–Schaldach 62P/Tsuchinshan 63P/Wild 64P/Swift–Gehrels 65P/Gunn 66P/du Toit 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 68P/Klemola 69P/Taylor 70P/Kojima 71P/Clark 72P/Denning–Fujikawa 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 74P/Smirnova–Chernykh 75D/Kohoutek 76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura 77P/Longmore 78P/Gehrels 79P/du Toit–Hartley 80P/Peters–Hartley 81P/Wild 82P/Gehrels 83D/Russell 84P/Giclas 85D/Boethin After 1985 (notable) 88P/Howell 92P/Sanguin 96P/Machholz 97P/Metcalf–Brewington 103P/Hartley 107P/Wilson–Harrington 108P/Ciffréo 109P/Swift–Tuttle 122P/de Vico 126P/IRAS 141P/Machholz 144P/Kushida 147P/Kushida–Muramatsu 153P/Ikeya–Zhang 156P/Russell–LINEAR 161P/Hartley–IRAS 162P/Siding Spring 168P/Hergenrother 169P/NEAT 177P/Barnard 178P/Hug–Bell 205P/Giacobini 209P/LINEAR 238P/Read 246P/NEAT 249P/LINEAR 252P/LINEAR 255P/Levy 273P/Pons–Gambart 289P/Blanpain 311P/PanSTARRS 322P/SOHO 323P/SOHO 332P/Ikeya–Murakami 333P/LINEAR 354P/LINEAR 362P 460P/PanSTARRS Comet-like asteroids 596 Scheila 2060 Chiron (95P) 4015 Wilson–Harrington (107P) 7968 Elst–Pizarro (133P) 165P/LINEAR 166P/NEAT 167P/CINEOS 60558 Echeclus (174P) 118401 LINEAR (176P) 238P/Read 259P/Garradd 311P/PanSTARRS 324P/La Sagra 331P/Gibbs 354P/LINEAR 358P/PANSTARRS P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS) (300163) 2006 VW139 Lost Recovered 9P/Tempel 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 15P/Finlay 17P/Holmes 27P/Crommelin 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 55P/Tempel–Tuttle 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 69P/Taylor 72P/Denning–Fujikawa 80P/Peters–Hartley 97P/Metcalf–Brewington 107P/Wilson–Harrington 113P/Spitaler 122P/de Vico 157P/Tritton 205P/Giacobini 206P/Barnard–Boattini 226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski 271P/van Houten–Lemmon 289P/Blanpain Destroyed 3D/Biela D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9) Not found D/1770 L1 (Lexell) 5D/Brorsen 18D/Perrine–Mrkos 20D/Westphal 25D/Neujmin 34D/Gale 75D/Kohoutek 83D/Russell 85D/Boethin Visited by spacecraft 21P/Giacobini–Zinner (1985) 1P/Halley (1986) 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup (1992) 19P/Borrelly (2001) 81P/Wild (2004) 9P/Tempel (2005, 2011) C/2006 P1 (2007) 103P/Hartley (2010) 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014) Near-Parabolic comets (notable) Until 1990 C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet) X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106) C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264) C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402) C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472) C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577) C/1652 Y1 C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)) C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702) C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat) C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux) C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760) C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769) C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807) C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811) C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819) C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823) C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843) C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet) C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati) C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher) C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861) C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865) X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet) C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia) C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt) C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882) C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887) C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901) C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910) C/1911 O1 (Brooks) C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky) C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany) C/1931 P1 (Ryves) C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) C/1948 V1 (Eclipse) C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland) C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) [de] C/1961 R1 (Humason) C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) C/1963 R1 (Pereyra) C/1964 N1 (Ikeya) C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki) C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) [de] C/1969 Y1 (Bennett) C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli) C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) C/1975 V1 (West) C/1980 E1 (Bowell) C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock) C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington) C/1989 X1 (Austin) C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George) After 1990 C/1990 K1 (Levy) C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz) C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell) C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam) C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse) C/1998 J1 (SOHO) C/1999 F1 (Catalina) C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) C/2002 V1 (NEAT) C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) C/2006 A1 (Pojmański) C/2006 M4 (SWAN) C/2006 P1 (McNaught) C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) C/2007 N3 (Lulin) C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) C/2007 W1 (Boattini) C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN) C/2009 R1 (McNaught) C/2010 X1 (Elenin) C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) C/2012 E2 (SWAN) C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) C/2012 S1 (ISON) C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) C/2013 US10 (Catalina) C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) C/2014 E2 (Jacques) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 2I/Borisov C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) After 1910 (by name) Aarseth-Brewington Arend–Roland Austin Beljawsky Bennett Boattini Borisov Bowell Bradfield Brooks Catalina C/1999 F1 C/2013 US10 de Kock–Paraskevopoulos Eclipse Elenin Hale-Bopp Humason Hyakutake Ikeya C/1963 A1 C/1964 N1 Ikeya-Seki IRAS–Araki–Alcock ISON Iwamoto Jacques Johnson Kohoutek Lemmon C/2012 F6 C/2018 C2 C/2019 U6 Leonard Levy LINEAR C/1999 S4 C/2000 WM1 C/2001 A2 C/2002 T7 LONEOS C/2001 OG108 C/2007 F1 Lovejoy C/2007 E2 C/2011 W3 C/2013 R1 C/2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz McNaught C/2006 P1 C/2009 R1 McNaught–Russell Mrkos NEAT C/2001 Q4 C/2002 V1 NEOWISE Nishimura Oukaimeden ʻOumuamua Pan-STARRS C/2011 L4 C/2012 K1 311P/PanSTARRS C/2014 Q1 C/2015 ER61 C/2017 K2 Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki–Lines Siding Spring C/2007 Q3 C/2013 A1 Skjellerup–Maristany Skorichenko–George SOHO Southern Spacewatch–Rabinowitz Stonehouse SWAN C/2006 M4 C/2012 E2 C/2020 F8 Tago-Sato-Kosaka [de] Tsuchinshan–ATLAS West White–Ortiz–Bolelli Wilson–Hubbard [de] Yi–SWAN Zhu–Balam ZTF
Category

v t e 2014 in space
« 2013 2015 »
Space probe launches	Chang'e 5-T1 (mission to the Moon; Oct 2014) Hayabusa2 / PROCYON (asteroid sample-return mission; Dec 2014)
Impact events	2014 AA 2014 Ontario fireball
Selected NEOs	Asteroid close approaches 2000 EM26 (163132) 2002 CU11 (388188) 2006 DP14 2007 VK184 (410777) 2009 FD 2009 RR (529366) 2009 WM1 2014 AF5 2014 DX110 2014 EC 2014 HQ124 2014 LY21 2014 OO6 2014 OL339 2014 RC 2014 SC324 2014 XL7
Exoplanets	51 Eridani b rotation of Beta Pictoris b Gliese 15 Ab Gliese 180 c Gliese 682 c Gliese 832 c GU Piscium b HIP 116454 b Kapteyn b Kepler-93b Kepler-186f Kepler-296 e f Kepler-298d Kepler-419 b c Kepler-421b WASP-104b
Discoveries	SMSS J0313−6708 Rings of Chariklo 2012 VP113 (announced) (532037) 2013 FY27 (announced) 486958 Arrokoth (2014 MU69) ULAS J0015+01 Laniakea Supercluster
Novae	SN 2014J iPTF14hls
Comets	C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) C/2014 E2 (Jacques) C/2013 UQ4 (Catalina) C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 Q3 (Borisov) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) 15P/Finlay
Space exploration	Kepler K2 mission extension (May) Rosetta/Philae (orbits/landing 67P; Aug/Nov) MAVEN (Mars orbit insertion; Sep) Mars Orbiter Mission (Mars orbit insertion; Sep) Dawn (approaches Ceres; Sep 2014 / Mar 2015) Venus Express (Venus mission ends; Dec)
Outer space portal Category:2013 in outer space — Category:2014 in outer space — Category:2015 in outer space

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