History of Colorado

(Redirected from Colorado Statehood Proclamation)

Historic Native American people

Further information: Prehistory of Colorado and Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest

Ancestral Puebloans — A diverse group of peoples that lived in the valleys and mesas of the Colorado Plateau
Apache Nation — An Athabaskan-speaking nation that lived in the Great Plains in the 18th century, then migrated southward to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, leaving a void on the plains that was filled by the Arapaho and Cheyenne from the east.
Arapaho Nation — An Algonquian-speaking nation that migrated westward to the base of the Rocky Mountains in the late 19th century and settled on the piedmont and the eastern plains. They were relocated entirely out of Colorado in 1865 following the Colorado War.
Cheyenne Nation — An Algonquian-speaking nation very closely related to the Arapaho. Like the Arapaho, they migrated westward in the 18th century to the base of the Rockies. They often lived in bands interspersed among the Arapaho, and were also relocated out of Colorado in the 1860s.
Comanche Nation — A Numic-speaking nation that lived on the High Plains of southeastern Colorado. Closely related to the Shoshone, they acquired the horse from the Spaniards and roamed the southern Great Plains. The Comanche were removed to Indian territory.
Shoshone Nation — A Numic-speaking nation that inhabited intermountain valleys along the north edge of the state, especially in the Yampa River valley, up through the late 19th century. Areas included North Park and Browns Park.
Ute Nation — A Numic-speaking nation that has lived in the Southern and the Western Rocky Mountains for many centuries. Their leaders were Chief Ouray and his wife Chipeta. They often clashed with the Arapaho and Cheyenne, and resisted the encroachment of these nations into the mountains. Until the 1880s, the Ute controlled nearly all of Colorado west of the continental divide, a situation that eroded after the silver boom of 1879. After clashing with white settlers in the 1880s in the Meeker Massacre, they were nearly entirely relocated out of the state into Utah, except for two small reservations in southwestern Colorado.

European settlement

Main article: List of territorial claims and designations in Colorado

The first Europeans to visit the region were Spanish conquistadors. Juan de Oñate who lived until 1626, founded what would become the Spanish province of Santa Fé de Nuevo México among the pueblos of the Rio Grande on July 11, 1598. In 1787 Juan Bautista de Anza established the settlement of San Carlos near present-day Pueblo, Colorado, but it quickly failed. This was the only Spanish attempt to create a settlement north of the Arkansas River. Colorado became part of the Spanish province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Spaniards traded with Native Americans who lived there and established the Comercio Comanchero (Comanche Trade) among the Spanish settlements and the Native Americans.

In 1803 the United States acquired a territorial claim to the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains by the Louisiana Purchase from France. However, the claim conflicted with Spain's claim to sovereignty over the territory. Zebulon Pike led a U.S. Army reconnaissance expedition into the disputed region in 1806. Pike and his troops were arrested by Spanish cavalry in the San Luis Valley, taken to Chihuahua, then expelled from México.

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared Mexico's independence from Spain on September 16, 1810. In 1819, the United States ceded its claim to the land south and west of the Arkansas River to Spain with the Adams-Onís Treaty, at the same time purchasing Florida. Mexico finally won its independence with the Treaty of Córdoba signed on August 24, 1821, and assumed the territorial claims of Spain. Although Mexican traders ventured north, settlers stayed south of the 37th parallel north until the United States signed a peace treaty with the Ute Nation in 1850.

Trading posts such as Bent's Old Fort served fur traders in the early 19th century.

During the period 1832 to 1856, traders, trappers, and settlers established trading posts and small settlements along the Arkansas River, and on the South Platte near the Front Range. Prominent among these were Bent's Fort and Fort Pueblo on the Arkansas and Fort Saint Vrain on the South Platte. The main item of trade offered by the Indians was buffalo robes, see Early history of the Arkansas Valley in Colorado and Forts in Colorado.

In 1846 the United States went to war with Mexico. Mexico's defeat forced the nation to relinquish its northern territories by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This opened the Southern Rocky Mountains to American settlement, including what is now the lower portion of Colorado. The newly gained land was divided into the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah, both organized in 1850, and the Territory of Kansas and the Territory of Nebraska, organized in 1854. Most settlers avoided the rugged Rocky Mountains and headed for Oregon, the Deseret, or California, usually following the North Platte River and the Sweetwater River to South Pass in what is now Wyoming.

On April 9, 1851, Hispanic settlers from Taos, New Mexico, settled the village of San Luis de la Culebra, then in the New Mexico Territory, but now Colorado's first permanent European settlement.

Pike's Peak Gold Rush

Main articles: Pike's Peak Gold Rush and List of African American pioneers of Colorado

On June 22, 1850, a wagon train bound for California crossed the South Platte River just north of the confluence with Clear Creek, and followed Clear Creek west for six miles. Lewis Ralston dipped his gold pan in a stream flowing into Clear Creek, and found almost $5 in gold (about a quarter of a troy ounce) in his first pan. John Lowery Brown, who kept a diary of the party's journey from Georgia to California, wrote on that day: "Lay bye. Gold found." In a notation above the entry, he wrote, "We called this Ralston's Creek because a man of that name found gold here.”

Ralston continued on to California, but returned to 'Ralston's Creek' with the Green Russell party eight years later. Members of this party founded Auraria (later absorbed into Denver City) in 1858 and touched off the gold rush to the Rockies. The confluence of Clear Creek and Ralston Creek, the site of Colorado's first gold discovery is now in Arvada, Colorado.

In 1858, several parties of gold seekers bound for the California Gold Rush panned small amounts of gold from various streams in the South Platte River Valley at the foot of the Rocky Mountains in then western Kansas Territory, now northeast Colorado. The gold nuggets initially failed to impress the gold seekers, but rumors of gold in the Rocky Mountains persisted, and several small parties explored the region. In the summer of 1857, a party of Spanish-speaking gold seekers from the New Mexico Territory worked a placer deposit along the South Platte River about 5 miles (8 km) above Cherry Creek (in what is today the Overland Park neighborhood of Denver.)

The following year, William Greeneberry "Green" Russell led a party of Cherokee gold seekers from the State of Georgia to search for gold along the South Platte River. In the first week of July 1857, Green Russell and Sam Bates found a small placer deposit near the mouth of Little Dry Creek (in present-day Englewood) that yielded about 20 troy ounces (622 grams) of gold, the first significant gold discovery in the Rocky Mountain region.

News of this discovery soon spread and precipitated the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. An estimated 100,000 gold seekers flocked to the region over the next three years. The placer gold deposits along the rivers and streams of the region rapidly played out, but miners soon discovered far more valuable seams of hard rock gold, silver, and other minerals in the nearby mountains. This gold rush helped to attract people to the state and resulted in a population boom.

Territory of Jefferson

Main article: Jefferson Territory

The Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on October 24, 1859, but the new territory failed to secure federal sanction. The Provisional Government freely administered the region despite its lack of official status until the U.S. Territory of Colorado was organized in 1861.

Territory of Colorado

Main articles: Colorado Organic Act and Colorado Territory

The Territory of Colorado was a historic, organized territory of the United States that existed between 1861 and 1876. Its boundaries were identical to the current State of Colorado. The territory ceased to exist when Colorado was admitted to the Union as a state on August 1, 1876. The territory was organized in the wake of the 1859 Pike's Peak Gold Rush, which had brought the first large concentration of white settlement to the region. The organic act creating the territory was passed by Congress and signed by President James Buchanan on February 28, 1861, during the secessions by Southern states that precipitated the American Civil War. The organization of the territory helped solidify Union control over a mineral rich area of the Rocky Mountains.

Statehood was regarded as fairly imminent, as during the run-up to the 1864 presidential election the Republican–controlled Congress was actually eager to get two more Republican senators and three more electoral votes for President Lincoln's re-election bid. Territorial Governor John Evans persuaded Congress to adopt an enabling act, but a majority of the 6,192 Coloradoans who voted, in a population of around 35,000, turned down the first attempt at a state constitution and the second attempt at statehood. Later, at the end of 1865, territorial ambitions for statehood were thwarted again, this time by a veto by President Andrew Johnson. Statehood for the territory was a recurring issue during the Ulysses Grant administration, with Grant advocating statehood against a less willing Congress during Reconstruction.

Colorado War

Main article: Colorado War

The Colorado War (1863–1865) was an armed conflict between the United States and a loose alliance among the Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, and Cheyenne nations of Native Americans (the last two were particularly closely allied, which is unusual since the various tribes were notorious for inciting violence against each other). The war was centered on the Eastern Plains of the Colorado Territory and resulted in the removal of these four Native American peoples from present-day Colorado to present-day Oklahoma. The war included a particularly notorious episode in November 1864 known as the Sand Creek Massacre. The battle, initially hailed by the U.S. press as a great victory, was later learned to be one of genocidal brutality. Most of the tribes had their own designs for genocide of the whites. The resulting hearings in the United States Congress regarding the malfeasance of the U.S. Army commander, John Chivington, were a watershed in the white views of the Indian Wars at the close of the American Civil War. In 1868 the U.S. Army, led by George Armstrong Custer, renewed the conflict against the Arapaho and Cheyenne at the Battle of Washita River. This conflict was due to the Natives persistent practice of arbitrary violence against peaceful white settlers.

Early statehood 1876-1900

Main articles: Admission to the Union and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

The United States Congress passed an enabling act on March 3, 1875, specifying the requirements for the Territory of Colorado to become a state. On August 1, 1876 (28 days after the Centennial of the United States), President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting the state of Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker "Centennial State". The borders of the new state coincided with the borders established for the Colorado Territory.

Women won the right to vote in Colorado via referendum on November 7, 1893. Colorado was the first state in the union to grant universal suffrage through a popular vote. (The territory of Wyoming approved the right of women to vote in 1869 through a vote of the territorial legislature.) Governor Davis H. Waite, a left-wing Populist, campaigned for the amendment but he a year later he blamed the women voters for defeating his reelection campaign. Waite favored labor unions and is one of the few American state governors ever to call out the state militia to protect miners from a force raised by mine owners in the Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894.

Mining in Colorado

Participants in the Pike's Peak Gold Rush from 1858 to 1861 were called Fifty-Niners and many of the new arrivals settled in the Denver area. Gold in paying quantities was also discovered in the Central City area. In 1879, silver was discovered in Leadville, resulting in the Colorado Silver Boom.

Many early mining efforts were cooperative ventures. However, as easy-to-reach surface deposits played out, miners increasingly turned to hard rock mining. Such industrial operations required greater capital, and the economic concept of mineral rights resulted in periodic conflicts between the mine owners, and the miners who increasingly sold their labor to work in the mines.

As the mines were dug deeper, they became more dangerous, and the work more arduous, creating the conditions for conflict. In 1880, Colorado Governor Pitkin, a Republican, declared martial law to suppress a violent mining strike at Leadville. In the 1890s many Colorado miners began to form unions in order to protect themselves. The mine operators often formed mine owners' associations in response, setting up the conditions for a conflict. Notable labor disputes between hard rock miners and the mine operators included the Cripple Creek strike of 1894 and the Colorado Labor Wars of 1903–04.

Coal mining in Colorado began soon after the first settlers arrived. Although the discovery of coal did not cause boom cycles as did the precious metals, the early coal mining industry also established the conditions for violent confrontations between miners and mine owners. The usual issues were wages, hours, and working conditions, but miners were also concerned about issues of fairness, and company control over their personal lives.

Early coal mining in Colorado was extremely dangerous, and the state had one of the highest death rates in the nation. During the three decades from 1884 to 1914, more than 1,700 workers died in Colorado's coal mines. Coal miners also resented having to pay for safety work such as timbering the mines, and they were sometimes paid in scrip that had value only in the company store, with the cost of goods set by the company.

The Colorado Coalfield War, centered around the 1913-1914 United Mine Workers of America strike against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron company, saw dozens die in battles on the Southern Colorado coalfields. The Ludlow Massacre became the peak of the violence, when Colorado National Guard and militia fired into a tent colony of strikers, in which many children were killed. The violence would continue until Woodrow Wilson sent federal soldiers to disarm both sides.

Another coal strike in 1927 is best known for Colorado's first Columbine massacre. In 1933, federal legislation for the first time allowed all Colorado coal miners to join unions without fear of retaliation by instituting penalties for mine owners who obstructed collective bargaining.

Like all resource extraction, mining is a boom or bust industry, and over the years many small towns were established, then abandoned when the ore ran out, the market collapsed, or another resource became available. There were once more than a hundred coal mines in the area north of Denver and east of Boulder. The mines began to close when natural gas lines arrived. Coal and precious metals are still mined in Colorado, but the mining industries have changed dramatically in recent decades.

Reports of the revival of molybdenum mining in 2007 resulted in ambivalent responses with Leadville welcoming the opening of the mine at Climax, but strong opposition in Crested Butte over proposed operations at Mount Emmons. Opinion in Rico, site of the Silver Creek stockwork Molybdenum deposit is more divided. There, land slated for development is being bought up by a mining company.

Today there are many small mining towns scattered throughout Colorado, such as Leadville, Georgetown, Cripple Creek, Victor, and Central City. Although many of the mines no longer operate, the remnants of the operations can be seen in the form of mine shafts, outbuildings, and mounds of rock extracted from the hills. Many former mining towns turned to gambling to draw visitors, with Blackhawk and Cripple Creek serving as good examples. The 19th century ended with a difficult law-and-order situation in some places, most notably, Creede, Colorado, where gunmen like Robert Ford (the assassin of Jesse James) and con artist like Soapy Smith reigned.

"The World's Sanitarium"

Starting in the 1860s, when tuberculosis (TB) was a major deadly disease, physicians in the eastern United States recommended that their patients relocate to sunny, dry climates for their lungs. As a result, the number of people with tuberculosis, called "lungers", in the state grew alarmingly and without the services or facilities to support their needs. Not knowing how to manage a population of homeless, ill people, many were taken to jail. Because of the number of people with TB and their families who came to Denver for their health, by the 1880s it was nicknamed the "World's Sanitarium". Cynthia Stout, a history scholar, asserted that by 1900 "one-third of Colorado's population were residents of the state because of tuberculosis."

Twentieth century

In 1913 through 1914 the Colorado Coalfield War occurred. It started as a strike and ultimately ended in defeat for the union ending with 232 deaths, and crippling labor organizing in the state's mines for the next decade.

In the early 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan suddenly built a large membership hostile to Catholics. Its leaders tried to gain political influence but they were unable to get any proposals enacted into law. The members quit and the KKK died out by the late 1920s.

From 1927 to 1928, a statewide coal strike occurred shutting down all mines. It was sponsored by a upstart rival of the main miners' union and demanded better wages and conditions. During it, the Columbine Mine massacre and Walsenburg Hall killings occurred, where strikers were shot down by guards and policemen. For one particular incident in Trinidad, the mayor was accused of deputizing members of the KKK against the striking workers. The strike ended with a significant victory for the union in May 1928, with an increase in wages and the return of organized labor in the state's coal industry.

The 1930s saw the beginning of the ski industry in Colorado. Resorts were established in areas such as Estes Park, Gunnison, and on Loveland Pass. During WWII, the 10th Mountain Division established Camp Hale to train elite ski troops.

In the 1940s, the Republican governor of Colorado, Ralph Carr, spoke out against racial discrimination and against the federal internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II.

In 1967, Governor John A. Love signed the nation's first liberalized abortion law. The late 1960s saw violence in Denver, in the form of race riots, and college buildings being burned by radicals. The Family Dog Denver music venue opened that year, ushering in the hippie movement in the state, to the great consternation of city and state leaders and parents, leading to several municipal and federal court cases. It also made Colorado a major music destination thereafter.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Colorado was an epicenter for the Chicano Movement. Colorado has a significant population of Mexican-American, Hispanic and Chicano people. Major events that affected the Chicano Movement happened in Colorado, such as Corky Gonzales' Crusade for Justice and The Plan Espiritual de Aztlán, the deaths of Los Seis de Boulder, and the death of Ricardo Falcón. Leaders of the movement worked with national figures like Cesar Chavez and the lettuce workers strike, and Coloradans held their own actions like the Kitayama Carnation Strike.

In 1972, Colorado became the only state to reject the award of hosting the Olympic Games after they had been granted. When Representative Lamm led a successful movement to reject a bond issue for expenses related to hosting the event, the International Olympic Committee relocated the 1976 Winter Olympics to Innsbruck, Austria. No venue had rejected the award before nor has any venue since.

In 1999, the Columbine High School massacre became the most devastating high-school massacre in United States history until the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in 2018.

Twenty-first century

On July 20, 2012, not far from the location of the aforementioned massacre at Columbine High School, 12 people were killed and 70 people were injured in the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting, when James Eagan Holmes, a former neuroscience doctoral student, walked into an Aurora, Colorado Cinemark movie theater with multiple firearms, and started shooting at random at people trying to escape during a midnight Thursday showing of The Dark Knight Rises, killing 12 people and injuring 70 others. It was the deadliest shooting in Colorado since the Columbine High School massacre and, in terms of both the dead and wounded in the number of casualties, was the largest single mass shooting in U.S. history.

Colorado is now 1 of 15 states that have legalized both medical and recreational marijuana, allowing them to tax the product. As of July 2014, six months after recreational shops began sales of marijuana in Colorado, the state has enjoyed a tax revenue of 45 million with 98 million expected by the end of the calendar year. This is in addition to increased economic revenues from "pot tourists."

As of July 9, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected over 35,000 people in Colorado and killed 1,544.

As of August 2022, over 1.6 million cases of COVID-19 had been reported in Colorado with over 13,000 deaths.

References

"Fossilized Footprints". United States National Park Service. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
Ashley Strickland (August 4, 2022). "Discovery in paleontologist's backyard reveals evidence of North America's early humans". Cable News Network. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
Carl Ubbelohde, Duane A. Smith, Maxine Benson: A Colorado History, Pruett Publishing, 2006, p. 17
Cardelús, Borja (2007). La huella de España y de la cultura hispana en los Estados Unidos (2nd ed.). Madrid: Centro de Cultura Iberoamericana (CCI). p. 174. ISBN 9788461150366.
Torres, Fernando Martínez Láinez, Carlos Canales (2008). Banderas lejanas : la exploración, conquista y defensa por España del territorio de los actuales Estados Unidos (1st ed.). Madrid: Edaf. ISBN 9788441421196.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Janet Lecompte, Pueblo, Hardscrabble, Greenhorn: The Upper Arkansas, 1832-1856, University of Oklahoma Press, 1977, hardcover, 354 pages, ISBN 0-8061-1462-2
Thomas J. Noel. "Denver History: The Arapaho Camp". City and County of Denver. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
Gehling, Richard (2006). "The Pike's Peak Gold Rush". Richard Gehling. Archived from the original on 2008-06-28. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
Provisional Laws and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of Jefferson Territory. General Assembly of the Territory of Jefferson. November 28, 1859. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
"An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Colorado" (PDF). Thirty-sixth United States Congress. February 28, 1861. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
Kopel, Jerry (July 30, 2000). "History of how Colorado finally became a state" (PDF). Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Forty-third United States Congress (1875-03-03). "An Act to Enable the People of Colorado to Form a Constitution and State Government, and for the Admission of the Said State into the Union on an Equal Footing with the Original States". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
President of the United States of America (1876-08-01). "Proclamation of the Admission of Colorado to the Union" (php). The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
Rebecca J. Mead, How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914 (New York University Press, 2004) pp. 53-72.
James Edward Wright, The Politics of Populism: Dissent in Colorado (Yale U.P., 1974) pp. 179-180.
Whiteside, James (1990). "Preface". Regulating Danger: The Struggle for Mine Safety in the Rocky Mountain Coal Industry. U of Nebraska Press. p. xii. ISBN 9780803247529.
Thomas G. Andrews, Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War (Harvard University Press, 2008).
"Colorado mining divided over molybdenum" article by Jason Blevins in The Denver Post Last Updated: 12/09/2007 08:06:50 AM MST
"Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. Announces Plans to Restart Climax Molybdenum Mine" Archived 2008-01-22 at the Wayback Machine Press release by Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. December 4, 2007
"Many ready to again embrace old path to prosperity" article by Jason Blevins in The Denver Post Last Updated: 12/09/2007 02:07:37 AM MST
"Coalitions build to again keep mining off beloved peak" article by Jason Blevins in The Denver Post Last Updated: 12/09/2007 02:09:08 AM MST
Larson, Peter B.; Cunningham, Charles G.; Naeser, Charles W. (March 1994). "Hydrothermal alteration and mass exchange in the hornblende latite porphyry, Rico, Colorado". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 116 (1–2). Springer: 199–215. Bibcode:1994CoMP..116..199L. doi:10.1007/BF00310700. ISSN 1432-0967. S2CID 119090110.
"Divided town weighs promise of jobs vs. peace and quiet" article by Nancy Lofholm in The Denver Post Last Updated: 12/09/2007 02:07:13 AM MST
Tuberculosis in Colorado history, The Denver Post, 05/31/2007. Retrieved 2011-06-16
Varnell, pp. 39-40.
Papanikolas, Zeese (1982). Buried Unsung: Louis Tikas and the Ludlow Massacre. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0803287273.
House Committee on Mines and Mining, 63rd United States Congress (2 March 1915). Report on the Colorado strike investigation made under House resolution 387, sixty-third Congress, third session (Report). Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
"Colorado Coal Field War Project". Denver: University of Denver. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
William Wyckoff (1999). Creating Colorado: The Making of a Western American Landscape, 1860-1940. Yale UP. p. 267. ISBN 0300071183.
McClurg, Donald J. (1963). "The Colorado Coal Strike of 1927 -- Tactical Leadership of the IWW". Labor History. 4 (1): 71. doi:10.1080/00236566308583916.
P. Marsh, Douglas (August 5, 2022). "Colorado and the IWW, Part III".
Casey, Conor. "Library Guides: Industrial Workers of the World Photograph Collection: Colorado Mine Strike, 1927-1928". guides.lib.uw.edu (Warning, very graphic imagery present within source.). Retrieved 2023-04-16.
Bayard, Charles J. (1963). "The 1927-1928 Colorado Coal Strike". Pacific Historical Review. 32 (3): 235–250. doi:10.2307/4492179. ISSN 0030-8684. JSTOR 4492179.
Conlin, Joseph R. (1981). At the Point of Production: The Local History of the IWW. Greenwood Press. p. 203.
Colorado Ski History.com. 1930-1939. Retrieved 3 November 2011
10th Mountain Division History Archived 2010-07-24 at the Wayback Machine Metropolitan State College of Denver, 2004. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
"Colorado Abortion Law is Signed by Gov. Love". Lincoln Evening Journal. April 26, 1967. p. 2. Retrieved July 10, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
"Hippie History: The Tale of the Dog Chronicles a Denver Rock Landmark". Westword. June 8, 2021.
"Primary Sources for El Movimiento". Chicano and Latino State History Project.
"Investigators focus on accomplices in school shooting". Santa Cruz Sentinel. April 28, 1999. p. 15. Retrieved July 10, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
"Officials release complete list of injured victims in Aurora massacre"
"Officials release complete list of injured victims in Aurora massacre". Fox News Channel. January 10, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
Brown, Jennifer (July 21, 2012). "12 shot dead, 58 wounded in Aurora movie theater during Batman premier". The Denver Post. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
"4 states just voted to make marijuana completely legal — here's what we know". Business Insider.
"COVID-19 data | Colorado COVID-19 Updates".
"COVID-19 data, Colorado Department of Health & Environment |".

External links

v t e State of Colorado
Denver (capital)
Topics	Bibliography Index Outline Climate change Colleges Coloradans Elections Federal lands Geography Government Historic places History Images Indian reservations Law Lists Military Mountains Municipalities Museums National Forests National Parks Paleontology Prehistoric sites Prehistory Protected areas Railroads Rivers Slavery Statistical areas Symbols Timeline Tourist attractions Towns Trails Transportation Wildernesses
Society	Abortion Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Religion Sports
Cities	Alamosa Arvada Aspen Aurora Black Hawk Boulder Brighton Broomfield Brush Burlington Cañon City Castle Pines Centennial Central City Cherry Hills Village Colorado Springs Commerce City Cortez Craig Cripple Creek Dacono Delta Denver Durango Edgewater Englewood Evans Federal Heights Florence Fort Collins Fort Lupton Fort Morgan Fountain Fruita Glendale Glenwood Springs Golden Grand Junction Greeley Greenwood Village Gunnison Holyoke Idaho Springs La Junta Lafayette Lakewood Lamar Las Animas Leadville Littleton Lone Tree Longmont Louisville Loveland Manitou Springs Monte Vista Montrose Northglenn Ouray Pueblo Rifle Rocky Ford Salida Sheridan Steamboat Springs Sterling Thornton Trinidad Victor Walsenburg Westminster Wheat Ridge Woodland Park Wray Yuma
Counties	Adams Alamosa Arapahoe Archuleta Baca Bent Boulder Broomfield Chaffee Cheyenne Clear Creek Conejos Costilla Crowley Custer Delta Denver Dolores Douglas Eagle El Paso Elbert Fremont Garfield Gilpin Grand Gunnison Hinsdale Huerfano Jackson Jefferson Kiowa Kit Carson La Plata Lake Larimer Las Animas Lincoln Logan Mesa Mineral Moffat Montezuma Montrose Morgan Otero Ouray Park Phillips Pitkin Prowers Pueblo Rio Blanco Rio Grande Routt Saguache San Juan San Miguel Sedgwick Summit Teller Washington Weld Yuma
Regions	Central Colorado Eastern Plains Colorado Mineral Belt Colorado Piedmont Colorado Plateau Colorado Western Slope Denver Metropolitan Area Four Corners Region Front Range Urban Corridor High Plains North Central Colorado Urban Area Northwestern Colorado San Luis Valley South-Central Colorado South Central Colorado Urban Area Southern Rocky Mountains Southwest Colorado
Colorado portal

Indigenous peoples of Colorado

Overview

Contemporary peoples
native to Colorado

People	Arapaho Cheyenne Comanche Jicarilla Apache Kiowa Pawnee Shoshone Ute
Reservations	Colorado reservations Southern Ute Indian Reservation Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation
Major events	Battle of Beecher Island Colorado War Comanche Campaign Meeker Massacre Sand Creek massacre

Precontact cultures
in Colorado

Paleo-Indian	Clovis culture Cody complex Folsom tradition Goshen complex Hell Gap complex Plainview complex Plano cultures
Archaic	Apex complex Basketmaker culture Mount Albion complex Oshara tradition Picosa culture
Post-Archaic	Ancestral Puebloans Apishapa culture Dismal River culture Fremont culture Panhandle culture Sopris phase Tipi ring
Noted archaeologists	Cynthia Irwin-Williams Paul Sidney Martin Waldo Rudolph Wedel Joe Ben Wheat

New Spain (1521–1821)

Conflicts

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire → Spanish conquest of Guatemala → Spanish conquest of Yucatán → Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) → Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) → Dutch Revolt → Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) → Piracy in the Caribbean → Queen Anne's War → War of Jenkins' Ear → Seven Years' War → Spain and the American Revolutionary War
Conflicts with indigenous peoples during colonial rule	Mixtón War → Yaqui Wars → Chichimeca War → Philippine revolts against Spain → Acaxee Rebellion → Spanish–Moro conflict → Acoma Massacre → Tepehuán Revolt → Tzeltal Rebellion → Pueblo Revolt → Pima Revolt → Spanish American wars of independence

Central
government
and
administration

Habsburg Spain	Charles I Joanna of Castile Philip II Philp III Philip IV Charles II
Bourbon Spain	Philip V (also reigned after Louis I) Louis I Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII of Spain (also reigned after Joseph I)
Viceroys of New Spain	List of viceroys of New Spain
Audiencias	Guadalajara Captaincy General of Guatemala Manila Mexico Santo Domingo
Captancies General	Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Yucatán Provincias Internas
Intendancy	Havana New Orleans State of Mexico Chiapas Comayagua Nicaragua Camagüey Santiago de Cuba Guanajuato Valladolid Guadalajara Zacatecas San Luis Potosí Veracruz Puebla Oaxaca Durango Sonora Mérida, Yucatán La Florida
Politics	Viceroy Gobernaciones Adelantado Captain general Corregidor (position) Cabildo Encomienda
Treaties	Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Zaragoza Peace of Westphalia Peace of Ryswick Peace of Utrecht Congress of Breda Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) Treaty of Paris (1783) Treaty of Córdoba Adams–Onís Treaty

Notable
cities,
provinces,
and territories

Cities	Mexico City Veracruz Xalapa Puebla Toluca Cuernavaca Oaxaca Morelia Acapulco Campeche Mérida Guadalajara Durango Monterrey León Guanajuato Zacatecas Pachuca Querétaro Saltillo San Luis Potosí Los Ángeles Yerba Buena (San Francisco) San José San Diego Santa Fe Albuquerque El Paso Los Adaes San Antonio Tucson Pensacola St. Augustine Havana Santo Domingo San Juan Antigua Guatemala Cebu Manila
Provinces and territories	Louisiana La Florida (Florida) Las Californias Alta California (California) Baja California Santa Fe de Nuevo México (New Mexico) Tejas (Texas) Nueva Galicia Nueva Vizcaya Nueva Extremadura New Kingdom of León Cebu Bulacan Pampanga
Other areas	Spanish Formosa

Explorers,
adventurers and
conquistadors

Pre-New Spain
explorers

Explorers and
conquistadors

Catholic Church
in New Spain

Spanish missions in the Americas	Spanish missions in Arizona Spanish missions in Baja California Spanish missions in California Spanish missions in the Carolinas Spanish missions in Florida Spanish missions in Georgia Spanish missions in Louisiana Spanish missions in Mexico Spanish missions in New Mexico Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert Spanish missions in Texas Spanish missions in Virginia Spanish missions in Trinidad
Friars, fathers, priests, and bishops	Pedro de Gante Gerónimo de Aguilar Toribio de Benavente Motolinia Bernardino de Sahagún Juan de Zumárraga Alonso de Montúfar Vasco de Quiroga Bartolomé de las Casas Alonso de Molina Diego Durán Diego de Landa Gerónimo de Mendieta Juan de Torquemada Juan de Palafox y Mendoza Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora Eusebio Kino Francisco Javier Clavijero Junípero Serra Francisco Palóu Fermín de Lasuén Esteban Tápis José Francisco de Paula Señan Mariano Payeras Sebastián Montero Marcos de Niza Francisco de Ayeta Antonio Margil Francisco Marroquín Manuel Abad y Queipo Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla José María Morelos
Other events	Our Lady of Guadalupe Suppression of the Jesuits California mission clash of cultures Cargo system Indian Reductions

Society
and culture

Indigenous
peoples

Mesoamerican	Aztecs Maya Huastec Mixtec P'urhépecha Totonac Pipil Kowoj Kʼicheʼ Kaqchikel Zapotec Poqomam Mam
Caribbean	Arawak Ciboney Guanahatabey
California	Mission Indians Cahuilla Chumash Cupeño Juaneño Kumeyaay Luiseño Miwok Mohave Ohlone Serrano Tongva
Oasisamerica (Southwest US)	Akimel O'odham Apache Hopi Hualapai Navajo Pueblo peoples Quechan Solano Tohono O'odham Zuni
Aridoamerica	Acaxee Chichimeca Coahuiltecan Cochimí Cocopah Kiliwa La Junta Opata Tepehuán Yaqui
Southern Plains	Caddo Comanche Lipan Apache Plains Apache Tonkawa Wichita
Southeastern Woodlands	Indigenous people during De Soto's travels Apalachee Calusa Muscogee Jororo Pensacola Seminole Timucua Yustaga
Filipinos	Negrito Igorot Mangyan Peoples of Palawan Ati Panay Lumad Bajau Tagalog Cebuano
Others	Taiwanese indigenous peoples Chamorro people

Architecture

Trade and economy

People and classes

People

Category

v t e New France
History	French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire Timeline of New France history Beginnings–1533 1534–1607 1608–1662 1663–1759 1763 Treaty of Paris History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French-Americans
Colonies	Acadia (1604–1713) Canada (1608–1763) Terre-Neuve (1662–1713) Louisiana (1682–1763, 1801–1803) Île Royale (1713–1763) Illinois Country Ohio Country Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy
Towns and villages	Acadie Port Royal Canada Quebec City Trois-Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiane Mobile Biloxi New Orleans Terre-Neuve Plaisance
Forts	List of French forts in North America Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis (Illinois) Fort St. Louis (Texas)
Governments	Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois-Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadie Governor Terre-Neuve Governor Louisiane Governor
Laws	Custom of Paris in New France Seigneurial system of New France Criminal justice in New France Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir
Economy	Chemin du Roy Fur trade Coureur des bois Voyageurs Company of 100 Associates Crozat's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident
Society	Population 1666 census Habitants Canadiens King's Daughters Acadians Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Alcohol Currency card money Intellectual life
Missionary groups	Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians
Wars	Military of New France Military history of the Acadians Acadian Civil War Intercolonial Wars King William's War Queen Anne's War King George's War Seven Years' War French and Iroquois Wars Expulsion of the Acadians Great Peace of Montreal Lachine Raid Schenectady Raid Deerfield Raid
Category

Forts in Colorado

Overview

Trading posts and
civilian forts

Forts	Bent's New Fort Bent's Old Fort (Fort William) El Pueblo (Fort Pueblo) Fort Davy Crockett (Fort Misery) Fort Huerfano Fort Jackson Fort Le Duc Fort Lupton Fort Mary B (Fort Meribeh) Fort Namaqua Fort Saint Vrain (Fort George) Fort Uncompahgre Fort Vasquez Fort Wicked Francisco Fort Milk Fort (Fort Leche)
Major events	Fort Pueblo Massacre (1854) Colorado War (1863–1865) American Ranch massacre (1865)

U.S. and Spanish
military forts

Extinct or museums	Camp Collins Fort Crawford (Cantonment at Uncompahgre) Fort Garland Fort Lewis Fort Logan Fort Lyon (Fort Wise) Fort Massachusetts Fort Morgan Fort Reynolds Fort Sedgwick Spanish Fort (Fort Sangre de Cristo) Fort Weld (Camp Weld)
Active	Fort Carson (Camp Carson)
National cemeteries	Fort Logan National Cemetery Fort Lyon National Cemetery
Major events	Sand Creek massacre (1864) Battle of Julesburg (1865) Comanche campaign (1867–1875) Battle of Beecher Island (1868) Battle of Summit Springs (1869) Meeker Massacre (1879)

National Register of Historic Places in Colorado

By county:

v t e History of the United States by polity
States	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Federal district	Washington, D.C.
Territories	American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Outlying islands	Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island

38°59′50″N 105°32′52″W / 38.9972°N 105.5478°W / 38.9972; -105.5478 (Geometric center of the State of Colorado)

Categories:

	History portal
	North America portal
	United States portal
	Colorado portal

Misplaced Pages